.

Read in Chinese

Speaker:

Li Kuiwen, spokesperson of the General Administration of Customs (GACC) and director of the Department of Statistics & Analysis of the General Administration of Customs 

Chairperson:

Shou Xiaoli, deputy head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office (SCIO) and SCIO spokesperson

Date:

July 13, 2021

Shou Xiaoli:

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning! Welcome to this press conference from the State Council Information Office (SCIO). This is a routine press conference on China's annual economic standing. Today, we are delighted to be joined by Mr. Li Kuiwen, spokesperson of the General Administration of Customs (GACC) and director of the Department of Statistics & Analysis of the General Administration of Customs, who will introduce China's import and export performance in the first half of 2021 and answer your questions.

We will first invite Mr. Li Kuiwen to give a brief introduction.

Li Kuiwen:

Ladies and gentlemen, friends from the media, good morning! It's a great pleasure to meet with you at today's press conference. I'll begin by introducing China's import and export performance in the first half of 2021, and then answer your questions.

In the first half of this year, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, China continued to consolidate its achievements in coordinating epidemic control with economic and social development. Foreign trade continued its stable and sound performance and registered a historical high. According to statistics from the GACC, China's total foreign trade expanded 27.1% year on year to 18.07 trillion yuan (about $2.79 trillion) in the first half of the year. Exports grew by 28.1% to 9.85 trillion yuan, while imports increased by 25.9% to 8.22 trillion yuan. Compared with the same period in 2019, foreign trade, exports and imports increased by 22.8%, 23.8%, and 21.7% respectively. Specifically, there were six main features which I will outline now

First, imports and exports have continued to increase year on year for 13 consecutive months. In June, the country's imports and exports went up 22% year on year to 3.29 trillion yuan, marking a positive growth for the 13th month in a row since June of 2020.

Second, China's trade with its main trading partners maintained sound growth. In the first half of the year, China's trade with its top three trading partners, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the European Union, and the United States, stood at 2.66 trillion, 2.52 trillion, and 2.21 trillion yuan, up 27.8%, 26.7%, and 34.6% respectively. Meanwhile, trade with Japan reached 1.18 trillion yuan, an increase of 14.5%. During the same period, China's trade with countries along the Belt and Road rose 27.5% year on year while trade with countries of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership grew 22.7% year on year.

Third, China's general trade grew rapidly. In the first half of the year, China's general trade stood at 11.19 trillion yuan, an increase of 30.7%, accounting for 61.9% of the country's total foreign trade value, an increase of 1.7 percentage points over the same period last year. Meanwhile, exports reached 6.02 trillion yuan, up 32.1%, while imports reached 5.17 trillion yuan, up 29.2%. During the same period, the imports and exports of processing trade climbed 15.8% to 3.89 trillion yuan, accounting for 21.5%.

Fourth, the main role of the private sector has been consolidated. In the first half of the year, the imports and exports of the country's private businesses reached 8.64 trillion yuan, an increase of 35.1%, which accounted for 47.8% of the total foreign trade value, up 2.8 percentage points over the same period last year. It continued to rank as China's biggest foreign trade entity. In the same period, the imports and exports of foreign-invested enterprises marked 6.61 trillion yuan, an increase of 19%; while state-owned enterprises accumulated 2.75 trillion yuan in imports and exports, an increase of 23.8%.

Fifth, the proportion of exports of electromechanical products has increased. In the first half of the year, China's exports of electromechanical products increased by 29.5% to 5.83 trillion yuan, making up 59.2% of the total exports, and increasing 0.6 percentage points year on year. Exports of automatic data processing equipment and its parts, mobile phones, and automobiles increased by 17%, 23.3%, and 101.4%. In the same period, exports of labor-intensive products increased by 17.1%, and pharmaceutical materials and medicines increased by 93.6%.

Sixth, imports of iron ore, natural gas and other bulk commodities increased. In the first half of the year, China imported 561 million tons of iron ore, up 2.6%; 59.82 million tons of natural gas, up 23.8%; 48.96 million tons of soybeans, up 8.7%; 15.3 million tons of corn, up 318.5%; and 5.37 million tons of wheat, up 60.1%. During the same period, imports of crude oil stood at 261 million tons, down by 3%.

Generally speaking, in the first half of the year, China's foreign trade has stayed on an upward trajectory since the latter half of last year, with a relatively rapid growth rate, laying a solid foundation for the steady and high-quality growth of foreign trade throughout the whole year. China Customs will follow the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and implement the spirit of the speech made by General Secretary Xi Jinping at the ceremony celebrating the CPC's centenary. China Customs will stick to its new development philosophy and foster a new development paradigm in the new development stage; ensure the six priorities and stability in six areas (employment, finance, foreign trade, foreign investment, domestic investment, and market expectations); and strive to achieve higher-level opening-up and quality development of foreign trade. GACC will contribute to ensure a good start of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) in the development of foreign trade.

Next, I'll be answering your questions.

Shou Xiaoli:

Thank you, Mr. Li. Now the floor is open to questions. Please identify your news outlet before raising questions.

CCTV:

You just introduced that China's foreign trade achieved double-digit year-on-year growth in the first half of this year, demonstrating positive growth for 13 consecutive months. In your opinion, what are the main drivers of China's continuous growth in foreign trade? Is China able to maintain such steady and positive trend in foreign trade in the second half of the year? And what's your forecast for China's foreign trade in the second half of the year? Thank you.

Li Kuiwen:

Thank you for your questions. In the first half of this year, China's domestic economy has been stable, strong, and improved steadily, and foreign trade increased rapidly. In the first half of this year, China's total imports and exports hit record high of 18.07 trillion yuan. The nation's total foreign trade expanded by 22.8% compared with the same period of 2019, posing positive growth for 13 consecutive months. The momentum of steady growth in foreign trade was further consolidated. Specifically, the main reasons driving the continuous growth include:

First, thanks to the stable and growing domestic economy, the vitality of market entities has been stimulated, which provided strong support for the steady growth of foreign trade. In the first half of the year, the Chinese economy steadily recovered; major economic indicators, including industrial added value, fixed asset investment, and total retail sales of consumer goods improved continuously; and production and demand continued to rebound. This has laid a solid foundation for the steady growth of foreign trade. In particular, relying on China's policies to ensure steady growth in foreign trade, the number of platforms of high-level opening up increased rapidly, and the advantages of new trade forms and models became more prominent. The data shows that in the first half of the year, imports and exports from comprehensive bonded zones increased by 29.1%, imports and exports from pilot free trade zones increased by 32.1%, and imports and exports of the Hainan Free Trade Port increased by 46.1%, all significantly higher than the country's overall growth rate. In the same period, imports and exports of cross-border e-commerce grew 28.6%, and exports of market purchases increased by 49.1%. In the first half of the year, the number of Chinese enterprises with actual import and export performance increased from 36,000 to 479,000. Meanwhile, Chinese foreign trade enterprises spared no efforts to maintain stability in production and foreign trade, and the amount of imported and exported goods increased by 16% and 29%, respectively. This bolstered the security and stability of international industrial chain and supply chain and further consolidated the sound momentum of China's foreign trade development.

Second, the sustained recovery of the global economy has boosted external demand. In the first half of the year, several international organizations upgraded their forecasts for this year's global economic growth. For example, in April, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) raised its global growth forecast for 2021 to 6%. In June, the World Bank raised its estimate to 5.6%. The global economic recovery has boosted international trade and China's exports. In the first half of the year, China's exports to the U.S., the EU, and ASEAN countries increased by 31.7%, 25.5%, and 27.8%, respectively, while China's exports to Latin America and Africa grew by 47% and 27.7%, respectively.

In addition, last year's lower base and price factors also, to some extent, helped drive the growth of foreign trade. In the first half of last year, China's import and export volume fell by 3.3% year-on-year, only equivalent to the same period in 2018. This year, the overall price of global commodity markets has shown an upward trend. At the end of June, the CRB index, a representative indicator of global commodity markets, increased by over 25% since the beginning of 2021 and more than doubled compared with the lowest point in the first half of last year. Influenced by the rising prices of global major commodities, China's import price index is estimated to be 108.5 for the first half of this year, while the contribution rate of price to import growth is estimated to be 35.4%.

As for China's foreign trade outlook in the second half of the year, in general, as COVID-19 keeps wreaking havoc in many parts of the world, China's foreign trade still faces uncertainties in a complex global epidemic environment. In the second half of last year, China's total imports and exports grew 27% compared with the first half of last year. With a higher base, the growth rate of China's foreign trade may slow down in the second half of this year. However, imports and exports are still expected to maintain relatively rapid growth throughout the year. Thank you.

Nikkei: 

In the first half of the year, only imports of crude oil declined among major commodities. What's the reason according to the GACC? Thank you.

Li Kuiwen:

As I mentioned just now, international commodity prices grew rapidly in the first half of the year. Since the second half of 2020, the prices of international crude oil and iron ore have skyrocketed. Customs statistics show the average price of crude oil imports in China in the first half of the year stood at 2,888.5 yuan per tonne, up by 20.5% year-on-year, while that of iron ore imports into China jumped 67.3% to 1,075.8 yuan per tonne. We should recognize that the Chinese economy continues its stable and sound performance, and factors conducive to the stable operation of prices are increasing. Recently, the State Council has made policies to ensure the stable supply and price of commodities, and the policies are beginning to pay in terms of helping stabilize the market. Rising international commodity prices have temporarily increased enterprises' production costs, but the risks posed by imported inflation are manageable on the whole. Thank you.

BRTV:

Regarding consolidation of primate enterprises' leading role, as was just introduced, what factors support this development? What are the characteristics and highlights of private enterprises? Thank you. 

Li Kuiwen:

Thank you for asking. In recent years, internal forces driving China's foreign trade have strengthened and private enterprises have gradually become the top actor in China's foreign trade. In the first half of the year, foreign trade in the private sector increased by 35.1% to 8.64 trillion yuan, accounting for 47.8% of the total Chinese foreign trade, or a 2.8 percentage points increase. Specifically, exports increased by 35.6% to 5.59 trillion yuan, while imports rose 34.3% to 3.05 trillion yuan. The characteristics and highlights of China's private sector in the first half of the year are as follows:

First, imports and exports in the private sector have become more vibrant and resilient. Private enterprises have given full play to their advantages in initiative and flexibility of production and business operations to capture market opportunities. They also demonstrate a quick response to domestic and international market demand, showing greater vitality and resilience in foreign trade development. In the first half of the year, the growth of foreign trade, imports, and exports was 8, 7.5, and 8.4 percentage points higher than overall growth, respectively. Specifically, exports of household appliances, computers, pharmaceutical materials, and medicines rose by 46.2%, 38.7%, and 70.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, exports of metallic ores and ore sand, unwrought copper and copper materials, and cosmetics jumped by 66%, 65.2%, and 38.8%, respectively.

Second, the number of private enterprises witnessing record import and export performances has been increasing. In the first half of the year, that number rose by 37,000 year-on-year to 397,000, with records being witnessed by 82.8% of the total enterprises.

Third, regional development has become more balanced. Imports and exports of private enterprises in China's Midwest registered a 44.6% growth, 9.5 percentage points higher than the overall growth in the private sector. Eight of the top 10 private enterprises in import and export growth come from the Midwest.

Fourth, market expansion has been strengthening. In the first half of the year, imports and exports of private enterprises for the EU, the US, Japan, South Korea, and other traditional markets grew 31.4%, 45.7%, 19.8%, and 28.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, imports and exports among private enterprises for the BRI partner countries climbed 34.5%, of which imports and exports to ASEAN countries increased 37.3%. Thank you.

Commercial Radio Hong Kong:

Guangdong province saw a COVID-19 outbreak in May and June, and commodity prices continued to rise. What impacts did the two factors have on China's exports in the second quarter, especially in June? Thank you.

Li Kuiwen:

Thanks for your question. In late May, COVID-19 hit Guangzhou and Shenzhen, causing congestion in some ports. Feedback shows that the port congestion had a certain impact on deliveries and taking deliveries by some enterprises, and the freight rates of relevant air routes fluctuated to some extent. As the epidemic prevention and control situation improves in the relevant regions, port capacity is also gradually recovering. On June 24, the overall operations in Yantian Port had fully resumed, and other ports are also resuming their full operations.

The GACC acted rapidly to reduce congestion in some ports. By strictly enforcing epidemic prevention and control measures and guaranteeing the clearance efficiency of imports and exports, GACC mobilizes personnel to ensure frontline supervision. For instance, Shenzhen customs has taken a series of measures to improve clearance efficiency, reduce congestion, and relieve operating pressure through innovations in logistics modes, speeding up the allocation of ships and containers between ports, optimizing examination modes, extending time limits for advance declarations, and flexibly using integrated customs clearance. Guangzhou customs, together with other local departments, has activated emergency plans to promote interconnection between ports in its jurisdiction, enhancing clearance time limit monitoring, optimizing regulatory resources, and speeding up examination and regulatory work to accelerate goods clearance. Now, at the main ports of southern China, the whole export clearance process by sea can be completed in one hour on average. There is no backlog due to customs supervision.

Next, customs will continue to improve the port business environment, and work hard to implement epidemic prevention and control measures and offer security clearance services. Thanks. 

CNBC:

I have two questions. Can you provide more details of European car exports, especially in the second quarter. The second question is about cross-border e-commerce: What is your analysis of the second-quarter data, especially that of June. 

Li Kuiwen:

I will first provide some data about trade between China and the European Union (EU). We are mutually main economic and trade partners with highly economic complementarity and huge potential for cooperation. Greater economic and trade cooperation between China and the EU will be beneficial to improving people's wellbeing, jointly addressing global challenges, and shoring up the recovery of the world economy. 

According to customs statistics, bilateral trade volume reached 2.52 trillion yuan in the first half of this year, a year-on-year increase of 26.7%, with exports hitting 1.51 trillion yuan, up 25.5%, and imports reaching 1.01 trillion yuan, up 28.5%. China-EU trade accounts for 13.9% of China's total foreign trade, making the EU China's second-largest trade partner after ASEAN. From April last year to June 2021, monthly bilateral trade maintained positive growth for 15 consecutive months, with almost eight months posting double-digit growth. In the first half of this year, 16.6% of our electromechanical products and 15.4% of labor-intensive products were exported to the EU, and 35.1% of our importing consumer goods, including cars, as you mentioned, were from the EU. The rapid growth of bilateral trade shows the vitality and resilience of China-EU trade cooperation.  

As for the cross-border e-commerce data, I have presented my findings during the general introduction just now. Thanks. 

South China Morning Post:

Could you please give us the latest news about China-U.S. trade and China's purchases of U.S. goods under the phase-one economic and trade agreement? A previous study shows that less than 70% of the phase-one agreement has been completed in the first five months of this year. What other measures are there to promote the accomplishment of purchasing goals in the deal? Thanks. 

Li Kuiwen:

Thank you for your questions. I will first brief you on China-U.S. trade in the first half of this year: Bilateral goods trade volume reached 2.21 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 34.6%, and exports hit 1.64 trillion yuan, up 31.7%. Specifically, electromechanical exports reached 1.01 trillion yuan, up 34.2%, and labor-intensive exports hit 372.2 billion yuan, up 24.1%. As for specific products, exports of computers, cellphones, home appliances, garments, plastic products, and furniture have all increased.  

Imports from the U.S. reached 570.65 billion yuan in the first half of this year, up 43.9%, including 238.86 billion yuan in electromechanical products, up 13.4%, and 136.01 billion yuan in agricultural products, up 120.8%.

As for the progress for implementing the first phase of the China-U.S. trade agreement, related departments have already made statements, and I have no more information to add. Thanks.

China Daily:

Can you elaborate on the situation and the highlights of trade between China and Belt and Road countries in the first half of 2021? Thanks.

Li Kuiwen:

Thank you for your question. Since the Belt and Road Initiative was launched, China has seen an increase in trade with Belt and Road countries. Especially since last year, we have achieved fruitful outcomes as we offered mutual assistant and protection, and jointly overcame difficulties to deepen our trade and cooperation despite the impact of COVID-19. Official data from the GACC showed that China's imports and exports with Belt and Road countries expanded 27.5% year on year to 5.35 trillion yuan in the first half of the year, which was 0.4 percentage point higher than the growth of the country's overall foreign trade. It accounted for 29.6% of China's total imports and exports during this period. Specifically, the nation's exports with Belt and Road countries surged 29.1% year on year to 3.03 trillion yuan and its imports grew 25.6% to 2.32 trillion yuan. The main highlights are as follows.

First, China continues to stay active in trade, featuring a fast growth in its imports and exports with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), India, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), among others. In the first half of 2021, China's imports and exports with ASEAN climbed by 27.8% to 2.66 trillion yuan. There was a 30.7% increase with Vietnam and 33.1% with Malaysia respectively. China's imports and exports with India and the UAE jumped by 50.5% and 32.8% respectively. In addition, there was an increase of 40.6% with Poland and 39.4% with Turkey.

Second, exports of "stay-at-home economy" products, steel and automobiles to Belt and Road countries have become a major driving force for export growth. In the first half of the year, China's exports of "stay-at-home economy" products, such as computers, home appliances and furniture, registered 187.3 billion yuan, up 35.1%; exports of steel jumped by 47.8% to 127.87 billion yuan; exports of automobiles and relevant parts rose by 54.6% to 105.02 billion yuan; and exports of pharmaceutical materials and drugs surged by 95% to 42.56 billion yuan.

Third, China has deepened its cooperation in the energy, agricultural and mining industries, witnessing a steady growth of imported crude oil, agricultural products and metallic minerals. In the first half of the year, China imported 511.46 billion yuan of crude oil from Belt and Road countries, up 15%. Meanwhile, imported agricultural products and metallic minerals reached 162.57 billion yuan and 109.16 billion yuan respectively, with an increase of 30.9% and 56.1%. In addition, the imports of coal and copper products reached 58.58 billion yuan and 52.05 billion yuan, rising by 38.5% and 40.6% respectively.

Fourth, China-Europe freight trains have shown great advantages and become a pillar force in stabilizing trade between China and Belt and Road countries. The trains, with their unique strength in safety and stable operation, have safeguarded smooth logistic flow during the pandemic. According to data released by China Railway Group, 7,377 China-Europe freight trains were handled and 707,000 standard packing boxes of goods were sent in the first half of the year, up 43% and 52% year on year respectively, with the comprehensive loaded container ratio hitting 98%. Customs figures showed that China's imports and exports with Belt and Road countries registered 209.78 billion yuan in terms of railway transport in the first half of the year, up 43.1% year on year, which was 15.3 percentage points higher than the growth by water transport, 13 percentage points higher than that by land transport, and 21.3 percentage points higher than that by air.

Fifth, China's central and western regions have stepped up efforts to build the Belt and Road, registering a rapid increase in trade with Belt and Road countries. In the first half of the year, the trade of China's central and western regions with Belt and Road countries reached 1.02 trillion yuan, rising by 30.3% and accounting for 19% of the country's total imports and exports with them during the same period. The growth saw an increase of 0.4 percentage point compared with the figure for the first half of last year. Among them, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Chongqing Municipality, Yunnan, Anhui and Hubei provinces all recorded a foreign trade growth of more than 30% with Belt and Road countries.

Beginning this year, the GACC has faithfully implemented the principles from General Secretary Xi Jinping's major addresses and fully promoted the pilot cooperation on “smart customs, smart borders, and smart connectivity.” The GACC and the Belgian Customs signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to conduct the first demonstration project in Europe. The GACC has given great support to the development of China-Europe freight trains. China and Belarus entered into the protocol on the Partnership Program of Customs-Railway Operators for Promoting the Safety and Rapid Customs Clearance of China Railway Express (PPCR) at the end of June, part of the efforts to further promote the PPCR. Next, the GACC will continue to implement the Action Plan of the Customs for Promoting the High-Quality Development of the Belt and Road during the 14th Five-Year Plan Period (2021-2025) and build more demonstrative projects for the joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative to achieve high-quality development of the Belt and Road. Thanks. 

Bloomberg:

You spoke earlier about the disruptions in Yantian Port. Can you give us an actual figure about how much trade was disrupted or how many exports didn't happen because the port was shut for the whole of June. Secondly, there is been an increasing number of outbreaks of COVID-19, especially due to the Delta variant globally, do you expect this to further disrupt trade in the second half of this year? Thank you. 

Li Kuiwen:

I have answered the questions about the impact of COVID-19 on Yantian Port and introduced suitable measures that the customs office has taken. As for how the prevention and control measures in Yantian Port will influence the transportation market, related departments have given information. As for your second question about the impact of COVID-19 on foreign trade, as I mentioned before, uncertainties remain surrounding the global pandemic in the second half of this year, which may affect China's foreign trade. Overall, however, we expect relatively rapid growth of China's foreign trade in the second half of this year. Thanks. 

Hong Kong Bauhinia Magazine:

According to the GACC's latest regulations, the pilot program to boost cross-border e-commerce business-to-business (B2B) exports has been rolled out across the country since July 1. My question is how the pilot program went on over the past year, and what measures will be taken to promote the development of e-commerce? Thanks. 

Li Kuiwen:

Thanks for your questions. First, I would like to release the latest data regarding cross-border e-commerce. According to preliminary data from the GACC, in the first half of this year, China's cross-border e-commerce imports and exports maintained the momentum of sound development and reached 886.7 billion yuan, up 28.6% year on year. The exports grew by 44.1% to 603.6 billion yuan and imports expanded by 4.6% to 283.1 billion yuan. 

On the basis of summarizing the practice and consolidating the progress achieved from the previous works, the GACC recently issued an announcement (No.47 [2021]) to faithfully implement the guidelines of the national teleconference on issues including deepening reforms to streamline administrative approval, delegate power to lower levels, and improve regulations and services; to further promote the healthy and orderly development of cross-border e-commerce; and to better support the enterprises to expand the international market. Since July 1, the experience of pilot projects in cross-border e-commerce B2B export supervision has been replicated and promoted in customs offices across the country. Since July 1 of last year, the GACC has conducted pilot reforms on cross-border e-commerce B2B export supervision for a whole year, making remarkable achievements which are demonstrated in the following four aspects. First, the pilot program improved clearance services for companies. Second, the pilot program developed new ways for the supervision on exports to overseas warehouses in cross-border e-commerce. Third, the pilot program actively expanded logistics channels. Fourth, the pilot program enhanced regulation and prevented risks. Implementing of the pilot program will boost the development of e-commerce in the next stage, which is also helpful for companies to reduce costs and increase efficiency and expand the international market. It is also conducive to a more balanced development of cross-border e-commerce among different regions. Thanks. 

National Business Daily:

What measures has the GACC taken to promote the development of foreign trade this year? What results have been achieved so far? Thank you.

Li Kuiwen:

Thank you for your questions. Since the beginning of this year, the GACC, guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, has conscientiously implemented the guiding principles of the Central Economic Work Conference and plans of the Report on the Work of the Government, focusing on high-level opening-up, continued optimization of port business environment, streamlining of customs clearance procedures, and support of the development of new trade forms in order to further improve customs clearance facilitation and earnestly serve the high-quality development of foreign trade. We have focused on the following tasks:

First, we have continued to optimize the business environment at ports. We concentrated on special campaigns to promote cross-border trade facilitation, and carried out a four-month special campaign in eight cities across six provinces and municipalities, including Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai. We jointly launched 18 reform and innovation measures with relevant departments, focusing on the concerns of main market players and undertaking benchmarking against internationally advanced levels. We worked with relevant departments to study and draft measures to further deepen cross-border trade facilitation reforms and optimize business environment at ports. The measures have been submitted for examination and will be implemented upon approval in accordance with relevant procedures. We have continued to implement the action plan for cleaning up and regulating maritime port charges and guide local governments to earnestly implement the publication of port charges list. We made in-depth changes to the "single window" system in international trade, realizing connection and data sharing with the systems of 25 departments. We launched 18 types of basic service functions and provided more than 700 service items, basically covering the entire field of port law enforcement.

Second, we have further simplified customs clearance process. We closely followed high-quality development to promote the integrated reform of all customs operations; actively promoted coordinated management of the operations of various customs; strengthened the coordination and interaction of departments with frequent contact with other agencies; and improved the level of system integration. We simplified customs procedures such as filing, approval, declaration and inspection; and comprehensively promoted facilitation measures such as "two-step declaration," "advance declaration," "green channel," "exemption of on-site inspection,” and "appointment for inspection, priority inspection,” in order to improve the efficiency of customs clearance. We vigorously promoted reform works such as the supervision of conglomerates' processing trade and on the destruction, disposal and other practices related to processing trade's defective products; and continuously optimized supervision model to promote the stable development of processing trade. We set up a WeChat platform for credit management, established a "problem clearing" mechanism, and took the initiative to solve problems for import and export enterprises.

Third, we have vigorously supported the development of new trade forms. We solidly promoted the construction of cross-border e-commerce pilot projects and optimized the supervision process for the return of imported cross-border e-commerce retail goods, fully replicating and promoting the "cross-border e-commerce return center warehouse" model. We also carried out special rectification actions against inbound cross-border e-commerce smuggling to break criminal chains and thoroughly solve the problem, thus promoting the healthy development of cross-border e-commerce. At the same time, we actively promoted the healthy development of market procurement trade trials, and guided the customs in charge of these trials to strengthen their publicity, improve customs supervision process, and cooperate with the competent local authorities to start market procurement exports as early as possible. 

Fourth, we have actively facilitated the building of a high-level opening-up platform. We vigorously supported the construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port and promoted the implementation of the "zero tariff" policy system. Centering on the implementation of national strategies such as the coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and the integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta, we actively guided the customs of pilot free trade zones to carry out integrated innovation and collaborative innovation. We promoted the innovation and upgrading of comprehensive bonded zones and supported the establishment of four new comprehensive bonded zones in Yangling in Shaanxi province, Xiangyang in Hubei province, Wanzhou in Chongqing municipality, and Haikou Airport in Hainan province. We actively supported major expos such as the China International Import Expo (CIIE), China Import and Export Fair (Canton Fair), and China International Fair for Trade in Services (CIFTIS), and made every effort to do customs clearance, supervision, service and guarantee works for inbound and outbound exhibits.

While promoting the steady growth of foreign trade, customs did not relax its efforts in routine port epidemic prevention and control. We have persisted in preventing people and goods carrying viruses from entering the country and resolutely built a port shield against possible imported cases. Thank you.

Jiemian:

Just now you talked about the export of private enterprises and cross-border e-commerce businesses. I would like to ask what portion was taken by private enterprises in the cross-border e-commerce sector? I would also like to know the growth rate of CNY-denominated export in June alone. Also how does the GACC view the change in the new export order index in May and June? Thank you.

Li Kuiwen:

Thank you for your questions. We have just provided the latest purchasing managers' index (PMI) statistics. As shown by the latest economic data we have been following, the economy is now strengthening and improving steadily. As for the fluctuations, we have been monitoring them and analyzing their impact on foreign trade. 

Regarding the latest data on cross-border e-commerce, I have just now given the H1 data. Thank you.

Phoenix TV:

I would like to ask about China's export of COVID-19 vaccines. What measures have the customs departments taken to ensure their speedy clearance? Thank you.

Li Kuiwen:

Thank you for your question. China has always adhered to the vision of a global community of health for all and actively participated in COVAX (COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access). In the face of massive domestic demand and a tight supply, we have done our best to provide vaccines to other countries, contributing to global equitable distribution and use of vaccines and global cooperation against the pandemic and winning praises from the international community.

The GACC has rolled out an array of measures to ensure the speedy clearance of COVID-19 vaccines this year. We actively contacted COVID-19 vaccine export enterprises to explain export procedures and provide full-chain guidance. We also sped up clearance of urgently-needed major production equipment to help expand vaccine production capacity. Meanwhile, we contacted export enterprises to help them address practical difficulties and needs in a timely manner. We built a whole-process tracking platform as part of our efforts to shorten the clearance time. Currently, the time for health and quarantine approval has been shortened from 20 working days to two hours for exported vaccines, and the clearance time has been reduced to less than three hours. While ensuring the safe and speedy clearance of vaccines, the GACC has also taken multiple measures to crack down on illegal exit of COVID-19 vaccines. According to statistics, in the first half of this year, China provided over 500 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines and concentrates to 121 countries and international organizations, accounting for one-sixth of the current global COVID-19 vaccine production and making important contributions to international cooperation against COVID-19 and economic recovery. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

Today's press conference is hereby concluded. Thank you, Mr. Li and friends from the media. See you next time.

Translated and edited by Wang Yiming, Wang Qian, Lin Liyao, Li Huiru, Duan Yaying, Wang Zhiyong, Zhang Tingting, Wang Wei, Cui Can, Huang Shan, Zhang Rui, Chen Xia, Qin Qi, Yuan Fang, Jay Birbeck, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speakers:

Xu Yousheng, deputy head and spokesperson of the United Front Work Department of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee

Zhang Jian, director of the Research Office of the United Front Work Department of the CPC Central Committee and spokesperson of the United Front Work Department of the CPC Central Committee

Sang Fuhua, head of the Bureau of Non-CPC Political Parties Work of the United Front Work Department of the CPC Central Committee

Wang Lianhai, head of the Theory Bureau of the Research Office of the General Office of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

Chairperson:

Chen Wenjun, head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office (SCIO) and spokesperson of the SCIO

Date: 

June 25, 2021

Chen Wenjun:

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning. Welcome to this briefing held by the State Council Information Office (SCIO). As the Communist Party of China (CPC) celebrates its centenary, the SCIO issued a white paper today titled "China's Political Party System: Cooperation and Consultation." The white paper reviews the creation, development and constant improvement of China's political party system, elaborates on its distinctive characteristics, and shares China's achievements and experience in developing the system over the years, particularly since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012. Based on a previous white paper titled "China's Political Party System" issued by the SCIO in 2007, the new one demonstrates new progress in multiparty cooperation in the new era and provides a comprehensive picture of China's political party system.

The white paper, which extends to around 14,000 Chinese characters, consists of a preamble, the main body of text, and a conclusion. The main body is divided into nine parts: China's Political Parties, A Unique Political Creation, Close Cooperation Between Political Parties, China's Political Party System Has Distinctive Characteristics and Strengths, the CPC Consults with Other Political Parties and Non-Affiliates, the CPC Supports Other Political Parties and Non-Affiliates in Conducting Democratic Oversight, the CPC Cooperates with Other Political Parties and Non-Affiliates in Governing the Country, Non-CPC Political Parties and Non-Affiliates Provide Advice on Economic and Social Development, and the CPPCC Is an Important Political and Organizational Platform in China's Political Party System.

The white paper is published in eight languages – Chinese, English, French, Russian, German, Spanish, Arabic and Japanese, by the People's Publishing House and the Foreign Languages Press. It is available at Xinhua Bookstore outlets across the country.

In order to help you gain an accurate and deep understanding of the white paper, we are holding this press conference. We have invited Mr. Xu Yousheng, vice minister and spokesperson of the United Front Work Department of the CPC Central Committee; Mr. Zhang Jian, director of the Research Office of the United Front Work Department of the CPC Central Committee and spokesperson of the department; Mr. Sang Fuhua, head of the Bureau of Non-CPC Political Parties Work of the United Front Work Department of the CPC Central Committee; and Mr. Wang Lianhai, head of the Theory Bureau of the Research Office of the General Office of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

Xu Yousheng:

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning. In a few days, we will celebrate the 100th anniversary of the founding of the CPC. During its century of exploration and struggle, the CPC has succeeded in applying the basic principles of Marxism to the Chinese context, rallied all the forces that could be united into a united front, and developed China's political party system, which is a system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC. This system has demonstrated its unique advantages and strong vitality in both the political and social life of our country.

Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, with the aim of developing socialist democracy and realizing the Two Centenary Goals and the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation, has laid out a series of new ideas, new thinking, and new strategies for developing and improving China's political party system. It has also made a series of major policy decisions and plans to ensure standardized consultation between political parties, strengthened participation and deliberation in the administration of state affairs, and improved democratic oversight. By doing this, it has given full play to the important role of China's political party system in helping modernize China's system and capacity for governance. 

China's political party system is rooted in the best of Chinese traditions and began during the democratic revolution. The system took shape during political consultations in preparation for the founding of the PRC and has developed in the course of socialist revolution, economic development, and reform. It is improving in the new era of Chinese socialism. The system is a unique political structure created by the CPC, the Chinese people, the non-CPC political parties, and non-affiliates. According to the white paper, China's political party system sprouted from Chinese soil and evolved over time based on China's historical heritage, cultural traditions, and economic and social development.

Under the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the essence of people's democracy is that problems should be solved through consultation, and anything that concerns the public should be discussed by the public, through which the people are able to build the broadest possible consensus that reflects the aspirations and expectations of the entire society. The white paper has stressed that based on cooperation, participation and consultation, and by following the principle of unity, democracy and harmony, China's political party system plays an important role in encouraging the people to participate in politics, voice their views, and achieve social integration, democratic oversight and sustained stability. The system embodies the interests of the widest range of social groups, reflects the shared goals of all, promotes sound decision-making and implementation, and ensures effective state governance. It is a major institutional channel for socialist consultative democracy through which the people's position as masters of the country is ensured.

While striving for the goals of achieving national independence, the people's liberation and wellbeing, and the prosperity of the country, the CPC has worked together and shared a common destiny with the non-CPC political parties, forming a new type of relationship featuring cooperation, unity and harmony. In this system, the CPC represents the leadership of socialism with Chinese characteristics, which was confirmed and consolidated in the course of China's revolution, economic development, and reform. It is the choice of history and of the people. The non-CPC political parties accept the leadership of the CPC. They carry out cooperation with the CPC and are close friends to the CPC. They participate in state governance under Chinese socialism, and their basic functions are to discuss and participate in the administration of state affairs, and to engage in democratic scrutiny and political consultation. Non-affiliates, an important force in Chinese politics, perform their duties by reference to that of the non-CPC political parties. The CPPCC is an important political and organizational platform in China's political party system. It offers platforms for the non-CPC political parties and non-affiliates to conduct political consultation, exercise democratic oversight, and deliberate on and participate in the administration of state affairs. The white paper offers a detailed introduction to the subjects, forms, institutional support, and achievements of consultation with the non-CPC political parties and non-affiliates performing their three major duties. It better explains the strengths of China's political party system and provides Chinese ideas to the world in terms of developing political party systems. 

Over the past seven decades and more, China's political party system has grown and matured. However, China will not stop exploring and moving forward. The white paper proclaims that China will, as always, learn and draw from the positive experiences of other countries but will not imitate other political party systems mechanically or impose its own on any other country. China respects the right of other countries to choose a political party system best adapted to their own realities. Based on equality and mutual respect, China is willing to strengthen cooperation and mutual learning with other countries, promote democracy on the international stage, and eventually build a global community of shared future.

My colleagues and I would now like to answer your questions. 

Chen Wenjun:

Thank you, Mr. Xu Yousheng. The floor is now open for questions. Please identify the news organization you represent before asking your question. 

CCTV:

Around the world, some countries adopt a multiparty system, some adopt a two-party system, and others adopt a one-party system. China adopts a system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), a new model known as China's political party system. My question is: what are the characteristics and strengths of this model compared with other political party systems? Thank you.

Xu Yousheng:

Thank you. I will answer your question. As we all know, the political party system is a major component of a country's political framework and makes a critical contribution to modern democracy. The system best suited to a country is determined by its history, traditions, and realities. There are many types of political party systems around the world, and there is not a single system that is good for all countries. I just said that China adopts a system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC. Grown out of the soil of China, it is prominently characterized by the CPC's leadership role in governing the country with cooperation from and participation of all the other parties. On one hand, as the ruling party, the CPC represents the strong core leader of socialism with Chinese characteristics. On the other hand, eight non-CPC political parties work closely with the CPC as advisers, helpers and partners, and participate in governance under socialism with Chinese characteristics. So, there are no opposition parties or parties not in power in China. In this system, the ruling party shares one mind and stands together in the face of every challenge with other parties, following the principles of long-term coexistence, mutual oversight, sincerity, and sharing the rough times and the smooth.

China's political party system enjoys two strengths. First, this system extensively and unfailingly represents the real and fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people. It pools ideas and suggestions to ensure informed and democratic decision-making. By doing so, it avoids the weakness of some party systems where political parties act in their own interests or the interests of the classes, regions, and groups that they represent; oppose for opposition's sake and hold deliberations without reaching decisions, dividing society. Second, this system closely unites all political parties and non-affiliates towards a common goal of national rejuvenation, effectively preventing the risks of inadequate oversight in one-party rule and destructive competition of multi-party system. In this regard, China's political party system offers China's approach to the world and is a great contribution to the political advancement of mankind.

That reminds me of a famous saying from Mr. Deng Xiaoping, the chief architect of China's reform and opening-up: "It doesn't matter if the cat is black or white; what matters is how well it catches mice." China's significant achievements during the past seven decades fully demonstrate that its political party system is "the best cat that catches mice." Thank you.

Cover News:

Since the 18th CPC National Congress, what achievements have been made in China's political party system? What are the new measures and highlights with regards to the system? Thanks. 

Xu Yousheng:

I would like to invite Mr. Zhang to answer your questions.

Zhang Jian: 

Thanks for your questions. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, focusing on the requirements of upholding and improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has stepped up to strengthen the top-level design of the system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC and made major headway in promoting innovation in areas of theory, policy, and practice. Regarding theoretical innovation, the CPC Central Committee has made it clear that the system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC is included in the CPC's governance strategies and is the political party system in China. The CPC Central Committee has made it clear that the other political parties are participants in governance under the framework of socialism with Chinese characteristics and that their basic functions are to participate in the deliberation and administration of state affairs and to engage in democratic oversight and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC. Innovation in theory serves as the essential theoretical reasoning behind multiparty cooperation. 

On innovation in policy, since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee has formulated a series of documents on promoting socialist consultative democracy, reinforcing the role of the CPPCC, and improving the other political parties' participation in state governance, providing important policy support for the multiparty cooperation. 

On the innovation in the practice of multiparty cooperation, we have achieved much progress. I'd like to introduce three major aspects.  

First, political consultation. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, political consultation has become more standardized and orderly. According to statistics, since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council have organized or entrusted relevant departments to organize 172 consultative meetings and symposiums, 37 of which were presided over by General Secretary Xi Jinping. Discussions on strategic and overarching issues with regard to state affairs were held with the other political parties and prominent individuals without party affiliation (non-affiliates).

Second, participation in the deliberation and administration of state affairs. In this respect, more targeted and effective measures were carried out. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the other political parties and non-affiliates have put forward a series of major opinions and suggestions with regard to implementing the new development philosophy, establishing a new development paradigm, achieving high-quality development, the Belt and Road construction, and coordinated development in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. According to statistics, there were more than 730 proposals, many of which have been adopted by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, making great contributions to scientific and democratic decision-making. 

Third, democratic oversight. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, new practices have been put in place to promote democratic oversight. In 2016, the CPC Central Committee entrusted the other eight political parties to pair with eight central and western provinces and autonomous regions to monitor their progress in fighting poverty over the next five years. These political parties presented a lot of opinions and suggestions, making a great contribution to securing victory in the campaign against poverty. 

Next, entrusted by the CPC Central Committee, the other political parties and non-affiliates will conduct democratic oversight on the ecological and environmental protection of the Yangtze River. Thanks. 

China News Service:

We know that political consultation is a major part of China's political party system. What is the content and form of political consultation? And how does the CPC conduct political consultation with the other political parties in practice? Thanks.

Xu Yousheng:

This question goes to Mr. Sang. 

Sang Fuhua:

Thank you for your question and your interest in China's political party system and political consultation. According to the white paper, political consultation is an important form of democracy in which the CPC and other political parties, on the basis of common political goals, carry out direct consultation on major policies and affairs of the state before making decisions and during policy implementation. It is an important part of the system of socialist consultative democracy. Non-affiliates also participate in the consultation. The above is the full and standard definition of political consultation. Now, with clear content, standard procedures, sound systems, and strengthened protection, political consultation has become a highlight of China's political practice. 

As for the subjects and forms of political consultation that you mentioned just now, the white paper includes a detailed explanation. Since everyone has just received the white paper, and is not familiar with its content, I will briefly introduce it so that you can better understand. There are four aspects of political consultation. The first is the formulation and revision of important documents from CPC congresses and CPC committees. Second, proposals on amendments to the Constitution and on the creation or amendment of important laws and local regulations. Third, advice on the candidates for national leadership posts. Fourth, major issues concerning the united front and multiparty cooperation. We all know that the above four aspects are extremely important issues in China's political life. 

The white paper has stipulated three forms of consultation. The first is forums, including forums on specific subjects, forums on personnel matters, and forums on fieldwork. The second form, talks, involves leaders from CPC committees and leaders from other political parties inviting each other to hold discussions and to communicate, negotiate, and exchange ideas face to face. Third, consultation in writing means that CPC committees solicit written advice on major documents and affairs from other political parties, or other political parties submit proposals on major issues in writing to CPC committees. 

As for how political consultation is carried out in practice, which, in my view, may not be widely known to the general public, I would like to thank you for raising the question so that we can provide an introduction to all of you. I will briefly introduce how forum consultation at the central level is organized and practiced. There are four main steps. 

First, making plans. At the beginning of every year, with the help from the United Front Work Department of the CPC Central Committee, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee puts forward an annual plan of political consultation on the basis of soliciting opinions and advice from the central committees of non-CPC political parties and non-affiliates. Then the plan is submitted to a meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and executed after deliberation. Second, preparation for consultation. With assistance from the United Front Work Department of the CPC Central Committee, and according to the consultation plan passed by the meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee makes specific plans and takes charge of implementation. That involves a lot of work. For example, the central committees of non-CPC political parties and non-affiliates should be invited in advance and gather to read the documents that need consultation. The drafting group should be invited to interpret the documents. Persons in charge from relevant departments should brief the other political parties and non-affiliates about major issues in China's social and economic development so that they are well informed on China's conditions. We should also support other political parties and non-affiliates to go deep in communities and conduct surveys and research concerning major issues. In this way, they can give more accurate, practical, and helpful advice. That's the second step before the forums. The third and most important part is forum consultation. Every year, at least seven political consultation forums are held at the central level. General Secretary Xi Jinping will host at least four forums, while Comrade Li Keqiang will host one, and Comrade Wang Yang will host two. The CPC Central Committee will also commission relevant departments to host ten to twenty additional forums as circumstances require. The general forum procedure is as follows. Persons in charge from the CPC Central Committee will introduce the consultation issues. Then the central committees of non-CPC political parties and non-affiliates give their suggestions and discuss the issues. Fourth, dealing with advice. Assisted by the United Front Work Department of the CPC Central Committee, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee will sort out the views and proposals from the other political parties and non-affiliates before submitting them to the relevant departments for implementation in due time. They should provide an explanation as to why any of the proposals cannot be carried out. Some suggestions given by the other political parties and non-affiliates are valuable but may not be able to be put into practice due to limited conditions, while others may need additional research in order to be more applicable. In a word, if a suggestion is unable to be put into practice in due course, an explanation must be provided. 

That was my brief introduction on the full procedure of forums, one of the forms of consultation between political parties. I hope this will help journalists and the public to understand more about political party consultation. Thank you.

Red Star News:

The CPPCC is an important political and organizational platform in China's political party system. Could you please make an introduction about its membership features? What mechanisms guarantee the right of CPPCC members from the non-CPC political parties to express views and raise proposals on behalf of their own parties? Thank you.

Wang Lianhai:

Thank you for your question and your concern regarding the work of the CPPCC. The CPPCC is a key mechanism for multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC, and its membership has distinctive features. Members of the non-CPC political parties and non-affiliates account for a substantial percentage of members of each CPPCC committee at all levels. They must constitute no less than 60 percent of the members of each CPPCC committee and no less than 65 percent of the members of the standing committee of each CPPCC committee; they must constitute no less than 50 percent of the vice chairpersons of each CPPCC committee at all levels (excluding those in ethnic autonomous areas). I would like to provide you with a set of figures to help you understand more. Since the First Session of the 13th CPPCC National Committee in 2018, 1,299 non-CPC individuals have served as members of the CPPCC National Committee, or 60.2%; 195 as members of the Standing Committee of the CPPCC National Committee, or 65%; and 13 as vice chairpersons of the CPPCC National Committee, or 54.2%. Nationwide, over 410,000 non-CPC individuals have been serving as members of CPPCC organizations at all levels. The CPPCC National Committee and provincial committees have members of the non-CPC political parties and non-affiliates serving as full time deputy secretary generals. Non-CPC individuals also make up a proper proportion of heads, deputy heads and members of the special committees under CPPCC committees. 

The CPPCC respects and protects the right of its members from the non-CPC political parties to express views and raise proposals on behalf of their own parties, and supports them to carry out discussions and consultations on major policies of the state. During the conference on the work of the CPPCC held by the CPC Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed that the role of the CPPCC as an important political and organizational platform in China's political party system must be given full play and mechanisms to guarantee the right of CPPCC members from the non-CPC political parties to express views and raise proposals on behalf of their own parties should be in place. To implement the guiding principles of General Secretary Xi Jinping's instructions and the conference on the work of the CPPCC held by the CPC Central Committee, the CPPCC National Committee has further enhanced mechanisms to leverage the strengths of China's political party system. It has established mechanisms for its members from the non-CPC political parties to submit proposals, deliver addresses at conferences, and report on social conditions and public opinion. These mechanisms are articulated in the relevant regulatory documents, such as the rules of consultation of the CPPCC National Committee, the general rules of the special committees, measures for selecting key proposals and overseeing their execution, and rules for making addresses at conferences. The proposals, addresses at conferences, and reports on social conditions and public opinion submitted by the non-CPC political parties have been dealt with, settled and reported meticulously. 

I will offer another series of statistics. Since 2013, the eight non-CPC political parties have submitted nearly 3,000 proposals, presented 525 speeches including 81 oral presentations, and delivered over 30,000 reports on social conditions and public opinion. They have made a positive contribution to leveraging the strengths of China's political party system, promoting harmony among all political parties, and serving national development in the new era. Thank you. 

Beijing Youth Daily:

I want to know more about non-affiliates. What role does this group play in China's political party system? Thank you.

Zhang Jian:

Thank you for your question. Regarding prominent individuals without affiliation to any political party, which we call "non-affiliates" for short, there may be many people in society who have the same question as you; they know non-affiliates exist but are unclear about the precise definition of those non-affiliates or who they are. Regarding this question, a clear definition was made in the regulations on the united front work of the CPC, promulgated by the CPC Central Committee on Dec. 21 last year and publicly published on Jan. 5 this year. What is the definition of non-affiliates in the regulations? Non-affiliates refer to those who have not participated in any political parties but have the desire and the ability to discuss and participate in the administration of state affairs and have made active contributions to and have a certain influence in society. Their main body is intellectuals. This is the entire definition of non-affiliates.

How to understand this definition? It should be said that non-affiliates are a political concept and a political identity. Why do we say that? Because they are an important part of multiparty cooperation and play an important role. In other words, not all intellectuals without party or affiliation are non-affiliates. Only those who play an important role in multiparty cooperation and assume important functions are considered non-affiliates. Their basic functions shall follow the same three basic functions of the non-CPC political parties, which are: to discuss and participate in the administration of state affairs and to engage in democratic scrutiny and political consultation led by the CPC.

Non-affiliates have played a very important role in our country's political party system. They are not only the co-founders of the multiparty cooperation system but also important participants in this system. Examples of famous non-affiliates in history include Guo Moruo, who made contributions during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) with his literary works; Li Dingming, who put forward the idea of "excellent troops and a streamlined administration”; "people's writer" Ba Jin; and the "father of hybrid rice" Yuan Longping, who passed away not long ago. Some of these individuals played an important role in the establishment of China's political party system, while others played an important role in promoting the development of China's political party system. It should be said that, for a long time, especially since the 18th CPC National Congress, our Party has attached great importance to supporting non-affiliates in playing their roles and has adopted a series of measures. For example, in consultations and symposiums convened by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, or those entrusted to relevant departments, non-affiliate delegates would be invited to participate. Thank you.

China Daily:

China's political party system includes the CPC, non-CPC political parties, as well as prominent individuals without affiliation to any political party. As important components of the system, what role do these non-CPC political parties and non-affiliates play in China's economic and social development? Thank you.

Sang Fuhua:

Thank you for your question. I appreciate the attention you've paid to the important role of non-CPC political parties and non-affiliates. Over the years, non-CPC political parties and non-affiliates have fully employed their strengths in gathering talent, pooling wisdom, being widely and well connected, and enjoying a uniquely detached position. They are significant contributors to China's economic and social development. The white paper has already elaborated on this topic, so I'll give you a brief introduction to help you better understand this issue. The role non-CPC political parties and non-affiliates have played can be summarized in three broad areas.

First, non-CPC political parties and non-affiliates have offered suggestions and proposals, and helped improve the decision-making process. For years, they have actively conducted inspections, researches and studies and provided consultancy and advice on major economic and social issues which are of overall, strategic and pioneering importance. As my colleague Mr. Zhang Jian mentioned earlier, when discussing and participating in the administration of state affairs, they have provided many valuable and important opinions and suggestions concerning the development of the BRI, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development, the development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, as well as major issues and strategies on strengthening China's strategic sci-tech capacity. Their suggestions have provided important references and consultancy for the decision-making of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council.

Second, non-CPC political parties and non-affiliates have played their part in providing services to the society. They have launched initiatives such as intellectual support to underdeveloped areas, built schools, and worked proactively to help win the battle against poverty. Here, I'd like to take an example from the white paper. Bijie used to be a deeply impoverished region in Guizhou province. For a long time, non-CPC political parties and non-affiliates have worked hard to establish Bijie Pilot Zone and made great contributions to the city's poverty-alleviation undertaking. I'll present a group of statistics here. Over the years, non-CPC political parties and non-affiliates have injected funds of 2.19 billion yuan, facilitated 2,665 programs, created 287,800 training opportunities for various professions, helped construct, renovate or expand over 200 schools of various kinds, and helped build 235 town/township health centers and village clinics. Through the joint efforts of all parties concerned, the pilot zone has helped 6.75 million people, while seven national-level poor counties, and 1,981 poor villages rise above poverty. The city's GDP exceeded 202 billion yuan. These are all tangible achievements. As parties participating in the administration of state affairs, these non-CPC political parties spare no efforts to consistently support the ruling CPC and address the development and reduction of poverty in a once deeply impoverished region. This can only be accomplished under China's political party system.

Third, non-CPC political parties and non-affiliates have stood together with the CPC to meet challenges. During the SARS outbreak in 2003, non-CPC political parties immediately took actions to make donations and offer proposals. Many of their party members fought the disease on the frontlines. After the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, non-CPC political parties and non-affiliates made donations of funds and supplies worth of over 500 million yuan within the very first month, which won widespread acclaim from all sectors of society. After the COVID-19 pandemic broke out, they responded to the call of the CPC Central Committee immediately, standing firmly alongside the CPC and acting together to battle against the virus. Partial data indicates that more than 60,000 frontline medical workers were either members of non-CPC political parties or non-affiliates. Over 4,000 opinions and proposals were submitted to the CPC Central Committee and the State Council by the non-CPC political parties and non-affiliates. Many of these have become concrete policies. They also actively donated funds and supplies worth around 5.11 billion yuan. Through their practical actions, they have proven themselves to be outstanding advisors, assistants, and colleagues of the CPC. Therefore, these non-CPC political parties deserve our appreciation, and China's political party system deserves our acclaim. Thank you.

CRNTT:

You often say that non-CPC political parties are part of China's political party system, but why should they accept the leadership of the CPC? Thank you.

Xu Yousheng:

Thank you for your question. As I said earlier, a very important feature of China's political party system is the leadership of the CPC. Why should other political parties accept the leadership of the CPC? I think it can be explained from two perspectives: realistic needs and historical choices. As is well known, China is a large country with a vast territory, many ethnic groups and a population of 1.4 billion. In such a large country, if there is no core leadership that exercises overall leadership and coordinates the efforts of all, it will inevitably end up falling apart and nothing will get accomplished.

We say that the leadership by the CPC is the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The CPC has rallied all other political parties and led the Chinese people of all ethnic groups during its 100 years of hard work. From the founding of the Party, to the establishment of the People's Republic of China, to reform and opening up, the Party has created remarkable achievements that Chinese people can feel proud of. As a result, the Chinese nation has made a historic leap from standing up, to growing rich and to becoming stronger. It's fair to say that the Party has won the heartfelt love and support of people of all ethnic groups in the country, including non-CPC political parties.

As I said earlier, the CPC's role in leading the country was not confirmed by itself. It is the choice of history, of the people, and also of non-CPC political parties. Mr. Cheng Siwei, former chairman of the Central Committee of the China National Democratic Construction Association, once said that China's political party system is like singing in a "chorus," and there must always be a conductor. From the perspective of history and reality, only the CPC is qualified for the work. I think that Mr. Cheng's words are very much to the point.

I want to make it clear that the CPC exercises leadership over other political parties through political guidance, mainly on political principles, direction, and major policies. The CPC respects the status of non-CPC political parties to participate in state governance under socialism with Chinese characteristics. Each political party has its own charter, political program, and organizational structure, and performs its functions and conducts activities independently as per the Constitution and laws. Thank you.

Chen Wenjun:

One last question.

Xinhua:

Over the past 70-plus years, what experience and inspiration has the CPC drawn from its cooperation with other political parties and non-affiliates?

Xu Yousheng:

China's political party system has experienced more than 70 years of development. As you just mentioned, many good experiences and practices have been had during the years when the CPC worked together closely with other political parties. They can be summarized in the following four aspects:

First, upholding the leadership of the CPC. As I mentioned just now, this acts as a fundamental guarantee for the sound development of multiparty cooperation. Leadership by the CPC is the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is also the most distinctive feature of China's political party system. As I just mentioned, the CPC's role in leading the country is the choice of history, of the people, and of other political parties. We must unswervingly uphold CPC leadership so that the system of multiparty cooperation can be continuously improved and develop in the right direction.

Second, upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, which is the common ideological and political foundation for the sound development of the multiparty cooperation system. We say that the multiparty cooperation system is derived from consensus. History and reality have proved that only socialism can save China, and only socialism with Chinese characteristics can develop China and realize the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation. It should be said that this is also the common ideal and common cause of the CPC as well as other political parties.

Third, making solid progress in improving the institutional framework for multiparty cooperation, which is an important guarantee for the sound development of the multiparty cooperation system. When talking of a system, we speak of long-term and stable goals. Through prolonged practices and explorations, we have gradually established a complete set of theoretical and institutional systems, which are based on the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, with the CPC's internal regulations and documents and the consensus documents of other political parties as the criteria, comprehensively and systematically regulating the work of multiparty cooperation. For example, the consultation between political parties that Mr. Sang just introduced involves many institutional regulations, which are very complete. These institutional regulations are conducive to the scientific, standardized, and systematic development of multiparty cooperation and have effectively improved the efficiency of the multiparty cooperation system.

Fourth, focus on party building of both the CPC and non-CPC political parties, as this is the organizational foundation for the sound development of the multiparty cooperation system. The CPC, together with non-CPC political parties, is the main body of the multiparty cooperation system. In order to give better play to its advantages and function, we must strengthen the party building of the CPC as well as non-CPC political parties. Only by learning from each other and promoting common progress can the quality and level of the multiparty cooperation system be improved. Thank you for your question.

Chen Wenjun:

Today's press conference is hereby concluded. Thank you to all the speakers and all of our friends from the media.

Translated and edited by Zhang Liying, Wang Qian, Gong Yingchun, Li Xiao, Wang Yanfang, Cui Can, Zhou Jing, Liu Jianing, Liu Qiang, Mi Xingang, Yuan Fang, Zhang Rui, Huang Shan, Zhu Bochen, Wang Yiming, Li Huiru, Zhang Junmian, David Ball, Jay Birbeck, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

Read in Chinese

Speakers:

Lu Guangjin, secretary-general of the China Society for Human Rights Studies and professor at the School of Law of Jilin University

Li Xiao, first-level inspector of the Research Office of the Supreme People's Court

He Zhipeng, dean of the School of Law of Jilin University and director of Jilin University Human Rights Research Center

Zhang Wanhong, executive dean of the Institute of Human Rights Studies of Wuhan University

Chairperson:

Shou Xiaoli, deputy head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office (SCIO) and SCIO spokesperson

Date: 

June 24, 2021

Shou Xiaoli:

Ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon. Today, the State Council Information Office (SCIO) released a white paper titled "The Communist Party of China and Human Rights Protection – A 100-Year Quest." We are holding a briefing here today to introduce relevant information on the CPC's philosophy and practice of respecting and safeguarding human rights. We will also take questions. Today, we are joined by Mr. Lu Guangjin, secretary-general of the China Society for Human Rights Studies and professor at the School of Law of Jilin University; Ms. Li Xiao, first-level inspector of the Research Office of the Supreme People's Court; Mr. He Zhipeng, dean of the School of Law of Jilin University and director of Jilin University Human Rights Center; and Mr. Zhang Wanhong, executive dean of the Institute of Human Rights of Wuhan University. 

Next, I will give the floor to Mr. Lu.

Lu Guangjin:

Friends from the media, good afternoon!

This morning, the SCIO issued a white paper titled "The Communist Party of China and Human Rights Protection – A 100-Year Quest," which systematically explains the achievements of the CPC in respecting and protecting human rights over the past 100 years. On the occasion of celebrating the CPC centenary, the release of such a white paper is of special significance and will help the international community gain a comprehensive and multi-dimensional understanding of the CPC and the logic of China's human rights development. We hope this will help them have a panoramic view of China. Today, four scholars from the China Society for Human Rights Studies would like to communicate with journalists here on the practice of the CPC in respecting and protecting human rights.

As you all know, the CPC's founding mission was to seek happiness for the Chinese people, rejuvenate the Chinese nation, and do common good for the world. The CPC was born to advance human rights and has continued to grow and develop because of human rights progress. Over the past 100 years, under the leadership of the CPC, China has made great achievements in the area of human rights. I would like to summarize the progress from the following three aspects.

First, China has made new achievements in respecting and protecting human rights. Over the past 100 years, the CPC has united and led the people in toppling the "three mountains" of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism, founded the People's Republic of China (PRC), completed the New Democratic Revolution and the Socialist Revolution, carried out reform and opening up, and ushered in a new era of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. The CPC adheres to the principle of the people's democracy, established a national system ensuring the people's position as masters of the country, and guaranteed that all power in the country belongs to the people. The CPC has led the people to achieve a comprehensive victory in the fight against poverty and build a moderately prosperous society in all respects. The people's basic rights such as the right to life and health, the right to employment, and the right to education are better protected.

Second, China has framed a new concept of respecting and protecting human rights. The CPC has always adhered to the people-centered approach to human rights, and has continuously enhanced the people's sense of gain, happiness, and security. The CPC regards the rights to subsistence and development as the primary and basic human rights and believes that living a life of contentment is the ultimate human right. It promotes comprehensive progress in human rights, the well-rounded development of all the people, and the coordinated development of civil rights, political rights, and economic, social and cultural rights, and ensures that people have equal opportunities for development and possess dignity and value of life.

Third, China has blazed a new path of human rights protection. The CPC believes that human rights are the gains of the progress of human civilization and are universal. At the same time, human rights are also historical, specific, and in a constant ongoing process of development. There is no end to human rights development, and human rights protection is an ongoing cause. There is no universal human rights standard or model, and each country should apply the principle of universality of human rights in the context of its own national conditions. The CPC has enriched and developed Marxist human rights doctrine with its own successful practices, showing a new successful model of human rights progress in the 21st century.

We often say that without the CPC, there would be no new China. Likewise, without the CPC, there would be no progress in China's human rights protection today. At present, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, the Chinese people are working hard to realize the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation and the second centenary goal: to build China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the centenary of the PRC (2049). We will promote China's human rights protection to a higher level and make new progress. 

This is the basic introduction. We would like to communicate with you on issues of your concern and on this white paper. Please ask your questions.

Shou Xiaoli:

Thank you, Professor Lu Guangjin. Now, the floor is open for questions. Please identify your news outlets before asking questions.

CGTN:

We noticed that the 47th session of the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is being held in Geneva, Switzerland, and representatives of the Chinese government and social organizations have actively participated in the event. Can you tell us about China's long-term efforts to promote global human rights governance? Thank you.

Lu Guangjin:

The conference is being held currently and all parties are concerned about China's efforts in advancing global human rights progress over the years. Professor He Zhipeng is an expert in this field. He will take your question. 

He Zhipeng:

I feel honored to have the opportunity to exchange views with you on this issue. If you have read our white paper, you may have seen that this topic is discussed in part six. I will elaborate more on that basis. China's contribution to the governance of human rights in the world can be understood from two aspects: the human rights systems and mechanisms in a narrow sense and in a broad sense. The systems and mechanisms for respecting and protecting human rights in a narrow sense refers to the UNHRC you mentioned just now, which was previously called the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR). We all know that China was once excluded from the UN system for a long time, so during that time we did not have the opportunity to have direct contact with the UN's human rights mechanism. Since China recovered its legitimate seat at the UN in 1971, it has played an active role in relevant events. In 1979, we joined the UNCHR as an observer and attended its annual meetings for three consecutive years. In 1982, China became an official member state of the UNCHR and has maintained this position ever since. China's participation in UNCHR activities not only demonstrated China's own human rights views and propositions, but also made known to the world China's efforts to respect and protect human rights. From 1981 to 2006, we were fully involved in the activities of the UNCHR. In 2006, the UNCHR was replaced with the UNHRC due to a series of problems that many of you may know. For example, the UNCHR had long been used as a tool for political struggles, that is to say, some Western countries including the United States often used the Commission as a platform to criticize China. Every time, we gave effective responses to such issues during the annual session of the Commission. In fact, at the UN level, everyone realized that such a human rights governance system was unsustainable. In other words, the human rights protection goals couldn't be achieved. Therefore, starting in 2006, amidst the call for reform, the UNHRC was established. China has always participated in the activities of the UNHRC since then. In addition to the formal meetings when official representatives exchange views and concerns and respond to questions raised by countries around the world, we also introduce our views and actions on human rights in China by holding a series of sideline meetings including those held by the China Society for Human Rights Studies. This is a brief introduction to human rights governance in a narrow sense.

In a broader sense, human rights governance includes several aspects in addition to the human rights system within the United Nations. First, some ideas China put forward to the international community, such as a community with a shared future for mankind, they are relevant to human rights. The proposal emphasizes lasting peace, universal security, common prosperity, openness, tolerance, cleanliness, and beauty, which are all directly related to human rights. Within international mechanisms, including the human rights system, these ideas are translated into international languages so that they can be understood and accepted by all. At the same time, on the economic level, everyone may know we are carrying out cooperation with many countries along the Belt and Road and have made great efforts so far. Whether in terms of cooperation in infrastructure or other economic cooperation, our efforts in this domain will actually be conducive to human rights development in China and countries along the Belt and Road. 

Also, we have actively advanced international cooperation systems regarding the environment, climate change, labor and all fields of the economy, such as the Paris Agreement. Of course, we have joined many international organizations. Especially since the outbreak of the pandemic in 2020, the advancements we have made in human rights in the field of public health is actually part of the broadly defined human rights governance. My own understanding may not necessarily be comprehensive. Mr. Lu and other speakers can correct me if there is something wrong with what I have said. I'm going to stop here, thank you. 

CNR:

We all know that respecting and safeguarding human rights is the consensus of human civilization, however, different countries have different views on human rights and the path of development often differs from country to country. How shall we see the notion in the white paper that China has added diversity to the concept of human rights? Thank you. 

Lu Guangjin:

I will answer this question, and other professors may give additional remarks. I think that China's progress in human rights, which is indeed different from that of Western or other countries, is a typical example. Regarding the need to understand China, I think we should focus on the following three aspects. First, China is the world's largest developing country, which is a basic national condition we often talk about. Second, China is the world's most populous country, which is also a national condition that has lasted for hundreds of years. Third, China is the world's fastest developing country. Its speed of development since the 1970s is unprecedented. The journalists here, who were generally born after the 1980s and 1990s, have also experienced a huge change. China after 1970 is totally different from that before 1970, its development is the progress of civilization and quite representative. 

Looking at this progress of civilization from the human rights perspective, I think the following three aspects in particular are worth thinking about. 

First, China's human rights development has exceeded Western liberal views on human rights and the development of their practice. The progress was made under the guidance of China's people-centered approach to human rights. In my opinion, the approach has transcended the narrowness and limitations of the Western capitalist view of human rights, focusing on people-centered human rights rather than men's natural rights, socialist collective human rights rather than liberal individual human rights, and specific and vivid human rights rather than abstract, empty human rights. So, it is a particularly representative model of human rights and the new manifestation of human rights civilization. 

Second, China has developed the Marxist theory of human rights. Upholding the basic positions and views of the Marxist theory of human rights, the CPC is grounding its efforts in the new century, new development stage, new era, China's development features of the times and the future development trend. China attaches great importance to the position of the people, authenticity, development, specificity and the comprehensiveness of human rights, which is the great progress and development of the Marxist theory of human rights under the new historical conditions. We can also call it the 21st-century Marxist human rights theory.

Third, we have opened new frontiers of human civilization. The CPC upholds historical materialism and dialectical materialism, and has always viewed and developed human rights from a historical perspective, development perspective and the standpoint of the people, which enabled the CPC to open a new path of human rights protection based on China's national conditions. The development path in fact exploded the myth that only the Western model could develop human rights, and has also opened up a new path for the development of human rights. My thinking is summarized in those three points for your reference. 

Phoenix TV:

Some Western countries have been making a lot of fuss about China's human rights issues for years, especially smearing China on issues related to Xinjiang, Hong Kong and Tibet. As the ruling party, how does the CPC view this issue? Thank you. 

Lu Guangjin:

Indeed, China is a socialist country under the leadership of the CPC where people became masters of the country. As China is different from Western countries in the value orientation of human rights, Western countries believe that human rights in China are not up to their standards. So, any progress of China's human rights may not draw their attention. Regarding this issue, spokespersons of the Foreign Ministry have made several systematic, comprehensive and clear statements, so I will not elaborate on some specific issues. Here I would like to stress the following points: 

First, in my opinion, Western countries are not really concerned about China's human rights, they just use it to interfere in China's internal affairs. If they are really concerned about China's human rights, especially human rights in Xinjiang, I am wondering why they did not speak up and condemn the activities of extremists when Xinjiang suffered terrorism and extremism. They did not condemn the acts of mutilation of human beings. In contrast, as we know, some violent terrorist organizations in Xinjiang were supported and sheltered by some Western forces. We believe that this is entirely the result of double standards on human rights. If they really care for human rights in China, why didn't they recognize China's progress and development of human rights, especially the great achievements in reducing poverty, which lifted more than 800 million people out of poverty? They become better off and are now heading towards a higher level of prosperity, which gave a great boost to people's rights to subsistence and development. We have also noticed that they never focused on these progress in their news reports. I am afraid that there is some prejudice and misunderstanding. More importantly, there are political purposes. Some Western countries, in particular, used the so-called double standards on human rights to smear China's human rights situation to defame China, tarnish its image in the world, achieve their political purposes, and contain China's rise and development.

Second, if some Western countries really care about human rights, they should not only look at China, but instead examine themselves. Just as our Foreign Ministry spokesperson put it, we urge these countries to take a look at themselves in the mirror and see what human rights are like in their own countries. In the face of their own increasingly prominent human rights problems, it is time for them to reflect, face up to their own issues and find solutions to address their problems. In the long run, these problems are detrimental to the improvement of human rights in these countries. Recently, I have been reading a book that some of you may be reading, too. It is a book written by an influential black American journalist with the New York Times. It is called "Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents." If you are interested in it, you are recommended to buy it to read. The author made a thorough analysis of the serious racial problems in the U.S. I have read some books of this kind, but I don't think there have been any with a more thorough analysis than in this book. Why? The author believes that the racial problems in the U.S. relate to neither racialism, racial discrimination nor racist policies. What's the problem? It's all about the caste system according to the author. We know what the caste system is. It is obviously a racial problem far more serious than racialism and racist policies. In reading this book, I realized that its analysis of the most pressing human rights problems in the U.S. today enables us to view from a more profound perspective the origins, complexity, long-term existence and dangers of these problems, to which we should pay attention with an alert mind. We should not simply listen to what they say, but pay attention to their actions. Thank you.

China Daily:

Could you share what major efforts the judicial organs have made in protecting human rights? Thank you.

Li Xiao:

Thanks for your question. As a bottom line for defending fairness and justice, the administration of justice indeed plays an important role in protecting human rights. After working in the court system for 37 years, I am well aware that respect for and protection of human rights is one of the main lines that run through the work of the people's courts. With the aim that the people can see in every judicial case that justice is served, judicial bodies adhere to carrying out justice for the people, seeking judicial justice, and protecting the lawful rights and interests of the interested parties according to law so as to increase the people's sense of gain, happiness and security. I'd like to share with you some highlights of our efforts in the following keywords, namely, judicial reform, judicial accountability, the case-filing register system, the safeguarding of the right to defense, judicial openness, guaranteeing the right to fair trial, and judicial relief. As you know, judicial bodies have been carrying out judicial reform in recent years. Why? Its ultimate goals are to ensure the people's courts independently and fairly exercise judicial power according to the law; improve the allocation of judicial powers and responsibilities; and improve category-based management of judicial personnel and job security for the judicial profession. People's courts across administrative boundaries have been established. In some provinces and cities, there are also courts that handle intellectual property and financial cases as well as online courts. This is a brief summary of judicial reform.

Regarding fully implementing judicial accountability, we have improved the list of well-defined adjudicative powers and responsibilities, strictly held illegal adjudication accountable, and fully implemented the three regulations on preventing intervention in judicial activities, by which the judges hear the cases to reach verdicts and bear related responsibilities.

Regarding the case-filing register system, it is a replacement for the former case-filing review system and was established in 2015. It ensures litigants' right of action and has solved the difficulties in filing lawsuits, with an on-the-spot case-filing registration rate of more than 95%. As you know, science and technology have made rapid progress in recent years, which has accelerated the establishment of smart courts. Now filing is much easier. A click on WeChat Court, a mini program of WeChat, enables litigants to file cases online, submit evidence, and attend trials as well as deal with some cross-region litigations, making litigation services available online round the clock.

Another noteworthy highlight is the promotion of judicial openness. We have improved judicial transparency by establishing four platforms for releasing information on judicial processes, trial livestreams, written judgments, and the execution of judgments. I checked these platforms this morning. A total of more than 13 million trials nationwide have been livestreamed on the platform for trial livestreams, with 38 billion visits in total. There are more than 100 million written judgements at the platform for written judgements, with over 64.6 billion visits by this morning. The data keeps updated and changing all the time.

With regards to the guaranteeing of the right to defense, pilot work has been launched to ensure legal defense is provided in all criminal cases. Legal aid stations can now be found at all courts and detention houses to ensure that defendants in all criminal cases can obtain legal defense and support in trial. The state protects defense lawyers' rights to meet their clients, to read case files, to investigate and obtain evidence, to conduct cross-examination, and to debate and defend, and other litigious rights.

Regarding the guaranteeing of the right to fair trial, we have made significant efforts. For example, we have promoted the reform of the criminal litigation system with a focus on adjudication, strictly enforced the principles of "no penalty without a law", presumption of innocence, evidence-based verdicts, and exclusionary rules, and strengthened the role of court trials, ensuring that no one should be prosecuted without criminal evidence and those guilty of an offence are subject to fair punishment. From 2016 to 2020, people's courts at all levels acquitted 5,479 defendants. A number of wrongful verdicts including those concerning Hugjiltu for rape and murder and Nie Shubin for rape and murder were overturned in accordance with the law. The wrongly-convicted all received state compensation in accordance with the law.

Another keyword is judicial relief. It covers the state compensation system and the state judicial assistance system. We have improved the state compensational system and developed compensation alongside the economic and social development of the country. The daily compensation for violation of a citizen's personal liberty has risen from 17.16 yuan in 1995 to 373.10 yuan in 2021. China has improved the state judicial assistance system to safeguard victims' right to judicial assistance. In 2020, courts at all levels handled a total of 37,852 judicial assistance cases, helping 44,350 people with 910 million yuan of judicial relief. In addition, we have made many other efforts. As time is limited, I am not going to elaborate on them. Thank you.

HKTKWW:

My question is for Mr. He. You've mentioned before that we need to pay great attention to the spatial and temporal dimensions of historical development and social environment during human rights research and analysis. How shall we understand this concept? How shall we think about the internationalization of human rights on the premise of a community with a shared future for mankind? Thank you.

He Zhipeng:

Thanks for your question. First of all, I have to admit this idea is just a point of view I personally raised during my academic research after discussing it with my colleagues and students. Here is the reason behind the idea. When having dialogues on human rights internationally or having exchanges on human rights domestically, some people believe that there is a common and universal standard for human rights. That means that every country, wherever it is located and whatever historical period it is in, should act in accordance with the same rule or standard. During the illegal "Occupy Central" movement, some people cited the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). We later commented that some rules are not applicable in China, because not all rules apply to all countries.

On this basis, I would like to put forward an idea. The real situation of human rights in a country depends on what historical position and period it is in. The so-called space-time condition, on the one hand, is "time", that is to say, in this sense we should understand that what are considered human rights change with the development of the times. They are not static. If we can see from the overall historical trend that human rights are constantly improving, we can also see from a certain historical section, for example, in the event of an epidemic, the situation of human rights protection may fluctuate. This is the so-called historical dimension. We cannot simply hold fast to the conclusion that human rights have just come and gone.

The other one is the spatial dimension, that is, different cultural traditions and national customs lead to different actualizations of human rights. As we all know, China has a system of regional autonomy for ethnic minorities, which is actually a different way of safeguarding the rights of different cultural traditions. If you accept my basic understanding, what conclusion do we reach? I think there are two aspects.

First, the level of human rights protection should be decoupled from the political dynamics. There was a question just now saying that some countries say that there are problems in China's human rights. In fact, they are making a fuss out of nothing and fabricating rumors to stir up trouble. As Professor Lu said just now, the objective is very simple. It is to achieve political containment. That is to say, China's rapid, balanced and stable economic, political and cultural development has deeply worried many countries. You may all have heard of a concept called "Thucydides Trap". They believe that major Western powers and China are destined for conflict. If they don't contain China now, then they won't have a chance in the future. This, in my opinion, is the first decoupling, which is to decouple human rights issues from political struggles.

Second, human rights should be decoupled from economic competition. Some countries have raised the so-called "cotton issue" in Xinjiang as a human rights issue and then used it to curb China's development. In fact, anyone with a clear vision knows that their objective behind the issue is very simple. From their point of view, China is developing too fast economically and we have competitive advantages in many aspects. Anyone who has studied economics knows that the basic operating rule of international competition is acquiring absolute advantage or comparative advantage. We have an advantage in this respect and they feel they are no match for us. What can they do? They began to use various human rights excuses to suppress China, which in my opinion should be kept in mind after understanding the spatial and temporal scale of human rights.

What does the building of a community with a shared future for mankind mean in terms of human rights? To put it simply, it means that human society faces more and more common risks and has many areas of common concerns. For example, a global panic is likely caused by climate change, global warming, epidemics, and the internet. Under such a premise, we should recognize the possible risks, actively cooperate globally, work for a common future, and promote human rights in the dimension of governance cooperation. That is my understanding. Thank you.

CRI:

What effective measures has the CPC explored to respect and protect human rights in the pursuit of people's freedom, equality and happiness? What are the similarities and differences compared with other countries, especially in guaranteeing equal rights for special groups? Thank you.

Zhang Wanhong:

Thank you for your questions and for your focus on the situation of specific groups after others focused on the larger issues. With the liberation and happiness of the people as its mission, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has, over the past 100 years, continuously explored ways to realize the state system of freedom and equality for the people, and gradually established the basic system of overall law-based governance. The CPC abides by historical materialism and recognizes and exalts the historical subjectivity of human beings. First of all, the equality we seek in the practice of respecting and safeguarding human rights is not the abstract equality of all men, or the so-called equality of natural rights. Our pursuit of equality is in the specific practice of history, in the specific time and space, with the sustainable development of the economy and the overall prosperity of the people as the material basis, with national independence and social harmony and stability as the institutional basis, and with the individual's feasible ability and substantive right of choice as the content of equality.

As for specific groups, in the process of realizing the equal protection of the rights of specific groups, we should emphasize the concrete practice of history, that is, the importance of their basic needs, such as clothing, food, housing and transportation, should be recognized by the system. For example, as a part-time vice chairman of the Hubei Disabled Persons' Federation, I pay close attention to the issue of people with disabilities. More than 80 million of them have been lifted out of poverty. Another example is the issue of gender equality. As a basic state policy, the CPC attaches great importance to protecting women's freedom of marriage, and established the no-fault divorce system very early. We have also carried forward the fine tradition of respecting the elderly and actively responded to population ageing. This is the first aspect.

Second, in the system of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics, the logic of rights has unique advantages in balancing the rights of individuals and communities, ensuring equal rights for specific groups, promoting overall personal development and integrated social development, and achieving common prosperity for the people. Understanding this point will help us adhere to the perspective of well-rounded human development. We advocate the equal right to participation, and the comprehensive and coordinated development of specific groups such as the disabled, women, and the elderly. It shows great awareness of the diversity of human nature and the equality of human dignity in socialist humanism, and the recognition and guarantee of the substantive equality of specific groups in the socialist political and legal systems.

Altogether, the theme of today's white paper is the substantial progress made in human rights by the Chinese people under the CPC's leadership. From the New Democratic Revolution and the socialist revolution to the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects and comprehensive modernization, it is the people who have always been the centrality of enjoying and fulfilling all the human rights. So, we have come to an important conclusion that people's well-being is the greatest human right. The conclusion solves the questions: Who does the progress of human rights depend on, and who is it for? Everyone, regardless of physical or mental disabilities, gender, age, or other factors, can develop oneself with dignity, contribute to society, share the opportunity to shine in life, and make their dream come true. Thank you.

Shangyou News:

I would like to ask Mr. Li this question. With the continuous overall deepening of judicial reforms, China's judicial transparency is constantly upgrading, and its judicial human rights protection system is gradually improving. In recent years, the Supreme People's Court (SPC) has done a lot of work on the applicable standards of the death penalty. Can you give us some details on this? Thank you.

Li Xiao:

This is a very informed question, thank you. First of all, as for the applicable standards of the death penalty, let's take a look at how to control the application of the death penalty through legislation. As we all know, the application of the death penalty is a consistent criminal policy that China retains, strictly controls, and prudently applies. Paragraph 1 of Article 48 of the Criminal Law stipulates that the death penalty shall only be applied to criminals who have committed extremely serious crimes, while Article 49 states that the death penalty shall not be imposed on persons who have not reached the age of 18 at the time the crime is committed or on women who are pregnant at the time of trial, and that the death penalty shall not be given to a person who is 75 years old at the time of trial unless they have caused the death of another person by especially cruel means. In other words, there are three statutory conditions for restricting the death penalty.

In 2011, 13 crimes applicable for the death penalty were removed as part of the eighth amendment to the Criminal Law. In 2015, nine more crimes were removed in the ninth amendment. It shows that China has tightly limited the use of the death penalty through legislation. Over the years, massive efforts have been made to reform the judicial system, mainly in the following aspects: 

First, by taking further steps to strictly control the death penalty and employ it with prudence. It is widely known that since the SPC invoked the right to approve all death sentences on Jan. 1, 2007, courts at various levels have firmly upheld the concept of attaching equal importance to punishing crimes and protecting human rights. More attention has been paid to the penalty policy of tempering severity with mercy, and the death penalty is strictly controlled and prudently applied. This requires increased care when handling cases, increased caution when prescribing death sentences, and enhanced fairness in trial procedures. In the process of death penalty review, the SPC employs the highest standards and strictest requirements to check on the facts and evidence, laws and policies, and trial procedures of each case, making sure that the death penalty is only administered for convicted criminals in extremely severe offenses.

Second, by continuously adopting judicial interpretations and normative documents over the years to detail the application of laws and policies and tighten the procedures of case handling. The SPC, acting alone or together with other departments, has issued documents including Some Advice on Implementing the Criminal Policy of Combining Leniency with Rigidity, Provisions on Several Issues Concerning the Examination and Judgment of Evidence in Death Sentence Cases, and Provisions on Several Issues Concerning the Exclusion of Illegal Evidence in Criminal Cases. This year, we issued a long judicial interpretation regarding the implementation of the Criminal Procedure Law, in which special chapters and sections have been established to make comprehensive revisions and regulations on the death penalty. These documents have played an active and important role in guiding the lower courts to try death penalty cases in a fair manner, and further tightening and unifying legal and policy standards, rules of evidence, and trial procedures applicable to the death penalty.

Third, by strengthening human rights protection during death penalty review and ensuring defendants' right to defense and other legitimate rights. In August 2019, the SPC issued the Provisions on the Review and Execution Procedures for the Death Penalty to Protect Convicts' Lawful Rights and Interests. It stipulates that defendants have the right to be represented by a lawyer when the SPC is reviewing their death sentences and that convicts have the right to meet relatives before the execution of the death sentences, providing a strong guarantee for the rights of the accused in death penalty cases.

Fourth, by formulating criminal justice concepts that meet the requirements of the new era and unceasingly increasing the level of criminal justice. In 2019, the seventh conference on works related to criminal trials asked courts at various levels to strictly observe China's policy of retaining, strictly controlling, and prudently applying the death penalty. Efforts were also required to be made to ensure that the death penalty is only administered for a very small number of convicted criminals who have been found guilty of extremely severe offenses and have caused great harm to society, and that the death penalty is given with sufficient evidence according to law. The people's courts will resolutely implement the policy and ensure all death sentences are employed with ironclad evidence. Thank you.

Beijing Review:

Based on China's conditions, the CPC creatively put forward that the rights to subsistence and development are primary and basic human rights. In this regard, China has indeed achieved enormous progress. But in other areas of human rights, are there any prominent achievements that we can tell the world? Could you illustrate with some specific examples? Thank you.

Lu Guangjin:

This is an overall question on human rights, which is not only about the rights to subsistence and development. In accordance with the principle of universality, human rights also incorporate economic, social, and cultural rights as well as civil and political rights. In recent years, environmental rights and the right to peace have also arisen. Actually, the progress of human rights in China is not a single item that comprises the rights to subsistence and development but a comprehensive and integrated advancement. Great progress has been achieved in the judicial system, as Judge Li just mentioned, especially in the strict control of the death penalty and employing it with prudence. It is basically identical to international standards from a human rights perspective. I will not expand on this, as Judge Li has already spoken about it at length. We can observe that the progress of human rights protection is remarkable in the process of judicial system reform, ranging from strictly implementing the legal principles of no punishment without law and presumption of innocence to protecting the legitimate rights of criminal suspects and prohibiting extortion of confessions by torture. I think the progress made in this area is obvious.

In addition, the protection of civil rights has improved in various aspects, including the basic rights and personal rights of citizens. As for political rights, civic engagement is increasing, and the right to participate in state and autonomous affairs are better protected. There are plenty of specific examples in this regard.

Next, I'd like to invite Dean He to make some additional remarks.

He Zhipeng:

Let me just say a few words about the question. I think the reason why China particularly emphasized the rights to subsistence and development in the 1990s is because China faced a lot of pressure in terms of survival for a long time, as well as many bottlenecks in terms of its economic, social, cultural and individual development. The rights to subsistence and development can be understood as a "bunch of rights," which means that there are many concrete rights under these rights.

I would like to add a few more words to what Professor Lu was saying. Under the leadership of the CPC, China has gradually explored the development of human rights in a gradual manner. We all know that China put forward the goal of achieving moderate prosperity in all respects. In fact, the idea of building a moderately prosperous society reflects the implications of human rights. We studied this problem some time ago. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the economic standard of per capita GDP was regarded as the sole measure of a well-off life. At the beginning of the 21st century, around the 16th CPC National Congress, China achieved its goal of a "well-off" standard of living, referring to the GDP growth target that we previously mentioned. However, can we say that China successfully achieved its goal? The answer is no. The report of the 16th CPC National Congress pointed out that, the well-off life we were leading was inadequate; and the goals of the well-off life were not only to meet people's basic needs, but also to achieve demands for democracy, the rule of law, a better environment and educational opportunities. Therefore, we found that the scope of human rights was gradually expanded under a comprehensive understanding of a well-off life.

We all have some personal experiences when we talk about building a moderately prosperous society in all respects from a perspective of human rights. We have witnessed an all-round improvement in China's economic, political and cultural life, including improvements to our living environment, educational opportunities, employment, and people's rights to know and participate in all fields of society. As the chairperson just mentioned, China is in a new period in which the timeframes of the Two Centenary Goals are converging. China's human rights situation is not perfect yet. We look forward to reviewing and summarizing at this stage, and doing better in the future. Thank you. That is all from me. Thank you, Mr. Lu.

Zhang Wanhong:

I would like to add something. I noticed that the reporter from Beijing Review wanted to hear some vivid examples. I come from Wuhan and would like to talk about the efforts and achievements that the Party and the government made in fighting the epidemic based on Wuhan's experience. Last year, China faced two major battles: poverty alleviation and epidemic prevention and control. As a resident of Wuhan, your question reminds me of the days and nights when China's top epidemiologist Zhong Nanshan visited Wuhan and the city was under lockdown. At the commendation meeting on the fight against the COVID-19 epidemic, General Secretary Xi Jinping summarized by saying that China's great spirit of combating the epidemic could be characterized by putting people's lives first, nationwide solidarity, sacrifice, respecting science, and a sense of mission for humanity. However, from the perspective of human rights, I would like to tell the story of combating the COVID-19 epidemic from my own experience. For example, on the basis of protecting people's lives and health, we ensured that people fully enjoyed their economic, social and cultural rights, fulfilled the right to participate equally, and promoted social integration and well-rounded personal development. A pandemic of such magnitude represents a litmus test in terms of human rights. In terms of protecting people's rights to education and employment, we initiated a policy of "suspending classes without stopping learning" and boosted the resumption of work, production and business activities. During the epidemic, schools and teachers worked together to overcome the software and hardware limitations. Meanwhile, all sectors of society, including network operators, network course platforms, and platforms for journals, books and data, also made contributions. In the early period of lifting the lockdown and resuming work in Wuhan, many enterprises introduced measures to solve the worries of their employees, such as sending vehicles to pick up their employees and arranging accommodation and food for employees and their families. These are examples with rich human rights implications.

In terms of protecting people's cultural rights, major online platforms provided free online services including movies, TV dramas and online books. Various non-governmental organizations carried out online cultural activities in communities to increase public cohesion and spread positive energy. In terms of protecting people's marriage and family rights, the government attached great importance to solving marriage and family disputes during the epidemic. Joining hands with charity organizations, women's federations in Hubei helped mediate and defuse family disputes during the epidemic. China attaches great importance to ensuring equal participation rights and barrier-free information access for specific groups. Barrier-free measures were adopted, such as by providing sign language interpretation at press conferences. Meanwhile, My volunteer team and I provided barrier-free communication services for hearing-impaired people and medical personnel of Huoshenshan Hospital and Leishenshan Hospital. We also launched epidemic prevention videos in sign language. From these examples, we can see the concrete details of human rights rather than abstract concepts of the rights to subsistence and development. In short, the CPC has made comprehensive progress over the past century in human rights. This is my answer for your question by using stories and experiences.

The Poster News APP:

Some experts believe that when constructing a national human rights discourse system, we should be wary of taking Western experience as a universal human rights standard and avoid "self-Easternization" in human rights discourse. How should we build a Chinese human rights discourse system that is both national and universal? Thank you.

Lu Guangjin:

This topic is indeed a topic that everyone is thinking about. Let me try to introduce it first. When talking about human rights, what we emphasize is the upholding of the principle of universality of human rights. At the same time, what we are opposed to is a universal view of human rights. The principle of universality and the universal view of human rights are two different concepts in our understanding. The universality view of human rights is to realize human rights by following the basic principles of human rights recognized by the United Nations documents or by everyone. The universal view of human rights was put forward by some people in the West during the Bourgeois Revolution, which means that human rights are determined according to their ideological logic, and that actually the standard definition of human rights is of uniqueness. Because we know that "the universal view" itself is a concept of Christianity. After expanding the view of natural human rights to include social and political life, it has become the only human rights standard in social and political life. We think this is inappropriate and unrealistic because different countries have different national conditions, different cultural backgrounds, different historical traditions, different social systems, and different national systems. Under such circumstances, using a single human rights standard to measure more than 200 countries and regions in the world is obviously not in line with actual situations. We have always held a negative attitude towards this; that is, we believe that there is no universal human rights standard in the world.

We mainly adhere to three principles in the development of human rights . First, we adhere to the principle of universality of human rights. We have signed and ratified several human rights conventions and comply with the universality requirements of international human rights. Second, we have to proceed from China's actual conditions and national conditions. This cannot simply be copied. Otherwise, copying will not solve the problem, and it will cause major problems instead. China is the biggest developing country with the largest population and fastest growth -- these are the realities that will affect the fundamental basis of China's development of human rights. Third, we oppose "human rights preachers" who use human rights to start a confrontation, or those who play the human rights card, use human rights as a big stick, and beat others if they don't meet their standards. We think this is unacceptable.

Regarding the connection of human rights discourse, how can China's human rights discourse be connected with the world's human rights discourse, maintaining both nationality and globality? This is indeed a question that scholars and experts should think carefully. We are also exploring this aspect. I think several points are important.

First, it must be characterized by the times. It is impossible to go back to the past when human rights discourse is raised in this era. Mr. He just said that every era has its own human rights. I said that every era has its own human rights discourse. Taking today's discourse back to the 17th and 18th centuries, during Europe's revolutionary years, I'm afraid it obviously would not work and it won't work to use human rights discourse from that era. This is called the evolution of history, the progress of history, and it also reflects the specificity of human rights.

Second, the principle of universality of human rights. Talking about human rights discourse must conform to the principle of the universality of human rights, and it must not be mentioned indiscriminately, otherwise it will not be easy to accept and does not conform to the universality of human rights. We must also pay attention to this aspect.

Third, we need to make some development and improvement on the basis of Chinese culture. Our culture has its own advantages and characteristics, which is also the root of our nation. We need to provide China's values and human rights views to the world and we must have a national characteristic because ethnic nationalities constitute the world. Of course this is a process. I mean that China has to build its own human rights discourse and that the process will take a long time. It will involve the use of both soft and hard power. It will mainly depend on the development and strength of the country. To build a powerful modern socialist country, it must have a strong material basis, and it must also include the development and progress of political civilization, spiritual civilization, and legal civilization, among other aspects. Only when these are integrated together can we truly improve cultural soft power, including human rights culture. Thank you.

China Women's News:

For a long time, the issue of how to protect the educational rights of migrant and left-behind children has received widespread attention. As the ruling party, how can the CPC ensure that these individuals can enjoy basic rights in life? Thank you.

Zhang Wanhong:

This question can be answered on several levels. First, we will adhere to the concept of equal protection. At the beginning of the 2000s, our Party and the State determined a basic strategy whereby local governments should be responsible for the migrant children in their jurisdiction and that full-time public primary and secondary schools should be mainly responsible for hosting migrant children to ensure the rights of migrant children to receive compulsory education. Secondly, I think it is necessary to give full play to the protection granted by the rule of law. In fact, we actually did that: in addition to laws such as the Compulsory Education Law and the Law on the Protection of Minors, the State Council, the Ministry of Education and other departments have issued various normative documents related to the balanced development of compulsory education, the improvement of the urban and rural compulsory education funding guarantee mechanism, and the resolution of issues such as enrollment of migrant workers' children to provide systematic and legal guarantees for the basic education rights of left-behind children and migrant children. For example, the city of Wuhan, where I live, arranged to admit children of migrant workers in urban areas to public schools in accordance with the principle of relative proximity, which means they can go to schools near where they live. In 2010, Wuhan waived fees for the compulsory education of migrant students. Finally, we have another institutional advantage, which is the joint effort of multiple departments to protect the rights to education of left-behind children and migrant children. First, General Secretary Xi Jinping, Premier Li Keqiang, and other national leaders have repeatedly issued instructions on the issue of left-behind children. Premier Li Keqiang stressed that "it is necessary to strengthen the main responsibility of family guardianship in accordance with the law, and implement the safety management, supervision, education, and other responsibilities of the grassroots government, village committees, and schools." Second, we have institutional cooperation. The Ministry of Civil Affairs takes the lead, while the relevant departments of education, public security, and justice coordinate and cooperate with each other. At the same time, we give full play to the forces of the All-China Women's Federation, the Communist Youth League, and other organizations. Third, we have support from society. Various media outlets and public opinion channels publish opinions and provide measures and suggestions. By seeing the big picture from a small angle, we can see the advantages of our system in solving this problem. With the Party's leadership, government guidance, social participation, and multilateral interactions, we can solve the problem of protecting the rights of specific groups one after another. Thank you.

Red Star News:

This year marks the 100th anniversary of the founding of the CPC. My question is, in terms of protecting the people's rights to know, participate, express, and supervise in society, what concepts does the CPC want to share? What can the world learn from China's experience in human rights protection? Thank you.

He Zhipeng:

The rights you mentioned just now are generally considered particularly important aspects of civil rights, such as knowing, participating, expressing, and supervising. In terms of concepts, what I personally understand are:

First, the concept of rule of law. As everyone knows, we have progressively promoted law-based governance in a bid to build a country of socialist rule of law. Now, we have rolled out the outline for developing the rule of law in China. Ensuring people's rights to know, to be involved, to express views, and to supervise the exercising of power in a legal manner is probably the most stable method. History tells us that these rights can only be well protected by establishing a sound legal system. China's Constitution has relevant provisions in those regards. As such, the State Council in 2007 launched the regulation of government information disclosure to ensure people's right to know. The rights to be involved, to express views and to supervise the exercising of power have been realized through the working processes of the National People's Congress (NPC) and Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). All these actions are based on the rule of law. That's my interpretation of the first concept.

Second, the concept of gradualism, that is to say, things are not accomplished in a single stroke. As we discussed before, human rights are developing. If the development of human rights is not compatible with the economic, social and cultural development level of a particular time, it will hinder the development of human rights and society, or even subvert the whole society, just like with the one-sided human rights campaigns in some Middle Eastern countries. Therefore, over the last few decades, we have progressively developed the legal framework and law-based governance, continuously enriching relevant contents. This is an important principle which deserves to be promoted and shared with the rest of the world.

Third, as the saying goes, "actions speak louder than words." We often talk about grassroots democracy, which is decided by concrete actions rather than what is said or preached. In other words, every organization at the grassroots level, including the law school of Jinlin University where I work, is actively promoting democracy by various means, such as establishing various committees, through which people can express their opinions and participate in the decision-making process. As we all know, the rights to know, to be involved, to express views, and to supervise the exercising of power at different levels from grassroots institutions to the NPC and CPPCC have been constantly improved. This is a result of practices. When people get information online, many of them ask the government to disclose relevant information. This progress in the awareness of rights has been brought about by actual practice. We have raised the public awareness of human rights and improved the social atmosphere through actual practices. That is my preliminary understanding.

Lu Guangjin:

In fact, you have raised two questions. Mr. He has answered the question regarding concrete actions. Now, I will answer the question regarding the abstract issues. Under the leadership of the CPC, we have created a miracle in the global human rights cause over the past century. What made China's success possible? What can we learn from history? Since we might hold different perspectives, I will talk about my understanding.

First, China applies the universal principles of human rights in light of the national context. This is the most valuable experience we can learn from history. We should apply the universal principles of human rights, which means we cannot deny human rights, nor deny that it is a product of human civilization and social development. Therefore, we should explore a path of human rights development that suits China's national reality. Under this principle, we have joined many international treaties on human rights and combined the spirits of these treaties with our national conditions, exploring the correct path for China's development of human rights. For example, we have successfully applied such international concepts as the rights to subsistence, development, life, health, peace, the environment and many others into China's practices.

Second, we have persisted in promoting human rights through development. This is the "secret" behind China's successes in human rights. The white paper has also adopted the word "secret." As Mr. He said, it is a progressive process. How can this process be realized? Development has to be utilized as the driving force. I mentioned several "mosts" at the beginning. As the world's most populous country, what should we do? We have to solve the subsistence issues for 1.4 billion people, allowing them access to adequate food and clothing. Development is the only solution. Driven by development, other social programs will make progress as well. Advancements in other social programs will strengthen the protection of human rights. We believe this is China's most successful experience, however, some Western countries don't understand and often make improper comments.

Third, from my personal point of view, we should take a people-centered approach to human rights and promote the all-round development of people. This is also a precious experience accumulated from our Party's practices on human rights protection. In 2018, General Secretary Xi Jinping sent a congratulatory letter to the 70th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. He specifies that China adheres to a people-centered vision of human rights and, on that basis, puts forward that living a happy life is the primary human right. Over the years, General Secretary Xi Jinping has also stressed to "promote the all-round development of people" and "build a community with a shared future for humanity." Therefore, I believe that the development of China's human rights cause has followed four pieces of logic. First, the rights to subsistence and development are both primary and fundamental human rights. Second, living a life of contentment is the ultimate human right. Third, we strive to promote the well-rounded development of human rights in China. Fourth, we aim to build a community with a shared future for humanity.

The last point I want to make is about China's experience on its human rights development. I believe that China's most fundamental experience and its systematic advantage lie in upholding CPC leadership and the socialist system in promoting human rights. China is the world's largest socialist country. Under the leadership of the CPC, China has leveraged the strength of its socialist system to promote and protect human rights. After years of exploration, we have found the internal logic on this issue and certain laws, as well as things that will benefit our future development. This includes upholding CPC leadership, adhering to the socialist system, resolutely respecting and protecting human rights, and promoting coordinated development. In the meantime, I also believe that developing, respecting, and protecting human rights, or pursuing human rights protection on a higher-level, is conducive to the Party's leadership and the development of our socialist system. To fully leverage these strengths is the reason behind the progress of China's human rights cause. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

The CPC's respect for and protection of human rights has attracted wide attention. Thank you very much for the participation of all the experts and friends from the media. Today's briefing is hereby concluded. Goodbye.

Translated and edited by Wang Yiming, Wang Wei, Yang Xi, Li Huiru, Duan Yaying, Yuan Fang, Xiang Bin, Liu Qiang, Zheng Chengqiong, Chen Xia, Dong Qingpei, Fan Junmei, Zhang Rui, He Shan, Qin Qi, Huang Shan, Zhu Bochen, Wang Qian, David Ball, Jay Birbeck, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

Read in Chinese

Speakers:

Li Xiaojun, head of the Publicity Department of the Bureau of Human Rights Affairs of the State Council Information Office (SCIO)

Li Xiaomei, special representative for human rights at the Department of International Organizations and Conferences of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Li Xiao, first-level inspector of the Research Office of the Supreme People's Court

Chang Jian, director of the Research Center for Human Rights of Nankai University

Zhang Yonghe, executive dean of the Human Rights Institute of Southwest University of Political Science and Law

Chairperson:

Shou Xiaoli, deputy head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office (SCIO) and spokesperson of the SCIO

Date:

May 31, 2021

Shou Xiaoli:

Ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon. Welcome to this briefing held by the State Council Information Office (SCIO). The briefing is on the implementation of the National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2016-2020). Today, we are joined by Mr. Li Xiaojun, head and second-level inspector of the Publicity Department of the Bureau of Human Rights Affairs of the SCIO; Ms. Li Xiaomei, special representative for human rights at the Department of International Organizations and Conferences of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Ms. Li Xiao, first-level inspector of the Research Office of the Supreme People's Court (SPC) and SPC senior judge; Mr. Chang Jian, professor and director of the Research Center for Human Rights of Nankai University; and Mr. Zhang Yonghe, professor and executive dean of the Human Rights Institute of Southwest University of Political Science and Law. First, our speakers will take turns to brief you on the issues and will then take questions.

Now, let's give the floor to Mr. Li Xiaojun.

Li Xiaojun:

Good afternoon, everyone. The National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2016-2020) is the third plan of its kind formulated and implemented by China since 2009. It is also the first action plan that meshes with China's five-year plan for national economic and social development. Over the past five years, under the strong leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, central and local government bodies, departments and all sectors of society have worked together to secure a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. China has won a complete victory in its fight against poverty, and effectively safeguarded people's lives and health in its fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Given this, the action plan has been implemented in a comprehensive manner. The main targets and tasks have been met as scheduled, and dozens of indicators have been completed ahead of schedule or surpassed. The Chinese people's sense of gain, happiness and security has been significantly enhanced.

Living a happy life is the primary human right. The action plan espouses a people-centered development philosophy, striving to address the difficulties and shortages in developing human rights in China. It highlights efforts to remedy deficiencies and strengthen weak links, focusing on safeguarding the rights of poor people, disadvantaged groups and vulnerable groups, in a bid to achieve fairness and justice. The implementation of the plan has strengthened China's capacity to safeguard people's economic, social and cultural rights. People's civil rights and political rights have been protected more effectively, and the rights of ethnic minorities, women, children, the elderly and people with disabilities have been fully safeguarded. Human rights knowledge has been publicized, and human rights education has been ingrained into people's minds. International communication and cooperation on human rights have also been fruitful.

We have also gained new experience through implementing the action plan. This includes adhering to the leadership of the CPC, the guidance of the government, legal protection, public participation, as well as supervision from multiple sectors. The SCIO and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs took the initiative to set up the joint meeting mechanism for the National Human Rights Action Plan, which functions as a coordinating body. Over 40 central departments and people's organizations have taken their due responsibility to implement and supervise the action plan in an orderly manner. Media outlets, national human rights education and training centers, social organizations and enterprises have all played vital roles in the cause.

China's formulation and implementation of national human rights action plans has been well recognized by the international community. Currently, more than 60 countries have formulated national human rights action plans, and China is one of the few countries that has formulated more than three phases of such plans. In November 2018 when China's human rights record was examined for the third time by the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) mechanism of the UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC), more than 20 countries spoke highly of China's efforts to formulate and implement national human rights plans. For the UPR session of the UNHRC, this is not common. China is willing to share our useful experiences in promoting and safeguarding human rights with the rest of the world. Meanwhile, China is also working toward making new contributions to the sound development of international human rights and global governance on human rights.

The implementation of the action plan could not happen without effective supervision and evaluation. The joint meeting mechanism for the National Human Rights Action Plan has conducted periodic research, examinations and evaluations on the action plan's implementation, continuously strengthening the efforts. Last year, we also commissioned a third-party research body to evaluate the implementation situation, and detailed reports will soon be published.

As the world's biggest developing country, China completed the eradication of extreme poverty — one of the targets of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development — 10 years ahead of schedule. China is also moving up on the UN's Human Development Index. Chinese people enjoy extensive and real democracy and freedom, and China has made remarkable progress in its protection of human rights. In order to provide all Chinese people with better and happier lives, we still need to make efforts in the field of human rights.

China is currently formulating the fourth phase of its National Human Rights Action Plan. We will work in accordance with the target of "promoting the comprehensive development of the human rights cause" put forward by the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee and the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025). As China embarks on a new journey toward fully building a modern socialist country, we will better put into practice the principles of respecting and protecting human rights as stipulated in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and the Constitution of the CPC. The fourth phase of the action plan will soon be published and implemented.

There is no best, only better human rights protection. We have faith that China's human rights cause will see a brighter future. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

Next, let's give the floor to Ms. Li Xiaomei.

Li Xiaomei:

Ladies and gentlemen, friends from the media, good afternoon. I'm very pleased to be taking part in this briefing on the implementation of the National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2016-2020) on behalf of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Formulating and implementing the National Human Rights Action Plan of China is an important move for the Chinese government in practicing the constitutional principle of "respecting and protecting human rights," comprehensively promoting the development of China's human rights cause and fulfilling its international human rights obligations. Over the past five years, China has achieved remarkable accomplishments in terms of international communication and cooperation of human rights, making great contributions to the sound development of the international human rights cause. These achievements can be outlined in four main aspects:

First, we have been taking an active part in international human rights governance. In 2020, China was once again elected as a member of the UNHRC. Being one of the very few nations that have been elected as a member five times, China firmly upholds multilateralism, safeguards the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, actively participates in the multilateral human rights mechanism work and advocates promoting human rights through peace, development, cooperation and justice. We have proposed a series of proposals and initiatives at the U.N., and advanced the establishment of a fair, just, rational and efficient international human rights system. Thanks to China's efforts, the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind has been written into resolutions of the UNHRC a dozen times.

Second, we have firmly defended national interests and image. China advocates conducting human rights dialogue and cooperation on the basis of equality and mutual respect, and opposes the politicization of human rights, double standards, and interfering in other countries' internal affairs under the pretext of human rights. China has firmly safeguarded national interests and dignity, winning support from other friendly and developing countries.

Third, we have earnestly performed our international human rights duties. In 2018, China underwent its third cycle of Universal Periodic Review (UPR) at the UNHRC. The development notions, practices and achievements with Chinese characteristics were highly commended by more than 120 countries and China accepted 284 suggestions proposed by other countries. We timely submitted the implementation reports on several human rights conventions, such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Considering China's national conditions, we accepted and implemented reasonable and plausible suggestions. 

Forth, we conducted a wide range of communication and cooperation on human rights matters. Over the past five years, we have held human rights dialogues and negotiations with over 20 countries and organizations. We have communicated and cooperated with the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, received the UNHRC special rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, and an independent expert on the enjoyment of all human rights by older persons on visits to China. We hosted important activities like the 10th Anniversary Meeting of the Adoption of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the International Symposium on the 30th Anniversary of the Adoption of the United Nations' "Declaration on the Right to Development."

Friends from the media, this year marks the 50th anniversary of the restoration of China's lawful seat at the United Nations. Being a responsible member of the U.N. family, China has always been an important participant, contributor and constructor in the field of international human rights. This February, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi took part in the 46th Session of the UNHRC and delivered a speech by video. He put forward four proposals, namely, that we should embrace a human rights philosophy that is people-centered, uphold both the universality and particularity of human rights, systemically advance all aspects of human rights, and continue to promote international dialogue and cooperation on human rights, which were received enthusiastically.

In the future, we will be guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy, continue to earnestly fulfill our international human rights obligations, comprehensively get involved in global human rights governance, advocate common values featuring peace, development, fairness, justice, democracy and freedom, voice words of justice on international occasions, inject positive strength into international cooperation, help all countries join hands to promote and protect human rights and advance building a community with a shared future for mankind. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

Now, let's give the floor to Ms. Li Xiao.

Li Xiao:

Friends from the media, good afternoon. I'd like to brief you on major measures taken by the judiciary to implement the National Human Rights Action Plan (2016-2020) and the progress of its implementation. 

The judiciary have always attached great importance to the implementation of the action plan and have incorporated the action plan into the work plans of their systems and departments in accordance with the principle "each performing its own functions and sharing the work and responsibilities,"and adopted effective measures to actively push for implementation. The Supreme People's Court has closely focused on the work goal of ensuring that citizens feel fairness and justice in every judicial case and espoused a people-centered view of human rights to implement the constitutional principles of respecting and protecting human rights. They have promoted the rule of law in safeguarding human rights and fulfilled the targets and tasks of the judicial work set in the action plan as scheduled.

In order to guarantee the right to fair trial for all parties, the judicial system of China has made the following efforts:

First, they have carried out reform of the judicial system and enforced judicial accountability in all respects. By strictly implementing the Regulations on the Recording, Notification, and Accountability Investigation of Leading Officials for Interventions in Judicial Activities and Handling of Specific Cases, the Regulations on the Recording and Accountability Investigation of Staff Members of Judicial Organs for Their Intervention in Case Handling, and Provisions on Further Regulating the Contact and Association between Judicial Officials and the Parties Concerned, Lawyers, Special Interested Parties, and Intermediary Organizations, they have defined their functions and duties clearly and improved the supervision mechanism to ensure the independence of judicial power in accordance with the law.

Second, they have further promoted the reform of the criminal litigation system with a focus on adjudication. They have strictly enforced the principles of "statutory crime and penalty," "no punishment in doubtful cases" and "evidentiary adjudication," and "exclusionary rule" so as to realize the substantive reform of court trials and prevent and correct unjust, false and wrong cases. From 2016 to 2020, China's courts acquitted 5,479 defendants.

Third, they have fully guaranteed defendant's rights to defense and legal assistance. They have protected lawyers' rights to meet their clients, to read case files, to investigate and obtain evidence, to conduct cross-examination, and to debate and defend, and other litigious rights. They have also improved the work mechanism for lawyers to perform their duties by law.

Fourth, they have improved the system of right remedy and assistance. They have raised standards of compensation to increase the daily compensation from 17.16 yuan ($2.69) in 1995 to 373.1 yuan in 2021. From 2016 to 2020, courts at all levels concluded 87,152 cases involving state compensation. By implementing the Opinions on Carrying out Victim Relief Work, they have established the Judicial Assistance Committee. From 2016 to 2020, they handled 205,600 legal aid cases, and the level of judicial protection for human rights was continuously improved. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

Next, I will give the floor to Mr. Chang Jian.

Chang Jian:

Good afternoon. It is a great pleasure to meet with you all at this briefing regarding the implementation of the National Human Rights Action Plan. I'd like to brief you on our study of civil and political rights in China.

Generally speaking, the Chinese government has further stepped-up efforts to guarantee civil and political rights. Specifically, they have taken a series of measures to safeguard citizens' personal freedom, freedom of religious belief, property rights, the right to information, the right to participation, rights of expression and the right to supervision. They have achieved results. 

In terms of safeguarding personal freedom, China has established a system of archiving the entire law-enforcement process, and revised the Administrative Penalties Law, which clearly defines that "the power of administrative penalty involving restriction of personal freedom shall only be exercised by the public security organs" and other organs as prescribed by law.

As for guaranteeing the freedom of religious belief, China has revised the Regulations on Religious Affairs to add a section covering religious schools. From 2016 to 2020, 12 new religious schools were established in China, bringing the total number to 95.

In terms of guaranteeing the right to property, China has amended the Land Administration Law, the Urban Real Estate Administration Law, the Law on Rural Land Contracting, the Copyright Law and the Patent Law to improve the protection of the property rights of rural collectives and individual citizens, as well as the intellectual property rights in China. 

In terms of the rights to information, participation, expression and supervision, more than 90 draft laws have been made available for public consultation since 2018. The system of publicity for administrative law enforcement was rolled out in 2019. During the past five years, non-Communist parties and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce have submitted more than 1,800 proposals. A draft of the revised Administrative Reconsideration Law has solicited public opinion since the end of last year. In 2020, the administrative review organs at all levels handled around 242,000 applications for administrative reconsideration and the proportion of direct error correction decisions made reached 14.6%. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

Next, I will give the floor to Zhang Yonghe.

Zhang Yonghe:

I'm very glad to attend this briefing today. As scholars, we participated in the implementation of the plan. I have done research on economic, social and cultural rights, and I am willing to communicate with you in this regard.

First, generally speaking, our action plan is consistent with the basic framework of the U.N. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which means that our action plan meets the U.N. requirements. 

Second, the third action plan is completely consistent with our 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020), and they complement each other. In the past five years, the Chinese government has taken practical measures to actively promote the successful completion of the goals and tasks of the National Human Rights Action Plan (2016-2020).

In terms of economic, social and cultural rights, the Chinese government has continuously deepened reforms, implemented the requirements of the 13th Five-Year Plan in the economic, social and cultural fields, and adopted a series of major measures to promote development and benefit people's livelihoods. For example, we have implemented the annual paid leave system, strictly standardized the special working hours system, and established vocational education and continuing education systems. We have implemented targeted poverty reduction and alleviation strategies and accomplished the targets and tasks for eliminating poverty. We have completed the compilation of the Civil Code, which further improves the property rights of civil subjects, as well as the specific system whereby the property rights of the state, collectives, individuals and other rights holders are equally protected by law.

With regard to the rights of specific groups, the Chinese government has adopted a series of major measures to provide preferential protection for the rights of specific groups, raising the level of protection for the rights of ethnic minorities, women and children. More than 50 autonomous regulations and 240 separate regulations have been formulated and revised in 155 ethnic autonomous areas, providing legal support for protecting the legal rights of ethnic minority citizens in accordance with the law. We have issued the Circular about Further Regulating Recruitment and Promoting Women's Employment, specifying six types of gender discrimination in employment that shall not be committed, and establishing a working mechanism for joint departmental interviews to provide safeguards for women's equal employment. The Law of the P.R.C. on the Protection of Minors was revised in 2020 and ensures a mandatory reporting system for violations of minors' lawful rights, a prevention and control system for school bullying, and a cybersecurity system.

In general, the third action plan has played a very important role in promoting the cause of human rights in China. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

Thank you. Now, the floor is open for questions. Please identify your news outlets before asking questions.

CGTN:

Just now you mentioned that significant progress has been made in implementing this action plan, including poverty alleviation. Can you please tell us about the improvement in the protection of the rights of the people in Xinjiang, Tibet and other regions where ethnic minorities live? Thank you.

Zhang Yonghe:

We have done a lot of research in Xinjiang and Tibet, and from our research, it should be said that the entire economy, society and culture of Xinjiang and Tibet have undergone tremendous changes in the past five years, and in fact it is the people who have changed even more. In this process, we focused not only on the "development of people," but also "helping people develop." Over the past five years, the promotion of their human rights has been enhanced, both spiritually and in many of ways. The results are very obvious, so I think the Chinese government has done a very good job in this regard. Thank you.

People's Daily:

What are the new highlights in the implementation of this plan in terms of safeguarding civil and political rights compared to the two previous human rights action plans? Thank you.

Chang Jian:

Let me answer this question. Much progress has been made in the protection of civil and political rights. We recently went to Zhejiang, Shanghai, and other places to conduct research. From my personal experience, I feel that there has been more prominent progress in the construction of grassroots democracy.

The improvement of community-level democracy mainly includes the construction of urban residents' committees, rural villagers' committees, and meetings of workers' representatives of enterprises and institutions. During the implementation process, China revised the organic law of the urban residents' committees. About 28 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities nationwide formulated or revised the implementation methods of the organic law of villagers' committees, and villagers' supervisory committees were established in various places. Village affairs were made public by counties and the procedures and time for disclosure also ensured transparency. Labor unions at all levels have also basically established a democratic system of dealing with enterprise affairs with meetings of workers' representatives as the basic form, which includes a system for transparency of enterprise affairs, a workers' director system, a workers' supervisor system, and a collective contract system for equal consultation. These are all legal forms that ensure democracy within enterprises. Other specific forms such as workers' democratic management committees, democratic councils, talks between labor and capital, and democratic consultation meetings were also set up. 

In particular, we made investigations in Houchen village, Wuyi county of Jinhua city, Zhejiang province, China's first village to establish a village affairs supervision committee, starting in 2004. This is a vivid example. At that time, village officials worked hard for the villagers, however, due to a lack of information being disclosed, residents were skeptical about the village finances and thought that the officials might be embezzling money. Later, the village affairs disclosure system and the village affairs supervision system were set up, publishing details of how every yuan was spent. The move had a great effect. Now, the officials believe that as long as they work hard to disclosure all information for the villagers to supervise, the villagers will trust them more, since people will be able to observe and recognize their work. In 2016, the revised Organic Law of the Villagers Committees incorporated the village affairs supervision system, which has been adopted nationwide, delivering good results. Thank you. 

Cover News:

The National Human Rights Action Plan stipulates strictly controlling application of the death penalty and intensifying the procedures for reviewing death penalty cases. What work has the Supreme People's Court done in this regard in recent years? What proportion of death penalty cases are not approved? Some law scholars have called for open trials or hearings in reviewing death sentences cases. What is the Supreme People's Court's take on this? Thank you. 

Li Xiao:

Thank you for your questions. I see you have a strong interest in death sentences cases. I will answer your questions one by one. 

First, the Supreme People's Court has done a lot of work to strictly control the approval of death sentences. For example, in terms of legislation, those who perform major meritorious services should be given lesser punishments, and we approve as few death penalty cases as we can. For defendants over 75 years old, unless they committed crimes of intentional homicide or the circumstances were heinous, they should not be sentenced to death. In reviewing death penalty cases, we have strengthened human rights protection by entrusting lawyers to give them every opportunity to conduct their defense. The Supreme People's Procuratorate has regulations related to the supervision of death penalty cases. 

Your second question was about the proportion of cases that result in the death penalty. In reviewing capital punishment cases, the Supreme People's Court sticks to the highest standards, strictest rules, and the principle of seeking truth from facts, approving those should be approved, and rejecting those that should be rejected. From time to time, we also release details of typical cases. Therefore, there is no certain proportion — it all depends on seeking truth from facts. 

Reviewing death penalty cases, as a special hearing procedure, is different from the lawsuit procedures of first and second instance judgments. The Supreme People's Court considers the defense of lawyers during the review as much as possible, and is also supervised by the Supreme People's Procuratorate. Thank you. 

CCTV: 

In recent years, what specific measures have been taken in terms of human rights information popularization and education? What experiences can you share? Thank you. 

Li Xiaojun:

Over the past five years, China has scaled up efforts to publicize, educate and train people about human rights and spread the concept of human rights. We have hosted various themed publicity campaigns, especially on such occasions as the national two sessions, International Women's Day, International Workers' Day, International Children's Day, National Day for Helping the Disabled, National Constitution Day, Human Rights Day, as well as during the seventh five-year plan to publicize law period (2016-2020), focusing on the formulation, revision, and implementation of important laws and regulations related to human rights, so as to increase society's awareness of respecting and protecting human rights. 

Over the past five years, the SCIO and national human rights education and training bases supported by eight universities, have held 220 national training classes on human rights and trained more than 31,000 people. In the law system, around 200 training sessions have been organized, inviting experts on human rights to give lectures. Human rights education has been intensified for students in colleges, as well as middle and elementary schools. Human rights content has been included in teaching materials and classes, with more than 60 colleges creating classes on human rights, and chapters about respecting and protecting human rights added to books for junior high schools and high schools. The media is active in reporting about human rights. Through the magazine "Human Rights," the "Chinese Journal of Human Rights," and humanrights.cn, organizations like the China Society for Human Rights Studies have publicized human rights knowledge and spread the idea of human rights protection. The concept of protecting human rights according to the law has taken deep root in people's hearts. Thank you.

Chang Jian:

I have some points to add. With regard to the dissemination of knowledge and training on human rights, we have made a lot of effort in the area of human rights education in universities and colleges. On one hand, we set up public elective courses to popularize basic knowledge of human rights, which are accessible to all students. For example, Nankai University set up the public elective course on basic knowledge and literacy of human rights. In addition, specialized courses in human rights are offered in various faculties, with the School of Law offering courses in international human rights law and the Zhou Enlai School of Government offering courses in the politics of human rights. 

Meanwhile, we have also explored ways of promoting human rights education at primary and secondary schools. On one hand, the basic knowledge of human rights, especially that involved in the Law on Protection of Minors, was integrated into courses and textbooks of primary and secondary schools. Moreover, we have also sought to add human rights related knowledge into out-of-class reading materials. A special working group set up by Nankai University compiled a book named "The Story of Nannan and Kaikai," a comic for extracurricular reading for primary and secondary school students. We have different versions for primary school students, secondary school students and teachers respectively, which enables students to have a basic understanding of human rights at primary and secondary schools. Thank you. 

Zhang Yonghe:

I would also like to add some information. Mr. Chang just talked about the situation of Nankai University. I think China's human rights education is probably the most distinctive. We have a master's program, a doctoral program, international students, post-doctoral students, and now we also offer undergraduate education in human rights, forming a basically complete education system. In this way, we have cultivated a lot of high-end talents on human rights, who are the backbone of our human rights cause. Thank you. 

Lianhe Zaobao:

My question is about human rights issues in Xinjiang. What is your response to the perception of some international opinion that the human rights of the Uygurs there are being violated? Also, what are the priorities for the next phase in terms of human rights for ethnic minorities? Are there any more prominent issues that you will focus on next? Thank you.

Li Xiaojun:

Let me say a few words first and then I will give the floor to Mr. Zhang. There has been a large amount of hype about human rights in Xinjiang. When I was attending a United Nations meeting in 2018, some countries were engaged in political manipulation of human rights issues related to Xinjiang. They are still making irresponsible remarks on Xinjiang. In fact, the past five years have been the best five years for the development of human rights in China's Xinjiang, with significant improvements in people's living standards and great achievements in poverty eradication, with all poor counties removed from the poverty list and all people in absolute poverty lifted out of poverty. Therefore, the achievements in human rights development in Xinjiang have been great, and deliberate smears by some members of the international community are purely unfounded.

The same is true with regard to ethnic minorities. China's ethnic minorities, whether in terms of economic development, social development or ethnic unity, culture and education, freedom of religious belief and many other aspects, can also be said to have reached the best level in recent decades. 

Zhang Yonghe:

I have some points to add about this question. Some Western countries have questioned the guarantee of human rights in Xinjiang, and their accusations are purely unfounded. I have been doing research in Xinjiang for more than a decade, focusing on primary construction in rural areas and employment issues. I hope you can give your attention to the official website of the Human Rights Institute of Southwest University of Political Science and Law (SWUPL), where you can find many published paper reports responding to the issue. We are working on other related reports, which will be released on our website when available, so please stay tuned.

Li Xiaomei:

Just now the reporter mentioned international public opinion, and I would like to add a figure. During the 46th Session of the UNHRC, in response to some countries' attacks and smears against China on Xinjiang-related issues, a total of 64 countries made a joint statement to support China's justified position and measures on Xinjiang-related issues. Together with those countries that supported China through separate speeches and statements, nearly 100 countries voiced their support for China's policies on Xinjiang at the UNHRC, and they opposed interference in China's internal affairs, which fully reflects the trend of popular sentiment in the international society and indicates that people can tell right and wrong. Thank you. 

CRNTT:

The third National Human Rights Action Plan (2016-2020) added the principle of collaborative promotion, emphasizing that human rights development relies on the joint participation of all parties. In the past five years of implementation, how have the various social forces joined together to promote the development of human rights? Thank you.

Chang Jian:

I'll answer this question. I am glad that you have paid attention to the principle of collaborative promotion we proposed while formulating the National Human Rights Action Plan (2016-2020). As we know, the National Human Rights Action Plan (2009-2010) and the National Human Rights Action Plan (2012-2015) focused on three principles: advancement in accordance with the law, coordination and pragmatic advancement. In the third action plan we have added two more principles, one is the collaborative promotion that we have just talked about, and the other is the equal promotion.

Regarding promotion with joint efforts, we mainly emphasize that governments, enterprises, public institutions and social organizations work together to facilitate the development of human rights. We have noticed that enterprises and public institutions have done a lot in this regard. During our recent inspection trip to Zhejiang province, we noticed an interesting phenomenon that many communities there have set up community development foundations to provide services for the elderly, education for minors, and assistance for ethnic minorities. These foundations are mainly funded by local enterprises. The government has launched a number of projects where assistance is needed and has also implemented specific measures for the protection of human rights. An important program is called "Spring Mud Plan", which aims to help meet the educational and living needs of minors at school, especially of left-behind children and children of migrant workers, among others. At the grassroots level, volunteer organizations have developed vigorously. For example, in the fight against the COVID-19 epidemic, volunteer groups have played an essential role in providing community, transportation and hospital services.

At the local level, many regions have paid special attention to the role of social organizations in carrying out public welfare activities, especially in protecting the rights of the elderly, people with disabilities, minors and ethnic minorities. A host of relevant figures are available in such localities, and I have seen a substantial increase in the figures compared to previous years. Thank you.

China Daily:

What constitutes a good human rights situation? Is there an international consensus on it? What is the connection between China's human rights concept and the global consensus on human rights? What does China's human rights concept focus on? Are human rights universal? Thank you.

Li Xiaomei:

Thank you for your questions. In a congratulatory letter to a symposium marking the 70th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) on Dec. 10, 2018, President Xi Jinping said that living a happy life is the primary human right. Since the day of its foundation, the CPC has set its goal to work for the wellbeing of the Chinese people and for human progress. China respects the principle of human rights' universality reflected in the UN Charter and the UDHR. At the same time, China upholds that every country enjoys the right to and must independently choose its own path of human rights development in light of its national conditions and social development level. This is also what China has been practicing. As I mentioned in my briefing just now, at the high-level meeting of the 46th session of the United Nations Human Rights Council convened in February this year, Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi once again called for integrating the principle of human rights' universality with the practices of different countries. We also admit that countries have various views on this issue, which is why China has always been an active advocate of human rights dialogue and cooperation. China calls on all countries to engage in dialogue and cooperation regarding human rights on the basis of equality and mutual respect. Thank you.

Chang Jian:

I would like to add a few more words on this point. The so-called universal consensus is also widely discussed here in China. Looking into the history of human rights development, I believe that human rights were originally developed in different countries and nationalities. For example, China has always upheld Confucianism emphasizing benevolence towards fellow human beings. In the West, there is a tradition of natural law and natural rights. Africa holds a utopian view and thinks that one should treat others like brothers, while Buddhism advocates that all beings are equal. So, human rights are inherently permeated by different cultures. As for the formation of a consensus on human rights, it was actually with the globalization of the economy, especially since the Second World War, when fascism victimized humanity, that a certain consensus was reached among different national cultures on the issue of human rights, as highlighted by the UDHR and various international human rights covenants. In this regard, China was one of the drafters of the UDHR. At that time, Zhang Pengchun, then vice president of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, jointly drafted the UDHR with Mrs. Roosevelt (the wife of former U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt) and others. In recent years, China has acceded to a total of 26 international conventions on human rights and a raft of International Labor Organization (ILO) conventions. China safeguards and facilitates the current internationally recognized of human rights concepts.

On the other hand, we observe that different countries have different conditions, different cultures, different political systems, and different levels of economic and social development, so there are certainly many differences in how human rights are understood and how they are implemented. For example, in terms of the perception of human rights, it became obvious during this COVID-19 pandemic that China puts the right to life and right to health as the top priority, while some other countries may put economic development, political votes and personal freedom as their top priority, which may lead to different results. In addition, China is a developing country, so it puts the rights to subsistence and development in the priority place, while some developed countries have different priority rankings in regards to human rights. Just as Ms. Li Xiaomei mentioned a moment ago, there are different development paths in the world. We now emphasize dialogue and inclusiveness in the international community, advocating that you should not use your own country's human rights implementation measures as universal standards. Otherwise, there will be problems. But how do you test whether a country's human rights situation is good or bad? China's point of view is this: it's not enough to just write human rights in the law. The most important examination criteria are people's senses of gain, happiness, and security, and we should use people's actual sense of satisfaction to examine whether the human rights situation is good or bad in a country. Thank you.

Guangming Daily:

In recent years, some unjust, false and wrong cases have been corrected, and the society has paid broad attention. Since the implementation of the third National Human Rights Action Plan, what new measures have been taken to strengthen the judicial protection of human rights and prevent unjust, false and wrong cases? Thank you.

Li Xiao:

Thank you for your question. Since the implementation of the third National Human Rights Action Plan (2016-20), judicial organs have continuously established and improved relevant mechanisms to prevent unjust, false or wrong cases at the source. There are five main measures:

First, we have standardized the procedure for excluding illegal evidence. We have improved the mechanism for effectively preventing and correcting unjust, false and wrong cases in a timely manner, and strengthened the prevention of interrogation by torture and illegal collection of evidence at the source. 

Second, we have implemented a system of synchronous audio and video recording throughout the interrogation of criminal suspects. Public security organs at all levels across China have now generally implemented full-process audio and video recording of every interrogation process in all criminal cases. People's procuratorates have also implemented synchronous audio and video recording of the entire process of interrogating suspects of work-related offences.

Third, we have launched pilot work to ensure legal defense is provided in all criminal cases, and established and improved a duty lawyer system, which means that every defendant in every criminal case will receive legal assistance from a lawyer.

Fourth, we have standardized the case-filing review standards of criminal appeal cases, and improved the procedures and requirements for reviewing criminal appeal cases. We have sought truth from facts, looked into any mistakes, and corrected any wrongs we discovered. From 2016 to 2020, courts nationwide allowed retrials and revised verdicts of 8,310 criminal cases through the trial supervision procedure.

Fifth, we have continued to promote standardization in meting out punishment, regularize the judges' sentencing discretion and enhance openness and impartiality in sentencing.

Regarding the establishment of a long-term judicial relief mechanism in the future, efforts are mainly reflected in two aspects: First, we have continued to advance the reform of the criminal litigation system with a focus on adjudication, and adhered to the principles of "statutory crime and penalty," "no punishment in doubtful cases" and "evidentiary adjudication". We have given full play to the basic role of the first-instance procedure and the reviewing role of the second-instance procedure, continuously improved the evidence review mechanism, and resolutely maintained the bottom line of preventing unjust, false and wrong cases. Second, we have improved the right remedy mechanism. Thank you.

Xinhua News Agency:

What shortcomings and deficiencies in the protection of economic, social and cultural rights have been remedied during the third National Human Rights Action Plan period? Thank you.

Zhang Yonghe:

In the course of our research, we found that the implementation of the third National Human Rights Action Plan has made up for the shortcomings and deficiencies in many areas. The first was the implementation of a real-name registration system for dynamic management and categorized assistance for people with employment difficulties, with particular attention being paid to families with no one holding a job. The second was comprehensive efforts to address the issue of wage arrears for migrant workers. The third was efforts to ensure equal basic housing rights for holders of residence permits with locally registered residents. In addition, there were other aspects such as improving the food safety credit system. Thank you.

Beijing Daily:

How was the right to health guaranteed in the fight against COVID-19 in 2020? During the regular prevention and control phase, how will the prevention and control of sudden outbreaks be strengthened in terms of human rights protection, and will new indicators be added regarding the prevention and control of outbreaks? Thank you.

Zhang Yonghe:

Regarding the Chinese government's prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic and its protection of human rights, the Human Rights Institute of Southwest University of Political Science and Law made a special report in February last year, which was published on our website in both Chinese and English. In the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Chinese government has made the protection of the right to life its top priority. The results and effectiveness of our country's fight against the pandemic are obvious to all. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

Please continue with your questions, the last two questions.

Southern Metropolis Daily:

The National Human Rights Action Plan has proposed refining the system of pleas for leniency. What can be done to ensure that defendants' confessions are made voluntarily and that their punishments are accepted willingly? Thank you.

Li Xiao:

Thank you for your question. The system of pleas for leniency was included in the Criminal Procedure Law in 2018. I will answer your questions from four aspects. First, in terms of legislation, the personnel in charge of cases should perform the duties of disclosure, granting the right to information to all suspects and defendants. Second, we have established a duty system to ensure that defendants can make correct decisions with the help of a lawyer, either designated by legal aid agencies or entrusted by themselves. Third, at the trial stage, the courts should comprehensively review whether confessions were made voluntarily and punishments were accepted willingly. If the statements and actions were not made voluntarily by the defendants, the case should be transferred to the trial of ordinary procedure. Fourth, defendants are granted the right to go back on their word. We will ensure the voluntariness from these four aspects. 

Regarding the long-term mechanism you mentioned, the newly added Chapter 27 of the judicial interpretation of China's revised Criminal Procedure Law released by the Supreme People's Court in February elaborates on the careful handling process of guilty-plea cases. Thank you. 

Global Times:

In recent years, China has become increasingly active in multilateral human rights governance and raised proposals related to human rights on many occasions, especially at the UNHRC. Many Western media and think tanks have stated that China is redefining the concept of human rights which has long been defined by the West. I would like to know, how do you evaluate China's performance in global human rights governance? Thank you. 

Li Xiaomei:

Thank you for your question and your interest in China's participation in the global human rights cause. As I mentioned before, this year marks the 50th anniversary of the restoration of China's legitimate rights in the United Nations. Peace, development and human rights are the three pillars of the U.N.'s work. China has always firmly supported multilateralism, safeguarded the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, and participated in depth in the work of the UNHRC and the General Assembly Third Committee. China is one of only a few nations to have been elected as a member of the UNHRC five times. In the past few years, we have made a string of proposals based around international situations and domestic contexts, including a 2016 initiative to bolster public health capacity building to combat the Ebola outbreak in West Africa. In 2017, UNHRC adopted two resolutions on the question of the realization in all countries of economic, social and cultural rights, and the right to food. Both the resolutions called for efforts to build a community with a shared future for mankind. Incorporated in a number of the council's resolutions since then, the concept of "community with a shared future for mankind" has increasingly become a key component in the global discourse on human rights matters.

China has repeatedly put forward the proposal titled "The Contribution of Development to the Enjoyment of All Human Rights" at the UNHRC, which proposes including the idea of "promoting human rights through development" in the international human rights system. On May 28, a seminar on The Contribution of Development to the Enjoyment of All Human Rights was held by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), bringing together representatives from over 200 countries and organizations. In March, the UNHRC adopted a China-initiated resolution calling on all parties to strengthen win-win cooperation in the field of human rights, forge a new type of international relations featuring mutual respect, fairness, justice and win-win cooperation, and build a community with a shared future for mankind.

When it comes to global human rights governance, China opposes egotism and bullying and supports fairness and justice, and win-win cooperation. Certain countries have adopted an expedient attitude toward multilateralist human rights groups and attempted to tweak international rules for their own interests, which is typical unilateralism. China proposes integrating the universality and particularity of human rights, respecting other countries' right to independently choose human rights development path and defending democratic and law-based international relations. In a manner of speaking, the human rights concepts China championed have constantly enriched the global discourse on human rights affairs, promoted the sound development of international human rights governance, and gained positive responses and wide support from the international community, especially developing countries. Thank you. 

Shou Xiaoli:

That is all for today's policy briefing. Thank you to all the speakers, and thank you to all of our friends from the media.

Translated and edited by Zhu Bochen, Wang Wei, Mi Xingang, Li Huiru, Duan Yaying, Zhang Rui, Wang Yiming, Wang Qian, Liu Jianing, Huang Shan, Yang Xi, Zhang Junmian, Xu Xiaoxuan, Yuan Fang, Qin Qi, Fan Junmei, David Ball, Jay Birbeck, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speakers:

Wu Yingjie, secretary of the Tibet Autonomous Regional Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC)

Qizhala, deputy secretary of the CPC Tibet Autonomous Regional Committee and chairman of the People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region

Chairperson:

Chen Wenjun, head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office (SCIO) and spokesperson of the SCIO

Date: 

May 22, 2021

Chen Wenjun:

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning. On the occasion of the 70th anniversary of Tibet's peaceful liberation, we have invited Mr. Wu Yingjie, secretary of the Tibet Autonomous Regional Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), and Mr. Qizhala, deputy secretary of the CPC Tibet Autonomous Regional Committee and chairman of the Tibet autonomous region to today's press conference. They will brief you about the economic and social development of the autonomous region and answer your questions.

Next, I will give the floor to Mr. Wu.

Wu Yingjie:

Thank you, Mr. Chen. Friends from the media, ladies and gentlemen, good morning. It's a great pleasure to meet you. Thank you for your long-term interest in and support for Tibet. Also, thank you for attending this press conference on the weekend.

The CPC Central Committee has always attached great importance to the development of Tibet and shown great care for the people of all ethnic groups in the region. In the past 70 years, the CPC peacefully liberated Tibet, carried out democratic reform, established the socialist system, pressed ahead with reform and opening-up, and implemented the Party's policies on ethnic and religious affairs. The CPC Central Committee has held seven central symposiums on Tibet work, formulating and adopting a series of major principles, policies and measures. The central government has set aside a total of 1.63 trillion yuan, and partner provinces and municipalities have provided 69.3 billion yuan to Tibet in recent years to support the region's development. Among this, more than 590 billion yuan was channeled into the construction of major projects including the Sichuan-Tibet Highway, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, Gongkar Airport in Lhasa, and the Zam Hydropower Station. These efforts have propelled Tibet's economic and social development, created miracles of progress, and profoundly transformed the region. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, General Secretary Xi Jinping has set the direction and made overall plans for the development of Tibet. He delivered related speeches and gave important instructions on various occasions, presided over two central symposiums on Tibet work, proposed guidelines for governing Tibet in the new era, made dedicated action plans and drew up an overall strategic blueprint. With General Secretary Xi's support, Tibet has resolved many long-standing hard problems, achieved many notable successes that were unimaginable in the past, and made all-round progress in all endeavors.

The past 70 years has witnessed solid progress in enhancing socialist democracy. The people of Tibet broke free from the fetters of invading imperialism for good, abolished Tibet's feudal theocratic serfdom, and liberated millions of serfs, bringing historic changes to Tibetan society. In the new era, we have been actively developing socialist democracy, promoting comprehensive law-based governance of Tibet, and consolidating and developing the patriotic united front. Among deputies to the National People's Congress and members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from Tibet, more than 75% and 90%, respectively, are from Tibetan and other ethnic minority groups. We have formulated 44 local regulations in recent five years. People of all ethnic groups in Tibet enjoy extensive democratic rights, participate in the management of state and social affairs in accordance with the law, and love and support General Secretary Xi Jinping and the CPC Central Committee from the bottom of their heart.

The past 70 years has witnessed an increasingly stable social environment. We have firmly adhered to the central authorities' policies on the fight against the 14th Dalai Lama and his supporters, intensified the anti-separatism battle, and continued to expose the "reactionary nature" of the 14th Dalai group, vigorously safeguarding national security and social stability. In the new era, we have adopted a holistic approach to national security and increased our awareness of potential dangers. With focus on safeguarding national unity and promoting ethnic solidarity, we have taken preventive measures, cracked down on all kinds of separatist, infiltration and sabotage activities, and comprehensively enhanced our ability and the quality of law-based governance. The people of all ethnic groups in Tibet have become more active in maintaining stability. The social environment has maintained long-term stability on every front, with people's satisfaction regarding security above 99%.

The past 70 years has witnessed new approaches being adopted for work related to ethnic and religious affairs. We have fully implemented the Party's policies on ethnic and religious affairs, heightened public awareness of ethnic unity and progress, and overseen religious affairs in accordance with the law. Socialist ethnic relations featuring equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony have been continuously enhanced. Freedom of religious belief and normal religious activities have been protected in accordance with the law. In the new era, we have taken "forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation" as our main task. We have formulated regulations and plans on building model areas for ethnic unity and progress, carried out a publicity and education campaign on the history of the relationship between Tibet and the rest of the motherland, and vigorously promoted communication and exchanges between different ethnic groups. The "five identities" (meaning that the people of all ethnic groups recognize the great motherland, the Chinese nation, Chinese culture, the CPC, and socialism with Chinese characteristics) have been strengthened among people of all ethnic groups and the notion that all ethnic groups in China, including the Han and minority groups, are interdependent has been fully adopted. We have been developing religions in the Chinese context and putting more emphasis on guidance. No tolerance is shown in eliminating the negative influence of the 14th Dalai Lama's use of religion. We have been guiding believers to take a rational attitude towards religions and diminish their negative influence. Policies and regulations on the management of the reincarnation of living Buddhas have become deeply rooted in people's hearts. Governance in the field of religion has gained understanding and support from believers. More and more believers are changing from "pursuing rebirth" to "living this life well." Religions are increasingly adapting themselves to the socialist society.

The past 70 years has witnessed rapid and sound economic and social development. Tibet's GDP surged from 129 million yuan in 1951 to 190.27 billion yuan in 2020, a 322.5-fold increase in comparable terms. In the new era, we have been focusing on improving people's lives and strengthening unity in socioeconomic development. Based on the new development stage, we have been following the new development philosophy, integrating into the new development paradigm, and properly handling the "13 relationships." The regional economy is transiting from high-speed growth to high-quality development. Efforts to construct major projects such as the Sichuan-Tibet Railway are picking up pace. All the counties, townships and villages have been connected to the road network, with the length totaling 118,800 km. Tibet now has 140 domestic and international air routes in operation, reaching 66 cities. The Qinghai-Tibet, Sichuan-Tibet and Ngari prefecture-central Tibet power grid interconnection projects have been completed, with the main power grid covering all counties and major townships, and the total installed power capacity reaching 4.23 million kilowatts. A total of 99% of administrative villages have access to 4G network and optical cable broadband. The construction of all well-off border villages has been completed. We are vigorously developing businesses that leverage local strengths. Our annual grain yield has exceeded 1 million metric tons. In the past, livestock was available for slaughter during a certain season, but now is available year-round. The tourism industry is booming.

The past 70 years have witnessed an overall improvement in living standards of the people. We have always stood in the position of the people and made great efforts to improve their lives. The disposable income per capita of rural residents reached 14,598 yuan last year, an increase of more than 416 times than in 1959 when it was 35 yuan. In the new era, we have insisted on people-centered development, focusing our efforts on people's livelihoods. In the past, the question was if the people were living well, and now the question is if the people are living a better life. All ethnic groups have felt the growing sense of gain, happiness and security. All the 628,000 impoverished people and all the 74 poverty-stricken counties and districts have been lifted out of poverty. We have deepened the implementation of the 15-year publicly-funded compulsory education. Last year, the completion rate for compulsory education has reached 95.03%, and new entrants to the region's workforce have an average of 13.1 years of education. The employment rate of higher-education graduates reached 99%. We have built a social security system that covers both urban and rural residents. The coverage rate of old age insurance surpassed 95%. Groups of medical professionals made a lot of effort to aid Tibet. There are health centers in every township and clinics in every village. Endemic diseases, such as echinococcosis, Kashin-Beck disease, congenital heart disease, and cataracts, have been eradicated or brought under effective prevention and control. Major results have been gained in the prevention and control of the Covid-19 pandemic. The average life expectancy has risen to 71.1 years. Public cultural undertakings have seen continued development, villages/communities have organized art groups to offer performances and towns/townships have built comprehensive cultural centers. The coverage rates of radio and television have both surpassed 99%.

Over the past 70 years, we have seen remarkable results in eco-environmental protection. When planning economic and social development, we have always planned for the protection and improvement of the ecology and environment at the same time. We proactively advanced projects regarding the protection of natural forests, reclaiming forests from farmlands, and reclaiming grasslands from grazing lands. The undertaking of environment protection continued to make progress and the ecology and environment kept on improving. In the new era, we cemented the belief that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, as are the scenic sights of ice and snow. We formulated the Regulations on Developing Ecological Highlands in the Tibet Autonomous Region and we expedited the implementation of plans to protect and improve the environmental safety barriers in Tibet. We coordinated the systematic treatment of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands and sand lands. We pushed for the construction of various nature reserves and gave no access to enterprises and projects with high pollution, high energy consumption and high water consumption. We stopped approving new prospecting rights and mining rights. Great efforts were made to plant new trees. In terms of eco-environment improvement, we used to focus on protection, but now our practices have become more proactive. The environment has been improved. The sky is bluer, mountains are greener, and waters are clearer. A total of 1,079 villages and 105,000 households have ended their history of being deforested. The forestation rate reached 12.31%. The water quality of key rivers and lakes reached Class III or above, and the rate of good air quality days in cities at prefecture level and above reached 99.4%. Tibet has become one of the places with the best ecological environments in the world.

Over the past 70 years, the Party has continued to reinforce itself. We continued to advance new great projects to strengthen the Party. The number of primary-level Party organizations increased from 57 in 1952 to 21,900. The number of Party members grew from 877 to more than 410,000, with ethnic minorities taking up 81.36% of the total. Meanwhile, the number of cadres rose from 1,791 to 204,700. In the new era, we implemented the general requirements and the organizing principles of reinforcing the Party. We have firmly established the socialist ideals and beliefs with Chinese characteristics and the ideas of life-long learning, and have continue to research further reforms and innovations. We thoroughly comprehended and implemented Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. The great thought has been engraved in the hearts of all ethnic groups. We strictly implemented the requirements for a good cadre in the new era and requirements for cadres working in regions inhabited by ethnic groups to be particularly sober-minded when dealing with major issues of principle, to safeguard ethnic solidarity with particularly firm actions, and to cherish cordial love for all ethnic groups. We comprehensively enhanced the leadership and cadres at all levels. We vigorously promoted the time-tested "Old Tibetan spirit," the "two roads" spirit that has been shaped in the construction and maintenance of the Sichuan-Tibet Road and Qinghai-Tibet Road, and the spirit of Kong Fansen, a model of the leading cadres who died on duty when working in Tibet. Party organizations and Party members and cadres at all levels have become a powerful political force that has led all ethnic groups to manage risks, conquered difficulties and challenges, and served the people with all their hearts. We have done more regarding the CPC history learning and education, and have done more than 100,000 practical things for the public. We made great efforts to consolidate the primary-level Party organizations which were weak and lax, prioritizing the improvement of organizations and emphasizing their political functions. The Party branch committees and the villagers' committees are now completely comprised of Party members. In agricultural and pastoral areas, the primary-level Party organizations have been acting as anti-separatism strongholds, striving to maintain ethnic unity, and leading the people to achieve prosperity. These primary-level Party organizations follow the Party's guidance and know how to maintain solidarity whiling boosting growth. They have gained the capability to bring prosperity while maintaining stability, and can function effectively and sensibly when facing critical events. The Party's governing status in Tibet has been further cemented. We have deepened the efforts to strengthen the working style of the Party, build a clean and honest administration, and fight against corruption. We have created a sound and healthy political ecosystem. 

Over the past 70 years, we have gotten through difficulties and gained fruitful results. Since the peaceful liberation of Tibet, we have attained many successes and glorious achievements, which fully display the brilliance and greatness of the CPC, and shows the unparalleled advantage of the socialism with Chinese characteristics, the strong vitality of the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and the huge strength of the Party's guidelines for governing Tibet when practiced. The cadres and masses of all ethnic groups in Tibet have felt for themselves the care and love of the CPC Central Committee, the warmth of the motherland as a big family, and the profound feelings of friendship among the Chinese people. Previous practices have fully demonstrated that without the CPC, there would not be the People's Republic of China, let alone the new socialist Tibet. Tibet's prosperous present and even brighter future requires unswerving insistence on the leadership of the CPC, the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, and the system of regional ethnic autonomy.

The glory of the Party shines across the border region. People who live there look up to the Party. We must unite more closely around the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core; insist on the Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as the guidance; and fully implement the Party's guidelines for governing Tibet in the new era. We must better maintain political integrity, think in big-picture terms, follow the leadership core, and stay in alignment with them. We must cement the confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics; and uphold General Secretary Xi Jinping's core position on the Party Central Committee and in the Party as a whole, and uphold the Party Central Committee's authority and its centralized, unified leadership. We must stay unified and work hard to press ahead. We must resolutely push forward with the four major tasks: comprehensive rural revitalization; seizing the initiative on food security; enhancing the top design and advancing the rural revitalization strategy with more powerful measures and greater strength; and cementing the overall leadership of the Party towards efforts concerning agriculture, rural areas, and farmers. We must make all efforts to ensure national security and long-term peace and stability, the continued improvement of people's living standards, a sound eco-environment, and solidified border defense and border security. We will devote more efforts to building a modern socialist country and realizing the Chinese Dream for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, in accordance with the arrangements of the seventh Central Symposium on Tibet Work.

This is all for now. Mr. Qizhala and I will answer your questions. 

Chen Wenjun:

Thank you, Mr. Wu. The floor is now open for questions. Please identify your news outlets before asking questions.

Russia Today:

Could you elaborate a bit more on the poverty alleviation projects implemented in Tibet? How many Tibetan people have shaken off poverty over the past ten years? What is the per capita income in Tibet? Also, what infrastructure projects will soon be launched in the region? What are the region's strengths in attracting investment, including foreign investment? Thank you.

Wu Yingjie:

Thank you. As we know, due to objective conditions, Tibet has a relatively large poor population and a higher poverty headcount ratio. Thus, poverty alleviation is of great importance in the region. General Secretary Xi Jinping and the CPC Central Committee have paid great attention to this issue in Tibet, identifying the region, in the first place, as the only provincial-level contiguous area of dire poverty amongst all areas of extreme poverty in China. Thanks to the care of General Secretary Xi Jinping and the support from the CPC Central Committee, Tibet has seen uniquely preferential policies, including financial support and projects.

Second, in accordance with the requirements of the CPC Central Committee, we have carried out both similar and different poverty reduction work compared with other regions. Similar to other regions, our Party secretaries of five levels (provincial, municipal, county, township and village) have taken poverty reduction as the top priority. What's different is that based on such a five-level scheme, we also set up poverty reduction command centers at each level, where commanders lead their staff members to implement relevant work with the full support of various departments.

In addition, based on the central government's requirements of assuring adequate food and clothing for those living in poverty and guaranteeing their access to compulsory education, medical care, and safe housing, we have provided more financial resources and projects to the poor as a matter of priority. In terms of other efforts, we also make full use of assistance projects in Tibet, applying 80 to 90% of their financial resources to reducing poverty.

We have been making efforts in the following aspects. First, we have strengthened the support of industries, introduced incentive policies, prioritized employment, provided support via assistance projects, and strengthened social security to better meet people's basic needs. Of course, there are many other efforts in this regard, and frontline officials and CPC members have all been dedicated to the course.

Second, all the 628,000 poor people in the Tibet autonomous region have been lifted out of poverty. Of this total, 266,000 people have been relocated from inhospitable areas, which is due to the special favorable policies introduced by the central government. All 74 impoverished counties have shaken off poverty. We also want to share with you that Tibet has achieved excellent performance in the central government's rigorous evaluation for poverty alleviation. We have been one of the regions to receive excellent evaluation remarks over the past five years. In terms of per capita income, the per capita disposable income of rural residents in Tibet amounted to 14,598 yuan in 2020, up by 12.7% year-on-year, achieving a two-digit growth for 18 consecutive years. The growth rate has been basically kept above 13% for the past five years, ranking among the top in China.

Third, during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, with the assistance of the CPC Central Committee and all Chinese people, Tibet will work in accordance with the requirements of the central government to carry out projects concerning new infrastructure. As we know, the world-renowned Sichuan-Tibet Railway project has started construction in a bid to promote the development of Tibet. In addition, the region's utilization of water resources has become a national focus and is in the process of analysis. We are also working on new infrastructure projects to boost industries that leverage local strengths in terms of rural revitalization.

Fourth, in terms of foreign investment, Tibet has been provided with uniquely preferential policies since its peaceful liberation. This includes many policies that apply to both domestic and foreign businesses. We welcome foreign investment to start businesses in Tibet. Of course, due to the special objective conditions in Tibet, although it is our great hope to attract foreign investment, the reality of our utilization of foreign capital is not good enough currently compared with other regions. We need to improve our conditions accordingly to better make use of foreign capital. Currently, utilization of foreign investment has reached about $400 million. Thank you.

Nikkei:

My question is about the 14th Five-Year Plan of the Tibet autonomous region. What will the total investment be during this period? How many investments will be added compared to the 13th Five-Year Plan period? What are the key areas of investment? Thank you.

Qizhala:

I'm glad to answer your question. As Mr. Wu mentioned just now, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has attached great importance to the work concerning Tibet and care for people of all ethnic groups in Tibet. General Secretary Xi Jinping also personally planned and deployed the seventh Central Symposium on Tibet Work. The symposium drew up the blueprints for building a new modern socialist Tibet, providing the fundamental basis for us to formulate the 14th Five-Year Plan and set the long-range objectives through the year 2035. 

Tibet's main targets for economic and social development in the 14th Five-Year Plan period are as follows. We will work continuously to maintain overall social stability. We will firmly take the initiative in the overall battle against secession. We will work to further forge a strong sense of community among the Chinese people in Tibet. We will pursue new progress in the development of Tibetan Buddhism in the Chinese context. We will also work to maintain a sound momentum for economic growth. By the end of the 14th Five-Year Plan period, the per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents in Tibet will reach or stay close to the national average; the main indicators of basic public services will stay close to the national average; the institutional framework for ecological conservation will be further improved; the strategic support capacity for border defense will be comprehensively improved; and the foundation of the Party's governance in Tibet will be further strengthened. As such, Tibet will work to ensure a good start for the new journey toward socialist modernization and basically achieve socialist modernization with the rest of China by the year 2035.

During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, central authorities planned to allocate an investment of 380.7 billion yuan in Tibet. The actual investment reached 393.7 billion yuan, accounting for 103.4% of the planned investment during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, which actually outstripped the overall projected target made by the central authorities. The achievements we made by carrying out the plans are just like what General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed at the seventh Central Symposium on Tibet Work. Many farmers and herdsmen in the region now enjoy much better lives thanks to easier access to water, electricity, and transportation. The investment in infrastructure construction has a direct bearing on improving people's wellbeing. On May 16, the second passageway opened to traffic in Medog county, which was previously the last Chinese county to not have access to highways. In the past, it was quite hard to enter Medog county in winter. Then we built a highway in the county. However, there still remain traffic restrictions based on even- and odd-numbered license plates. By opening the second highway, it takes less than four hours from surrounding areas with altitudes of 1,200 meters to Linzhi, which has an altitude of 3,000 meters, making life for people of all ethnic groups more convenient.

During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, we will see a significant investment increase compared to what we saw during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. Investment during the 14tht Five-Year Plan period will mainly focus on four aspects. First, ecological conservation. Many major rivers originate in Tibet. Investment in ecological conservation should focus on fully implementing the philosophy for green development made by General Secretary Xi Jinping, which is "lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets and so are ice and snow." This is a big investment. Second, we will also focus on people's well-being. We will work to strengthen weak links and narrow the gaps in people's livelihoods. Third, we will take stock of social governance. Tibet is a large region with a small population. We should increase investment in this regard. Fourth, we will work on the construction of the border areas. We will keep investing in this aspect and work effectively. Based on actual investment during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, we will maintain a relatively rapid growth of investment in infrastructure construction during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, which is a fundamental investment. We firmly believe that, with the support from all ministries and people across the country, the investment in infrastructure construction during the 14th Five-year Plan period will play a pivotal role in advancing the economic and social development of Tibet. Tibet will also enjoy greater progress in terms of improving the environment and people's livelihoods, consolidating poverty alleviation achievements, and rural vitalization. Thanks.

The Paper:

The fine traditional culture of Tibet is the treasure in the garden of Chinese culture. How will the innovation-driven development of the fine traditional culture of Tibet be carried forward? Thanks.

Qizhala:

Thanks. Mr. Wu just mentioned this. Tibetan culture is a major part of Chinese culture. The fine culture of Tibet has long been developed and carried forward as a major part of Chinese culture. Chinese culture has always provided a mental bond connecting all ethnic groups in Tibet and a sense of belonging for them. Tibetan Buddhism is also a major part of Chinese culture. The idea that Tibetan culture is a major part of Chinese culture is also increasingly and deeply rooted in the hearts of the people in Tibet. The relationship between the two cultures is like the mother-child relationship. The sense of identity has grown stronger. Especially since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the CPC Central Committee designated Tibet as the place of unique folk cultures, offering great support in terms of finance, policy, technologies, and talent resources, which significantly pushed forward the outstanding traditional culture to keep pace with the times and helped the region pursue innovation and integrated development while discarding unwanted elements and selecting other essential parts at the same time.

First, efforts have been made to protect places of unique folk culture in all respects. The Tibet autonomous region has formulated the Regulation of Tibet Autonomous Region on the Protection of Cultural Relics, Regulations on the Protection of Old Town of Lhasa, Measures of the Tibet Autonomous Region for the Protection and Management of the Potala Palace, and other laws and regulations. They have provided an institutional guarantee for protecting and carrying forward the fine traditional culture in Tibet. Traditional ethnic culture has been carried forward effectively. The state and the autonomous region have invested more than five billion yuan, excluding the investment in infrastructure, in the protection and renovation of 55 sites under state protection and over 610 sites under regional protection. For example, the Party and the state attach great importance to the protection of the Potala Palace's cultural relics. As world cultural heritage sites, the Potala Palace and the Barkhor Street are the major areas that attract global attention. We have strengthened the protection of this area and we are now advancing the launch of the protection of ancient books in the Potala Palace, especially the Pattra-leaf Scripture. There are special funds allocated for that purpose in the central government spending. We are uploading ancient books to an online platform every year and carrying out experiments and research on the equipment for extracting the Pattra-leaf Scripture without causing damage to the original, as well as managing cultural relics archives. Great progress has been made in this regard. 

Second, we have built over 70 cultural relics protection units at the state level. Norbulingka has been registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Tibetan opera, Gesar, and Lum medicinal bathing of Sowa Rigpa have been included in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List. We have inheritors that have been put on the State and Regional List of Intangible Heritage. And there are special funds to support them. These intangible cultural heritages, combined with the cultural and tourism industry, poverty alleviation work, and rural vitalization, further leverage the role of the inheritors' skills in the new era. For example, the investment in the protection and renovation of Barkhor Street, with Jokhang Temple at its center, cost 1.3 billion yuan. On paired-up assistance for the protection of cultural relics, we have worked on strengthening the security of cultural relics, which raised people's awareness for protecting them. As China promotes a standardized system for the spoken and written Chinese language, Tibetan spoken and written language learning is protected by a set of laws and rules. Tibetan spoken and written language has become the first ethnic minority language in China to meet international standards. We have given new vigor to traditional festivals such as Tibetan New Year, the Shoton Festival, and the Nagqu Horse Racing Festival, and have combined them with public cultural activities based on protection. 

Third, the modern cultural services are flourishing in every respect. We have built libraries, people's art halls and museums at all levels, and established comprehensive cultural centers at the county/district level, comprehensive cultural stations at the town/township level and cultural rooms at all administrative villages. The coverage rates of bilingual radio and TV programs have both reached 99%. We are fully promoting the "Beautiful Tibet, Lovely Hometown" project designed to supply high-level cultural products to rural residents, which has greatly enriched people's cultural lives.

Forth, the cultural industry is developing rapidly. A batch of cultural products, including the movie "My Himalaya" and the opera "Princess Wencheng," have been released. People have actively participated in the eight Tibetan operas and various kinds of cultural activities, which are held at Norbulingka in celebration of the traditional Shoton Festival every year. A number of fine traditional cultural and art products have entered regional and national markets and even gone global, boosting the influence and reputation of the traditional Tibetan culture.

CRNTT:

As we all know, as the mainstay of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Tibet has a vulnerable and fragile ecological environment with an average altitude of 4,000 meters above sea level. What measures have been taken to protect the ecological environment of Tibet? What achievements have been made? Thank you.

Wu Yingjie:

The ecological environment of Tibet is of great concern to everyone. The CPC Central Committee attaches great importance to ecological and environmental protection in Tibet. The eco-environmental issue in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is an indispensable part in General Secretary Xi Jinping's remarks on eco-environmental protection. As General Secretary Xi said at the Seventh Central Symposium on Tibet Work, conserving the ecology of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the greatest contribution to the survival and development of the Chinese nation. It requires us to take a responsible attitude toward the history, the people and the world, placing the ecological progress in a more prominent position. 

As we all know, the protection of wildlife, rivers and mountains in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is highly relevant to all countries in Asia, rather than being solely an issue for China. Many major rivers originate in Tibet, including the Yarlung Zangbo River, Nujiang River, Jinsha River, Lancang River and many others. Guided by Xi Jinping's Thought on Ecological Progress, we have always regarded ecological and environmental protection as being of the utmost importance. As I mentioned before, first, we are improving all kinds of institutional systems. Over 60 rules and regulations represented by the Regulations on Protecting Environment in Tibet Autonomous Region have been released. These also include opinions on constructing national ecological security shields and promoting ecological conservation. On Jan. 24, lawmakers in the Tibet autonomous region passed the region's first comprehensive regulations on ecological conservation, Regulations on Developing Ecological Highlands in Tibet Autonomous Region, which came into effect on May 1. 

Second, we are taking concrete actions to protect the ecological environment in Tibet. The concept of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature has been deeply rooted in the minds of the over 3 million Tibetan compatriots. Therefore, environmental protection has become a tradition in Tibet. The implementation of laws and regulations has further encouraged locals to play their part in protecting the ecological environment. Local governments have also played a role in regulating. The central government has allocated funds to Tibet as well. For example, a total of 4,464 million yuan was invested to establish the river chief and lake chief systems to improve the ecological functions. As a result of the concerted efforts, 11 national nature reserves, four national scenic spots, three national geological parks, nine national forest parks and 22 national wetland parks have been established in the region, with its nature reserves accounting for 38.75% of the region's total land area of 1.2 million square kilometers. So far, Tibet has designated a total of 608,000 square kilometers for ecological conservation, accounting for half of the region's land area. Moreover, we are working hard to meet the newly emerged needs. As modern society is developing so rapidly, much more household waste and sewage is being produced. This requires us to invest more funds in the household waste management and sewage disposal. Pilot programs have been carried out in the areas along rivers. As most of the seven prefectures and cities in Tibet lie along the upstream of rivers, household waste management and sewage disposal are of huge significance for protecting the ecological environment. We will continue to invest in this area every year.

Third, we need to balance environmental protection with economic development. The economy should be developed and the ecology must also be well protected. We have unswervingly followed the path of developing production, making people better-off and maintaining a sound ecological environment. On one hand, we should maintain a proper balance between protecting the ecology and enriching the people. We have improved the transfer payment mechanism for key ecological function zones, the compensation mechanism for forest ecological benefits and the subsidizing mechanism for grassland ecological protection, and also established ecological compensation measures. Furthermore, we have returned a number of areas where wild animals used to live in the past to them. People who lived in sparsely populated areas and regions at very high altitudes have moved to areas with better conditions, richer production materials and better infrastructure. This allowed us to return grasslands and livestock fields to wild animals. Perhaps some of you have been to Tibet. There, we call it "removing livestock to restore the grasslands," and in some places it's called "removing livestock and restoring wild donkeys." Wild animals, especially Tibetan donkeys, are reproducing very quickly now, as are Tibetan antelopes. According to the latest statistics, the population of Tibetan antelopes is now around 300,000. Various wild animals have been brought under protection in Tibet, and their habitats have also been returned to them.

In addition, we have created environment-related employment to help sustain people's lives. Since 2016, we have provided a total of 700,000 jobs in the ecological sector for locals. Many people who used to work cutting down trees are now the ones planting the forests. In places where conditions permit, with the use of science and technology, we have carried out revegetation and afforestation. Trees have been planted in more than 100,000 households in over 1,000 villages, and the results have been relatively good. There is also hope for planting trees at an altitude of over 4,000 meters. We have mainly been planting trees at high altitudes and in areas where many people congregate, such as schools, military bases, government offices and enterprises. Thanks to science and technology, people can enjoy the benefits of vegetation.

After years of efforts, according to the monitoring and evaluation work carried out by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and relevant departments, the overall structure of the various ecosystems in the Tibetan Plateau has been stable, while the ecological quality has also stabilized and improved. Last year, the air quality on over 99.4% of days in prefecture-level cities was classed as "good," and 100% of surface water met the quality standards across the entire region, while the soil was in its natural state. Due to years of protection, the climate in Tibet has also improved. The rainy season in Lhasa came earlier this year, and plants turned green earlier. This has provided local people with a more comfortable living environment. Certainly, we still face great challenges. Global warming has impacted the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, especially bringing challenges to Tibet's glaciers and lakes. We need to attach high attention to them, monitor the changing situation using science and technology, and make timely and effective responses. Thank you.

Beijing Daily:

During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, Tibet proposed that its overall educational development level would be close to the national average by 2020, and basic public education services would be gradually equalized. What measures has Tibet taken to develop its education? What have been the outcomes? Thank you.

Qizhala:

Thanks for your attention on education. Like the rest of China, education in Tibet has been comprehensively developed during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. At the sixth and the seventh symposiums on Tibet-related work, General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed that education should be taken as the top priority in promoting the development of various undertakings of the Party and the state. Under the care and guidance of General Secretary Xi, and with support from the whole country, we have continuously prioritized the development of education. A modern education system, covering preschool education, basic education, vocational education, higher education, continuing education and special education, has been basically established in Tibet. The educational rights and interests of the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet have been fully guaranteed.

Especially since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, a funding system which covers from preschool education to higher education has been established and improved. Public education has been made available in Tibet. The state has implemented the "three guarantee policy" for Tibetan farmers and herdsmen, and education funds and subsidies have reached over 18 billion yuan. The number of students receiving financial support has reached 11.02 million, and there have been 40 different kinds of support policies. It could be said that in terms of education, the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet have had the best education policies. Therefore, the people's sense of educational benefits has been constantly rising. At present, wherever you go in Tibet, the best buildings are on school campuses, the best sports venues are on school campuses, and the people with the highest education in the region have also been employed by the schools.

In particular, Tibet has implemented special national plans in recent years, carried out special enrollment plans for key universities and special rural areas, and further promoted "sunshine enrollment." First of all, education is fair for students during enrollment, and everyone has been satisfied. This includes the "inland Tibet classes," which have been organized in 17 provinces and cities across the country, including Beijing, Shanghai and Jiangsu province. This has been formed over the years by the Party and the state. The policy of including food, housing and study expenses has been implemented, and the annual amount provided for each student has reached 4,200 yuan. The "sunshine enrollment" has also ensured that every child of farmers and herdsmen enjoys fairness in education.

Seventeen provinces and municipalities, as well as the central government and relevant central government departments, have accelerated their efforts to source and organize groups of educational professionals to aid Tibet. Some schools have even installed these educational professionals as their principals, deans, and key subject teachers. By doing so, the level and quality of education in Tibet have been rapidly promoted. At the same time, we have comprehensively implemented the fundamental task of fostering virtue through education and vigorously carried out education activities with the theme of "what kind of people to cultivate, how to cultivate them, and for whom they are cultivated?" among teachers and students. The education level of Mandarin has been strengthened in an all-round way. Once the nationwide unified textbooks were available, they have been used in the remotest schools in Ali prefecture, and schools in Naqu prefecture with an altitude of 4,800 to 4,900 meters. Balanced development for compulsory education at the county level has been basically achieved, with the gap between county-run primary schools and township-run primary schools within the region constantly narrowing. All primary and secondary schools now offer bilingual education; all primary schools offer math courses; all secondary schools have completed teaching plans for math, physics, chemistry, and biology courses; all secondary schools are offering physical, chemical, and biological experimental courses; and all vocational and technical schools are offering courses prescribed in the national catalog of courses for these schools. As a result, scores for physics and chemistry in the college entrance examination greatly increased both last year and this year, indicating that the overall physics and chemistry education in Tibet has obtained qualitative improvement and upgrading. The task to universalize senior secondary education has been fulfilled on schedule. A total of 1,340 new schools (kindergartens included) have been built. The "Internet Plus Education" model covers all primary and secondary schools and priority has been given to promoting smart education throughout the region. At present, Tibet has 3,195 schools of various types and at various levels, hosting more than 880,000 students. The gross enrollment rate for preschool education has reached 87%, while the enrollment rate in primary schools stands at 99.9%, and the retention rate of compulsory education is 95%.

Education has been improved in line with the progress made for poverty alleviation. In the past, some students were reluctant to return to school after the holidays because they were herding, or because they had missed too many lessons to go picking caterpillar fungus. However, with the fight against poverty, the cadres in villages, townships, and towns kept an eye on all the children in every village. After the holidays, none of the students dropped out of school except for those who were ill. Currently, our education, including preschool education and basic education, is progressing towards a higher level. During the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016-2020), the University of Tibetan Medicine built a new campus with the support of the central government, which will be home to an incredible research base and platform as well as the training site for doctor degree candidates in China. The Tibetan Technician College's new campus is also under construction and will be fully launched in September this year. More than 1 billion yuan, excluding land acquisition fees, has been invested in each school at a time. Tibet University has made solid progress in building itself into a world-class university and developing world-class disciplines, with the advancement of many national key disciplines now in full swing. All these will provide basic education and talent support for the achievement of targets in Tibet's 14th five-year plan and its long-range goals for 2035. Thank you.

CCTV:

Given the COVID-19 pandemic, the healthcare situation in Tibet is of particular concern. Could you please brief us on the measures Tibet has taken to develop its healthcare services in recent years? What are the achievements? Considering the still grim and complex situation of pandemic prevention and control, what measures has Tibet taken in this regard? Thank you.

Qizhala:

Thank you for your care for Tibet's healthcare services. The Party and the government have always attached great importance to the development of medical and health services in Tibet. The past 70 years have witnessed many touching stories about the medical workers in Tibet, known as "menba" in Tibetan. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in particular, with the care of the CPC Central Committee, Tibet's healthcare sector has been comprehensively improved and basically realized, synchronizing growth with the rest of the country, and the public health level has been significantly upgraded.

First, we have accelerated the establishment of the healthcare service system. A five-level medical and health service network covering districts, cities, counties, townships, and villages has been preliminarily built and a multi-level medical security system has been formed based on the medical system in agricultural and pastoral areas, supplemented by serious illness insurance and supported by medical assistance. The number of healthcare institutions has grown from three before 1951 to 1,642 now, while the number of beds and medical personnel has increased from less than 100 then to 17,000 now and from less than 100 at that time to more than 20,000 now, respectively.

Second, we have continuously increased the level of medical service. By upgrading the training system, organizing groups of medical professionals to aid Tibet, and pairing Grade-A hospitals to provide assistance, we have made it a reality that serious diseases can be treated within the autonomous region, moderate diseases can be handled within the prefectures and cities, and minor illnesses can be addressed within the counties. Screening for tuberculosis, hepatitis, and other diseases has been fully completed. In particular, some endemic diseases which have plagued the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet for thousands of years, such as Kashin-Beck disease, hydatid disease, and high-altitude rheumatism, have had a great impact. In recent years, with the care of the central government, we have stepped up efforts and realized comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of these endemic diseases. For example, the serious endemic Kashin-Beck disease has been largely eliminated through a combination of measures, particularly through the relocation of people from extremely high altitudes. All the people have been relocated from very high altitudes now and the disease has been treated by changing their living environments. Another example is hydatid disease. During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, we set out to eradicate hydatid disease in Tibet by 2020. The goal wouldn't have been realized in three years without the socialist system and the leadership of the CPC. Hydatid disease is transmitted through stray dogs, and shelter centers for stray dogs have been established. All the people in Tibet have been screened for this disease and the central government fully pays for the relevant treatment. The national authorities have confirmed that hydatid disease has been historically eradicated.

Regarding the health of women and children, in the past, due to traditional backward customs, Tibetan women did not go to hospitals for childbirth, their health and hygiene were not good, and the infant and child mortality rate was very high. But now the infant mortality rate has dropped from 430‰ to 7.6‰ and the life expectancy in Tibet averages 71.1 years, the highest when compared to our neighboring regions. It is a human miracle.

Third, we have innovated and developed Tibetan medicine. There are currently three national-level Tibetan medicine regional diagnosis and treatment centers, one Tibetan medicine university, and 17 Tibetan medicine companies. The Tibetan medicinal bathing method was inscribed onto the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO, and the classics of Tibetan medicine such as the Four Medical Classics are included in the Second National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of China. It can be said that Tibet's medical undertakings have been improved in all respects.

Since the outbreak of COVID-19 last year, General Secretary Xi Jinping, the Party Central Committee and the State Council have provided care and support to the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet. The Party committee and government of the autonomous region have resolutely implemented the guidelines outlined in a series of important speeches and instructions by General Secretary Xi Jinping on epidemic prevention and control. We put the people and their lives above everything else, adopted a science-based approach, and took targeted measures. With all-out effort, the only imported case was treated and discharged, and the Tibet autonomous region was the first to be declared free of COVID-19 in China. Since then, we have continued to strictly prevent the epidemic from resurgence or spread. Since April this year, the epidemic situation in China's neighboring countries has worsened, and we are facing a severe situation of preventing inbound cases. With a 4,000-km long external borderline, Tibet is faced with great pressure from the epidemic situation of surrounding countries. In accordance with the requirements of the Party Central Committee, under the unified deployment of the Party committee of the autonomous region, we analyzed the situation and made full preparations for the worst-case scenario to prevent the epidemic.

China Daily:

We know that the "old Tibetan spirit" and the "two roads spirit" are valuable spiritual assets of the people of all ethnic groups in the new era. During the peaceful liberation of Tibet, the "old Tibetan spirit" and the "two roads spirit" served as important rallying cries. Do the spirits have more profound connotations in the new era? How should Party members and cadres carry forward these spirits? Thank you.

Wu Yingjie:

The "old Tibetan spirit" was actually created under harsh circumstances by generations of Party members and cadres, including local ethnic minority cadres. Later, the essence of the spirit was summed up as being tough, brave, devoted, united and resilient. The "two roads spirit" is characterized by facing both hardship and death with great courage, and remaining tenacious and dedicated. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized on many occasions that when working on the plateau, the scarcest thing is oxygen, and the most precious thing is spirit. He requires the Party members and cadres, especially Tibetan cadres, to carry forward the "old Tibetan spirit" and the "two roads spirit", stay committed, spirited, and hardworking when working in the harsh high-altitude region, continuously increase their sense of responsibility and mission, and work to improve their ability and work style.

The "old Tibetan spirit" now has more new profound connotations. I think it mainly refers to putting the people at the center and doing our work well under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. In the past, we stressed the importance of being able to endure hardship, showing perseverance, and staying united. The current conditions are no longer the same as those in the past. Now transportation is very convenient, and various medical, health care, and infrastructure facilities have undergone great changes. The key tasks now are to implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and the people-centered development philosophy under the new situation; improve people's livelihood and unite people; and maintain steady economic development and preserve the ecological environment. In this regard, we will continue to carry forward the sense of dedication, mission, and responsibility in accordance with the requirements of the Party Central Committee. We will remain true to our original aspiration and keep our mission firmly in mind in Party history learning and education. We will hold firm to our ideals and convictions, fully implement the Party's mass line, address misconduct and refrain from formalism and bureaucracy. The Party members and comrades in Tibet should work together to strengthen our consciousness of the need to maintain political integrity, think in big-picture terms, follow the leadership core, and keep in alignment with the central Party leadership and stay confident in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Despite the special geographical features in Tibet, we will continue to study and implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and the Party Central Committee's decisions and deployments. We will exercise full and rigorous governance over the party and fight against corruption, stand firm to ideals and convictions, and fully implement Party discipline. We will uphold political integrity, carry forward the style of working hard and plain living, fulfill the Party's requirements, strengthen the enforcement of organizational discipline, ensure the principal status of the people, and adhere to the Party's commitment to serving the public good and exercising power in the interests of the people. Taking into account both domestic and international dynamics, we will bear in mind national priorities and make contributions without considering personal gains and losses. In fact, since the 18th CPC National Congress, in accordance with the requirements of General Secretary Xi Jinping, our cadres stationed in villages and temples, and Party members of the post-80s and 90s have all worked on the front line of fighting against COVID-19 and have embodied the new connotation of the "old Tibetan spirit".

China News Service:

The peaceful liberation of Tibet opened up a new path to prosperity and development. How to exercise sound governance over Tibet has become one of the key topics among some scholars. What experience could the Tibet autonomous region share in this regard? Thank you.

Wu Yingjie:

This is a good question. During the successful practice of governing, stabilizing, and making Tibet prosperous, we are keenly aware that, to achieve prosperity and development in Tibet, we must first uphold the strong leadership of the CPC. Historically, patriots and righteous people explored suitable paths of development in Tibet. Since the peaceful liberation in 1951, people have realized that only the CPC can lead Tibet to achieve development and prosperity.

Second, we must adhere to socialism with Chinese characteristics, implement the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and pool resources to complete major missions. As I said previously, the achievements in Tibet depend on the efforts of all the ethnic peoples united and led by the CPC Tibet Autonomous Regional Committee and the local government. More importantly, they also rely on the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee and support from the rest of China. This demonstrates the strengths of China's socialist system. Therefore, the path must be chosen correctly.

Third, we must take a holistic view of national security and safeguard national unity and territorial integrity to ensure Tibet's fundamental interests.

Fourth, we must remain committed to the people-centered philosophy of development. We must keep the aspiration of the people to live a better life as the focus of our efforts and make steady progress towards enhancing people's sense of gain, happiness, and security. Just as Mr. Qizhala and I said previously, since the peaceful liberation in 1951, the Party and the country have never taken even a single cent from Tibet; on the contrary, they have made all efforts to support us. All the ethnic peoples of Tibet have enjoyed special preferential policies that are not enjoyed by people in other parts of China. This demonstrates the implementation of the people-centered philosophy of development in Tibet.

Fifth, we must foster a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation. Tibet has been an integral part of China since ancient times. We must keep in mind a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and pursue common prosperity and development through uniting and working hand in hand. With support from the CPC Central Committee and the rest of China, people of all ethnic groups in Tibet should also maintain the spirit of self-reliance and diligence.

Sixth, we must uphold the principle that religions in China must be Chinese in orientation. We should clarify that Tibetan Buddhism is part of Chinese culture. On religious affairs, we should adopt policies on the freedom of religious belief, manage religious affairs in accordance with the law, adhere to the principle of independence and self-management, and focus on guiding religions to adapt to the socialist society. A special situation in Tibet is that we always take a clear stand to eliminate the negative influence generated by the 14th Dalai Lama through religious affairs. In the new era, it is important that we guide the public to downplay the negative influence of religion, treat religion rationally and live a happy life in this life.

Seventh, we must strengthen Party building, especially in its political foundations. Over the years, the building of primary-level Party organizations has achieved remarkable progress and the cohesion of people in Tibet has been strengthened. This is mainly attributed to the efforts made by a large number of primary-level Party organizations and officials who are loyal to the Party, engage with the people, and dedicate themselves at grassroots levels. They have done a great deal of work.

Chen Wenjun:

Thank you, Mr. Wu, Mr. Qizhala, and friends from the media. This is the end of today's press conference. Goodbye.

Translated and edited by Zhang Liying, Zhu Bochen, Xu Xiaoxuan, Wang Yiming, Liu Sitong, Cui Can, Qin Qi, Yan Xiaoqing, Lin Liyao, Wang Wei, Yuan Fang, Li Huiru, Liu Qiang, Huang Shan, Zhang Rui, Zhang Junmian, David Ball, Jay Birbeck, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese 

Speakers:

Ning Jizhe, deputy head of the Leading Group of the State Council for the Seventh National Population Census and commissioner of the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS)

Li Xiaochao, director of the Office of the Leading Group of the State Council for the Seventh National Population Census and deputy commissioner of the NBS

Zeng Yuping, deputy director of the Office of the Leading Group of the State Council for the Seventh National Population Census and chief methodologist of the NBS

Zhang Yi, deputy director of the Office of the Leading Group of the State Council for the Seventh National Population Census and director-general of the Department of Population and Employment Statistics of the NBS

Chairperson:

Chen Wenjun, head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office (SCIO) and spokesperson of the SCIO

Date:

May 11, 2021

Chen Wenjun:

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning. The main data of the Seventh National Population Census has recently been aggregated. At today's press conference, we have invited Ning Jizhe, deputy head of the Leading Group of the State Council for the Seventh National Population Census and commissioner of the National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBS); Li Xiaochao, director of the Office of the Leading Group of the State Council for the Seventh National Population Census and deputy commissioner of the NBS; Zeng Yuping, deputy director of the Office of the Leading Group of the State Council for the Seventh National Population Census and chief methodologist of the NBS; and Zhang Yi, deputy director of the Office of the Leading Group of the State Council for the Seventh National Population Census and director general of the Department of Population and Employment Statistics of the NBS, to attend. They will brief you on the main data and relevant issues, and also field questions.

First of all, I will give the floor to Mr. Ning to introduce the situation.

Ning Jizhe:

Under the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, in line with the coordinated decisions and arrangements made by the Leading Group of the State Council for the Seventh National Population Census, with the meticulous organization and cooperative advancement of all regions and relevant government departments, the concerted efforts and dedication of all census staff as well as the joint and active participation of hundreds of millions of census respondents, the field enumeration and aggregation of the main data of the Seventh National Population Census has been successfully completed. The aim of today's press conference is to brief you on the basic introduction and main data of the census.

First, the background.

In accordance with the Statistics Law of the People's Republic of China and the Regulations on National Population Census, China carried out its Seventh National Population Census (hereinafter referred to as the census) with 12 a.m. on Nov. 1, 2020, as the reference time. The main aim of the census is to offer a comprehensive understanding of the size, structure, distribution and other aspects of China's population, so as to provide accurate statistical information support for the improvement of China's population development strategy and policy, the formulation of social and economic development plans, and the advancement of high-quality economic development.

The CPC Central Committee and the State Council attached great importance to the census. General Secretary Xi Jinping participated in the on-site census registration and delivered an important speech. The State Council established the Leading Group for the census and held several plenary sessions and teleconferences to make relevant census arrangements. All member agencies of the Leading Group and local governments at all levels meticulously organized and made concerted efforts to implement the census, with 679,000 census agencies set up at provincial, municipal, county, township and village levels across China and more than 7 million census staff recruited. Census agencies at all levels and all census staff made active efforts to overcome the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and successfully completed the field enumeration of all households and residents.

In the census, data was reported directly in real time by fully adopting digital data collection, respondents were able to fill in and submit questionnaires by scanning a QR code themselves for the first time, and the application of administrative records and big data from electricity meters and cellphones was strengthened. As a result, the quality and efficiency of the census were improved. Publicity for the census was boosted by inviting Zhong Nanshan and Yao Ming to act as ambassadors, while its slogan "Population Census, Everyone Counts," resonated powerfully with people. The census was conducted in accordance with the law and all the requirements in the census program were carefully implemented. We established a strict quality control system and improved the census data tracing and accountability mechanism. The post enumeration survey conducted in 32,000 households across 141 counties randomly selected from 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities showed that the census process was rigorous and standard, and that the census results were reliable with an undercount rate of 0.05%.

Second, main data of the census.

First, national population. The national population (Note: The national population refers to the population of the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government and servicemen of the Chinese mainland, excluding residents of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and foreigners living in the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) reached 1.41178 billion, increasing by 72.06 million compared with the population of 1.33972 billion in 2010 (data of the Sixth National Population Census), up by 5.38%. The average annual growth rate was 0.53%, down by 0.04 percentage point compared with the average annual growth rate of 0.57% from 2000 to 2010. The data shows that China's population maintained a slight growth over the past decade.

Second, population by household types. Nationwide, there were 494.16 million family households with 1,292.81 million people, and 28.53 million collective households with 118.97 million people. The average size of a family household was 2.62 people, which was 0.48 lower than the 3.1 people in 2010. Family households continued to decrease in size because of increasing population mobility and the fact that young people are living separately from their parents after marriage with improved housing conditions.

Third, population by regions. The population in the eastern region accounted for 39.93% of the total, that in the central areas accounted for 25.83%, that in the western region accounted for 27.12%, and that in the northeast of China accounted for 6.98%. Compared with the data from 2010, the proportion of the population in the eastern region increased by 2.15 percentage points, that in the central areas decreased by 0.79 percentage point, that in the western region increased by 0.22 percentage point, and that in the northeast of China decreased by 1.2 percentage points. The population further congregated in economically developed regions and city clusters.

Fourth, sex composition. Among the national population, there were 723.34 million males, accounting for 51.24%, and 688.44 million females, or 48.76%. The sex ratio (males per 100 females) was 105.07, basically the same level with a slight decline compared with 2010. The sex ratio at birth was 111.3, down by 6.8 compared with 2010. The sex composition of China continued to improve.

Fifth, age composition. There were 253.38 million people in the 0-14 age group, accounting for 17.95%; 894.38 million people aged 15-59, accounting for 63.35%; and 264.02 million people aged 60 and over, accounting for 18.7% (specifically, there were 190.64 million people aged 65 and over, or 13.5%). Compared with 2010, the proportions of people in the age groups of 0-14, 15-59, and 60 and over were up by 1.35 percentage points, down by 6.79 percentage points, and up by 5.44 percentage points, respectively. The share of children rose again, proving that the adjustments to China's fertility policy have achieved positive results. Meanwhile, the further aging of the population has imposed continued pressure on the long-term balanced development of the population in the coming period.

Six, education attainment. There were 218.36 million persons with university education. Compared with 2010,  the number of people with university education went up from 8,930 persons to 15,467 persons per 100,000 persons, and the average years of schooling for people aged 15 and above increased from 9.08 years to 9.91 years. The illiteracy rate dropped from 4.08% to 2.67%. The continued improvement of the educational attainment demonstrates the achievements in promoting higher education, eradicating illiteracy among young and middle-aged adults, and raising the population quality through hard efforts over the past ten years.

Seven, urban and rural population. There were 901.99 million people living in urban areas, accounting for 63.89% of the total population, and 509.79 million people living in rural areas, accounting for 36.11%. Compared with 2010, the urban population increased by 236.42 million and the rural population decreased by 164.36 million. The shareof urban population went up by14.21 percentage points. With the in-depth development of China's new industrialization, informatization, and agricultural modernization and the implementation of policies to help people who have relocated from rural to urban areas to gain permanent urban residency, China's new urbanization has been advanced steadily and historical achievements have been made in this regard over the past ten years.

Eight, floating population. The number of people who lived in places other than their household registration areas reached 492.76 million. Specifically, 116.94 million lived in places other than their household registration areas but still in the same city and the floating population numbered375.82 million. Within the floating population, 124.84 million moved to other provinces. Compared with 2010, the number of people who live in places other than their household registration areas went up by 88.52%; the population who live in places other than their household registration areas but still in the same city increased by 192.66%; and the floating population increased by 69.73%. China's continued economic and social development has facilitated population migration and mobility, the trends of which have become increasingly evident, and the size of the migrant population has further grown.

Nine, population of ethnic groups. The population of the Han ethnic group is 1,286.31 million, accounting for 91.11% of the total population, while that of the ethnic minorities number at 125.47 million, accounting for 8.89%. Compared with 2010, the population of the Han ethnic group grew by 4.93%, while that of the ethnic minorities increased by 10.26%, and the share of the ethnic minorities increased by 0.40 percentage point. The steady increase of the population of the ethnic groups fully reflected the comprehensive development of and progress for all ethnic groups under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.

Ning Jizhe:

The population issue has always been an issue of overall, long-term, and strategic importance in China. The Seventh National Population Census offered a good understanding of the size, structure, and distribution of China's population, accurately mapped trends in demographic changes, and provided abundant and valuable information. We are working hard to compile, analyze, and develop the census data, and will follow up with more ways to publish and share the census results. We will collaborate with relevant departments to strengthen forward-looking and strategic studies on population development. All of these efforts will make full use of the census and provide strong statistical information support to advance high-quality development, formulate targeted strategies and policies on population, and facilitate long-term and balanced population development.

On behalf of the Office of the Leading Group of the State Council for the Seventh National Population Census and the National Bureau of Statistics of China, I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to the census agencies at all levels and census staff who fought on the front lines.Over seven million census staff worked hard and rose to challenges with a strong sense of responsibility and initiative despite the impact of the COVID-19. They have completed the field enumeration on time and covered all houses, households, respondents, and items in each enumeration area. It is because of their work that the results of the Seventh National Population Census can stand the test of history and the people. I would also like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to all sectors of society and respondents who participated in and supported the census with a spirit of cooperation. Thanks to the 1.4 billion people who performed their census duties and provided authentic information with the ownership spirit of "Population Census, Everyone Counts," the strong cornerstone of the Seventh National Population Census of such a scale was formed. I would also like to extend our sincere gratitude to all friends from the news media involved in census promotion. Your all-around publicity inspired and encouraged the census staff, boosting their confidence and motivation, and helping the respondents to understand and thus render support and cooperation for the population census. Without your dedication and diligence, the Seventh National Population Census would not have been so successful. Thank you again!

Chen Wenjun:

Thank you, Mr. Ning. Now the floor is open for questions. Please identify your news outlets before asking questions.

CCTV:

We noticed that there are some new changes and features in the statistics released by Mr. Ning. Compared with the data of the Sixth National Population Census, what are the new changes and trends regarding the gender ratio, age composition, and educational level this time around? Could you elaborate on these aspects? Thank you.

Ning Jizhe:

This issue is rather significant, and I'll take your question. The population is the most fundamental and crucial national condition of a country. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has attached great importance to the issue of population, making key decisions such as gradually adjusting family planning policies and promoting long-term and balanced population development. China's population-related work has seen remarkable progress and there have been some active changes in the trends of population development. The census results released just now reflected the basic situation of China's population and demographic trends over the past ten years in a comprehensive and detailed way. In general, it can be summarized in a few sentences.

Over the past decade, China's population has continued to grow and it remains the world's most populous country. The quality of the population has steadily improved, and the educational level of the population has increased significantly. The population structure has changed with the gender ratio improving. Meanwhile, the age composition of the population showed an increase in the amount of people in the age groups of 0 to 14, and 60 and above and a drop in the amount of people between 15 and 59. The trend of population movement and concentration has also become more obvious, and the level of urbanization has continued to rise. There are six characteristics as follows:

First, in terms of total population, although the growth rate of China's total population is slowing down, it still maintains a steady growth. In 2020, China's population reached 1.41 billion, accounting for 18% of the world's population, meaning China remains the most populous country in the world. Over the past decade, China's population has jumped from 1.3 billion in 2010 to 1.4 billion in 2020 with an increase of 72.06 million, up by 5.38% compared with 2010. The average annual growth rate was 0.53%, slightly down from that of 0.57% from 2000 to 2010.

Second, in terms of population quality, the educational level of the Chinese population has increased significantly, and the quality of the population has been improving. The average number of years of education received by people aged 15 and above has increased from 9.08 years in 2010 to 9.91 years. The average number of years of education received by the working age population, between 16 and 59, has grown from 9.67 years in 2010 to 10.75 years. The illiteracy rate dropped from 4.08% in 2010 to 2.67%.

Third, in terms of gender composition, the sex ratio at birth has steadily declined and the gender structure has improved. According to the census, the sex ratio was 105.1, basically the same level and slightly lower than that of 105.2 in 2010. The sex ratio at birth was 111.3 in 2020, down by 6.8 compared with that in 2010, gradually converging to a normal level.

Fourth, in terms of age composition, the number of children increased and their proportion rose, with the number of children aged 0-14 increasing by 30.92 million compared to 2010 and their proportion rising by 1.35 percentage points. The number of births rebounded as a result of decisions and policy measures such as the "selective two-child" policy and the "universal two-child" policy. The birth rate of second children saw a significant increase, and the proportion of babies born as a second child rose from 30% in 2013 to 50% in 2017.

Fifth, in terms of population migration and mobility, population movement remains active and the agglomeration effect of the population has become increasingly evident. The census results showed that it has become common for people to live in places other than their household registration areas. The number of people who lived in places other than their household registration areas reached 493 million in 2020, accounting for 35% of the Chinese population. Specifically, the floating population numbered 376 million, up nearly 70% over the past decade. In terms of the flow direction, the population continues to flock to areas along the Yangtze River, coastal areas and inland urban areas. The population of major city clusters such as the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and the Chengdu-Chongqing city cluster is growing rapidly and the degree of agglomeration is increasing.

Sixth, in terms of the urban-rural structure of the population, China's permanent urban population continues to increase, and its share has further improved. Over the past decade, the urban population has increased by 236 million, and the share of urban population grew by 14.21 percentage points, a 0.75 percentage point increase compared with the growth of the last decade. As the census showed, we have accelerated the implementation of the new people-centered and quality-oriented urbanization strategy and made notable progress in helping people who have relocated from rural to urban areas to gain permanent urban residency.

The major changes in China's population in the past decade reflect the historical progress of China's economic, social and population development. They reflect the practical progress of promoting high-quality development and securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. They also comply with the trend of population development and the objective laws of the interaction between the population, the economy and society. Moreover, the census data also reflects some structural contradictions in the development of China's population, such as a decrease in the population of working age people and women of childbearing age, an aging population, a decrease in the total fertility rate, and the low number of births.

We need to look at the impact of demographic changes on the economy and society dialectically. First, China's basic national conditions of a large population base and a large population have not changed; the advantages of a super-sized domestic market will persist for a long time; and the population and resources and environment will remain in a tight balance. At the same time, population growth is slowing down, and measures are needed to promote long-term balanced population development. Second, the labor resources are still abundant and the demographic dividend continue to exist, while the working age population decreases slowly year by year. The economic structure and technological development need to be adjusted and adapted. Third, the population quality is improving. New advantages of talent dividends will gradually emerge. College students are facing increasing employment pressure. Industrial transformation and upgrading needs to be accelerated. Fourthly, the proportion of children and the elderly population are both increasing. The increase in the proportion of children reflects the achievement of adjusting the family planning policies and highlights the importance of the issue regarding the elderly and children. We need to improve family planning policies and the population service system such as parenting. The proportion of the elderly population is rising rapidly and ageing has become the basic national condition in China for some time to come. The increase in the elderly population will be conducive to passing on wisdoms and traditions and also bring expanded demands. Fifth, the accelerated agglomeration of the population reflects changes in the trends of urbanization and economic agglomeration, and makes new requirements for improving the quality of urbanization and promoting regional coordinated development. Thank you.

China News Service:

China's seventh national population census can be called the largest census project in the world.How was such a large-scale census organized and conducted? Could you summarize some of its features? Thank you.

Li Xiaochao:

Thank you for your interest in China's population census. The 2020 census was the seventh national population census since the founding of the People's Republic of China, and also the world's largest. It was a major national survey on China's conditions after having faced the unexpected COVID-19 pandemic. In the past year or so, with the concerted efforts of the Chinese people, we have successfully completed the census. The achievements are attributed to the following aspects.

First, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council attached much importance to the census and had given instructions as to how we should best conduct our work.General Secretary Xi Jinpingand Premier Li Keqiang as well as other Party and state leaders signed up for the enumeration as ordinary citizens. The State Council established the Leading Group of the State Council for the Seventh National Population Census with Vice Premier Han Zheng as its head to coordinate the census. Different localities and departments had worked in synergy and offered support to each other under national centralized leadership, with departments at all levels assuming clear duties and carrying out specific jobs. Approximately 679,00 census agencies were set up at provincial, municipal, county, township, and village levels across China, and more than 7 million census staff were recruited. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council attached much importance to our work. Different localities and relevant departments made meticulous organization and cooperative advancements on the census. All of these factors guaranteed the success of the 2020 census.

Second, we made meticulous plans, including timelines and road maps for the census. On top of multiple general pilot projects and several specialized pilot projects, and after having solicited opinions from experts and people from various professional circles, we produced an outline for the census as well as seven implementing guidelines. These helped us to specify what, how, and in what order the census should be carried out as well as the tasks and requirements for the census work, which provided the know-how for staff to complete their work.

Third, we enriched the content of the census so that its findings can be more valuable. We collected the respondents' ID numbers for the first time, which provided basic information for cross-checking and verification. We also added more data about senior populations to better understand China's aging population.

Fourth, we adopted new ways and tools to increase the efficiency and quality of our census. We had, for the first time, adopted digital data collection so that respondents could fill out and submit the questionnaire and the system could record their information in real-time. Such a collection method was not used widely but involved a significant amount of data. To improve the administrative documentation and the application of big data, we fully adopted the use of the internet, cloud technologies, cloud services, and cloud applications to complete data processing. We carried out online centralized management for the 7 million-odd census staff so that we could supervise their work in real-time.

Fifth, we made sure that no one individual was double-counted or miscounted. Under certain criteria, we divided our census targets into several groups and made sure that there were no overlapping in each group. We numbered each household within each group and had the census staff collect information at each household. At the same time, we improved the selection, training, and management of the staff. Before their on-site registration, we also cleaned up any illegal hukous (China's household registration system) and conducted a pre-assessment of the conditions to lay a foundation for the work that was to follow.

Sixth, we put a lot of effort into publicity and mobilization, which helped to increase people's initiative to participate in the census. We rolled out publicity plans and arranged publicity work across every stage of the census. We filmed and broadcast promotional videos and public service advertisements and organized publicity activities through various channels and forms to raise people's awareness and enthusiasm for the census. With the slogan --"Population Census, Everyone Counts" taking root, various circles and the public have actively participated in and supported the census. Thank you.

Southern Metropolis Daily:

What do we make of the slowdown in China's population growth during the decade from 2010 to 2020, as seen in the main results of the census? Some experts predict that China's population will peak at 1.45 billion in 2027. Does the slowdown in growth mean that the year of zero population growth will come earlier? Thank you.

Ning Jizhe:

Allow me to answer this question. This is a question of trend analysis. The census data shows that China's population growth has slowed down, with an average annual growth rate of 0.53% over the past decade, which is a 0.04 percentage point decrease from the previous decade. This trend is the result of multiple factors. The main reasons are the continued decline in the number of women of childbearing age, especially those in their prime, the delay of people's chosen time for having a child, and the increase in the cost of childbirth and raising a family. All of these factors have led to a tightening of the birth population size. This is the objective result of China's economic development, especially industrialization and urbanization, which has reached a certain stage, and it is also a common problem faced by the world, especially developed countries. According to the results of this census, China's population is still the largest in the world, and has continued to grow, with an increase of 72.06 million over the past ten years. When compared to the increase of 73.9 million in the previous decade, the scale of growth is slightly decreased, but basically the same. There are mainly three factors that matter:

First, China's population has maintained a certain level of inertial growth. China has a large population base. At present, there are more than 300 million women at childbearing age, and we are able to sustain around 10 million births every year.

Second, the adjustment of the fertility policy has achieved positive results. The number of births has rebounded rapidly since the implementation of the two-child policy for couples where either the husband or wife is from a single-child family, and the universal two-child policy. According to the census data, the number of children aged 0-14 reached 253.38 million in 2020, 30.92 million more than in 2010, and the proportion of children rose by 1.35 percentage points.

Third, the life expectancy of the population has continued to increase. This is because of rapid economic and social development, continuous improvements in living standards and a significant improvement in medical and health conditions. The obvious improvement in the health conditions of the people have led to the fact that the annual number of deaths in China has been less than the number of births, and the total population has maintained its growth trend. These positive factors of population growth will continue to play a role for some time to come.

Judging from the trend of China's population development and changes in recent years, we can see that the population growth rate will continue to slow down in the future. At the same time, population growth is also affected by economic and social factors such as the age structure of the population, people's fertility choices, fertility policies, fertility costs, and public health. China's population will reach its peak in the future, but the exact timing is uncertain, and it is expected that the total population of China will remain above 1.4 billion for some time in the future. The results of the census also show that China's working age population group, aged from 16 to 59, is about 880 million, so the labor force is still abundant. Through this census, the average age of the Chinese population is 38.8 years old. On the whole, we are still a young and vigorous country. The United States recently released its latest census data, and their average age is 38, which is about the same as ours.

Next, we should continue to pay attention to changes in population growth and actively respond to the various risks and challenges that may arise in demographic development. Thank you.

CRNTT:

Recently, some people have questioned the quality of the census data. You just said that the undercount rate of the Seventh National Population Census was only 0.05%, so does this mean that this is a high-quality census? In addition, the results of the census came out relatively slowly. A spokesperson for the NBS previously said that this is because the seventh census released more detailed information than the information released in the sixth census. Can you tell us more about what information has been added? Thank you.

Zeng Yuping:

First of all, thank you for your questions. You have asked two questions, one on data quality and the other on data dissemination. Regarding the issue of data quality, we often say that data quality is the lifeline of statistical work. Similarly, the quality of census data is also the lifeline of our census work. In order to obtain high-quality census data, we adhered to conducting the census in accordance with the law, and carried out extensive publicity and mobilization, while focusing on the following measures.

First, we scientifically designed the census plan. This census has drawn on the experience of past censuses, including the experience of the population census, the economic census and the agricultural census. Meanwhile, we extensively solicited opinions from various parties, including experts and scholars, and all sectors of society. We organized and carried out six special pilots and one comprehensive pilot nationwide. In accordance with the principles of science and feasibility, demand and capability, inheritance and innovation, we formulated the Program for the Seventh National Population Census and seven implementation rules to ensure that our census program is scientific and operable.

Second, enumeration was meticulously organized. Before the start of on-site registration, census agencies at all levels carefully selected census staff and strengthened their pre-job training. We made efforts to detect any illegal hukous (China's household registration system), divided census blocks and conducted a pre-assessment of the conditions and other preparation work in a solid manner. More than seven million census workers nationwide strictly implemented the census program, which also coincided with the COVID-19 prevention and control period. We earnestly ensured we implemented the various requirements for epidemic prevention and control. We have succeeded in fulfilling the task of the field enumeration of the whole nation.

Third, we made full use of information technology. In this census, we made use of information technology to actively explore and innovate on census methods. For the first time, we had access to digital devices and our staff could directly register and report the data online; for the first time, census subjects filled in their own reports via the internet; for the first time, we could compare and verify the census data via administrative records and big data; for the first time, data processing was centrally deployed nationwide, using internet cloud technology, cloud services and cloud applications to complete data processing; and for the first time, we collectively guided more than seven million census workers online.

Fourth, we ensured the quality of the whole survey process. In accordance with the provisions of the census plan, census agencies at all levels established quality-control systems, strictly conducted the work according to the quality-control requirements, and meticulously carried out quality checks to ensure the quality of work at each stage of the census. Meanwhile, we established a traceability and accountability mechanism for census data and seriously investigated fraud practices at every local agency.

After we finished the work, the census office of the State Council, in accordance with international practice, organized nearly one thousand professional spot-check personnel for random quality checks on 32,000 households among 141 counties from China's 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and employed social supervisors for supervision during the whole process. The result showed that, the amount of the population that failed to register was 0.05%, lower than the international standard of 3%, demonstrating the data is true and credible and that it was a high-quality census. That's all for the first question.

The second question concerns the timing of the release of census data. The population census work is a huge systematic project involving many links and wide aspects. In order to coordinate the arrangements and ensure the smooth connection of all links, we formulated the schedule before the implementation of the census. The original schedule for the release of the census bulletins was a planned one, but in view of the strong demand for the census results from all sectors of society, we enriched the content of the release by adding a large amount of data onpopulation distribution and regions, so it took more time to prepare the data. Today, we are releasing eight bulletins, which are richer and more detailed than the previous censuses, with each set of data verified and exact. In addition, we understand that other countries also release their census one year after field enumeration. For example, the United States conducted its population census on April 1, 2020, and their results were released on April 26, 2021, almost one year later.

In the next step, we will further share, explore and utilize the census results, and in the future, we will successively edit and publish more detailed census summary materials to meet the needs of all parts of society. We also welcome you to use it. At the same time, we will use the micro data laboratory to provide desensitization micro data from the census for relevant research institutions, experts and scholars to carry out analysis and research, so as to better utilize the census data. Thank you all.

Nikkei:

Some experts said that the fifth and sixth national population censuses underwent a period of data adjustment after the censuses were completed. Were any adjustments made after this latest census such as adjusting for the undercount rate? Thank you.

Zhang Yi:

Thank you for your question. We all know that the population census is an overall survey. The seventh census covered all respondents based on a uniform standard at a uniform time. Data from this census was reported directly in real-time through the complete adoption of digital data collection, and the results can be collected and calculated directly after auditing. No data adjustment was needed afterward.

The post-enumeration survey showed that the undercount rate of the seventh census was 0.05%. According to the United Nations census recommendations, the undercount rate can or can not be added to the total population.Some countries may add it while others may not. The Chinese national population information just released is a directly summary of the population registered in the census and does not include those missed within the undercount rate. Thank you.

The Poster News APP:

China's aging population is always an issue that concerns the public. According to census findings, how is the aging population situation in our country? Given the increasing burden of elderly care in families and society, how should we best optimize the population structure and solve the problem of our aging population? When will the policy for extending the retirement age be implemented? Thank you.

Ning Jizhe:

The census shows that people in the age bracket of 60 and above accounts for 18.70% of China's total population, and people aged 65 or above account for 13.50%. The aging population in our country has the following characteristics.

First, the aging population is huge. There are 264.02 million people in the age bracket of 60 and above, including 190.64 million people aged 65 and above. In China's 31 provinces, 16 provinces have more than 5 million people in the age bracket of 65 and above, while six provinces have more than 10 million people aged above 65.

Second, the aging population is rapidly growing. From 2010 to 2020, the proportion of people in the age bracket of 60 and above increased by 5.44 percentage points, while people in the age bracket of 65 and above increased by 4.63 percentage points. The ascensional range rose by 2.51 percentage points and 2.72 percentage points, respectively, compared to the last decade.

Third, the rural-urban divide between the aging population is obvious. The proportion of people aged 60 and above and people aged 65 and above in rural areas were 23.81% and 17.72% respectively, 7.99 and 6.61 percentage points higher than that of in urban areas. Besides economic and social reasons, rural-urban differences in the aging population are also closely related to migration.

Fourth, the quality of life among aging people rose continuously. The number of people aged 60 and above with high school or university education reached 36.69 million, an increase of 20.85 million compared to 2010. That proportion accounts for 13.90% of the total population in the age bracket of 60 and above, up by 4.98 percentage points compared with a decade ago. Over the past ten years, life expectancy also increased continuously. In 2020, there were 35.8 million people in the age bracket of 80 and above, accounting for 2.54% of the total population, which increased by 0.98 percentage point to 14.85 million compared to 2010.

The aging population is an important trend in social development, and it will be China's basic national condition for a long time in the future, which brings both challenges and opportunities. For example, from the perspective of challenges, the aging population will reduce the supply of labor, increase the burdens on families concerning elderly care, and raise the pressure to provide basic public services. At the same time, the aging population has promoted the development of the "silver-hair" economy, expanded products and services consumption for elderly people, and helped boost technical advances. Moreover, among China's population aged 60 and above, people in the age bracket of 60 to 69 account for 55.83% of the total elderly population. Thanks to their advantages in knowledge, experience, skills, and good physical conditions, they have great potential to contribute their remaining energy to society.

The fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee proposed plans for specific measures to address the aging population as a major national strategy now and for some time in the future. Next, we will develop and make good use of the census data and carry out serious studies and in-depth analysis to provide statistical support for policy-making.

Beijing Youth Daily:

Recently, the issue of a consistently decreasing working-age population in the northeast of China has drawn wide attention.The census data shows that the population in the northeast of China indeed declined. What is the reason for this decrease? What problems will that cause? How should we respond to it? Thank you.

Ning Jizhe:

People are concerned about the issues facing northeast China. From the census data, changes in the population in northeast China over the past ten years have the following features. First, the total population is still large but there was a decline. In 2020, the total population of northeast China's three provinces was 98.51 million, approaching 100 million — still quite large but decreasing by 11.01 million compared to ten years ago. Second, the birth gender ratio in the northeast of China was 106.3, which is lower than the national average but still within the normal range. Third, the aging population is serious. In northeast China, people aged 65 or above accounted for 16.39% of the total population, up 7.26 percentage points from 2010 and higher than the national average. Fourth, talent is ample. The population with university education and above accounted for 16.75% of the total population. The average number of years of education received by people aged above 15 was 10.16 years. The two indicators for the level of education in northeast China were above the national average. Fifth, the foundation for the area's development is solid. Permanent urban residents in northeast China make up 67.71% of the population, ranking in an upper bracket nationwide.

Factors regarding the natural and geographical environment, fertility rate, and social-economic development have led to a population decrease in northeast China. The winter is long and cold in the northeast of China, which is located at high latitude. Some people from the area have moved to warmer areas in the south, which is a common characteristic of population migration in many countries around the world such as those in Europe, and America. In addition, affected by factors like fertility values and behaviors, the natural population growth rate in northeast China has been lower than the national average for a long time. Furthermore, the northeast of China is undergoing a crucial period of structural adjustment. Diversified opportunities for development and career prospects in coastal developed cities and provinces are a magnet for people from other areas, including the northeast of China.

Meanwhile, we should note that economic development in the northeast of China is resilient and full of potential. There is a range of strategic industries that are vital to national security and are the lifeblood of the national economy. The northeast of China has technological talents and a reasonably solid foundation in modern agriculture, equipment manufacturing, transportation infrastructure, and so on. The number of people who have received higher education in northeast China was 16.50 million. Meanwhile, grain output accounted for more than one-fifth of the nation's total. The region has several key national enterprises such as Ansteel, Avic Shenyang Aircraft Company Limited, China FAW Group Corporation, Harbin Electric Corporation, etc. Recently, the region has been home to the development of a group of emerging high-tech enterprises. Favorable conditions for the revitalization of northeast China abound. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council have attached importance to the region's revitalization and have released a series of major measures to promote the revitalization of talent and the high-quality development of China's old industrial bases, creating a good environment for the development of real economy and industrial innovation. A new round of plans for revitalization with a focus on structural adjustment will surely bring about new demographic changes in the region.

For the next step, we will enhance research regarding population issues in the northeast of China, address the challenges brought by population changes, and seize opportunities in these changes to better serve the economic and social development of northeast China.Thank you.

Reuters:

What effect will the gradually declining working-age population and the expanding aging population have on economic development in the long run? What measures will be taken to tackle those problems? Will it be possible to relax policies to encourage fertility? Thank you.

Ning Jizhe:

This question is about the working-age population. I will invite Mr. Zeng to answer this question.

Zeng Yuping:

Thank you for your question. As for the issue of the aging population, Mr. Ning introduced it in detail just now. I will not repeat those points.

Concerning the working-age population, first, in terms of the total number, the working-age population (people aged between 16 and 59) decreased by more than 40 million compared to 2010, when China conducted the sixth national population census. But we should remember that the total population of working-age people, 880 million, is still large, and labor resources are still abundant. Dividends in the demographic still exist, which provides an important support for sustained and healthy social and economic development.

Second, the quality of the working-age population has been remarkably improved. As the census data shows, the average number of years of education received by the population aged above 15 was 9.91, up 0.83 years from 2010. Specifically, the average number of years of education received by the population aged from 16 to 59 reached 10.75 years, up 1.08 years from 9.67 years in 2010. Meanwhile, among the working-age population, people with high school education and above reached 385 million, accounting for 43.79% of the total, up 12.8 percentage points from 2010. Finally, people with university education and above accounted for 23.61%, up 11.27 percentage points from 2010.

Third, as the social and economic development accelerates, the coverage of medical service systems has expanded, people's overall physical health has improved and life expectancy has been extended. The improvement in people's health conditions has greatly bolstered labor resources, which underpins the social and economic development.

The decrease in the working-age population should be viewed comprehensively and objectively. First, despite the shrinking working-age population, the sheer size of China's labor resources remains relatively large.On the whole, China is still facing great employment pressure. Second, although the working-age population is gradually decreasing, the high-quality development of the economy means that the requirements for employees' skills will increase. Improving the skills of workers and solving the structural problem of the mismatch between job requirements and candidates' skills will become the main issue facing employment. Third, as the quality of the population improves, the demographic dividend will gradually turn into a talent dividend, and the advantages of population resources will be effectively brought into play. This will further promote the transformation of the economic development pattern, the upgrading of the industrial structure, the increase of total factor productivity, and the sustained, coordinated, and healthy development of the population, economy, and society. Thank you.

Cover News:

In the past decade, China's urbanization rate has risen rapidly but the percentage of registered urban residents is much lower than that of permanent urban residents. What are the specific reasons for this? The census results show that China has experienced a significant surge in its floating population over the past decade. How do we view this phenomenon and what impact will it have on the reform of the household registration system? Thank you.

Li Xiaochao:

According to the census, China's urbanization rate has indeed increased rapidly over the past 10 years. The share of the urban population went up by 14.21 percentage points, as Mr. Ning introduced just now. The floating population has also increased considerably, which reflects the results of sustained economic and social development as well as the effective allocation of human and talent resources. At the same time, it is also the result of a strengthened economic and social vitality in some regions and cities, which is consistent with the development trends of other countries around the world. It should be pointed out that China's urbanization rate is currently in the upper-middle-range compared to the world's average, which is similar to China's upper-middle average per capita GDP compared to the rest of the world. It is expected that with the constant development of China's economy and society and the continuous advancement of various reform measures to promote urbanization, the urbanization rate will continue to increase.

In addition, the census data further reveals that while the urbanization rate and floating population are increasing, these two aspects are also displaying some other characteristics.

First, the proportion of floating population flowing into urban areas is still rising. In 2020, the floating population flowing into urban areas reached 331 million, accounting for 88.12% of the total floating population, up 3.85 percentage points from 2010. Among them, 249 million people moved from rural to urban areas, 106 million more than in 2010—an increase of over 100 million people in a decade.

Second, the proportion of floating population flowing into areas with a high urbanization rate remains relatively high. The eastern region absorbed an interprovincial floating population of 91.81 million, accounting for 73.54% of the total floating population, while the central region absorbed 9.55 million, or 7.65%, the western region took 18.8 million, or 15.06%, and the northeast region took 4.68 million, or 3.75%.

Third, the floating population within the provinces, that is to say, the population flow within a short distance, is growing even faster. The floating population within the provinces totaled 251 million, an increase of 116 million or 85.70% since 2010. The interprovincial floating population amounted to 125 million, an increase of 38.96 million or 45.37% since 2010. This data shows that the floating population within provinces is growing much faster than the interprovincial floating population. The proportion of the floating population within the provinces increased from 61.15% in 2010 to 66.78% of the total floating population, up 5.63 percentage points. About two-thirds of the floating population chose to move just a short distance within the province.

Regarding the difference between the percentage of registered urban residents and the percentage of permanent urban residents, first we should understand that the former has also increased markedly in the past decade. By the end of 2020, China had achieved its goal of granting permanent urban residency to 100 million people living in urban areas without urban household registration. Meanwhile, we should also be aware that this difference is mainly reflected in migrant workers. Restricted by various security conditions and systems, it may still take some time for this difference to be reduced or even eliminated. Of course, some registered rural residents are less willing to gain permanent urban residency. Especially after the rural vitalization and poverty alleviation campaigns yielded results, some people want to stay in the countryside. Therefore, the reluctance of some registered rural residents to leave the countryside also explains why there is a difference.

We believe that with the sustained high-quality development of China's economy and society as well as the continuous advancement of a new type of urbanization, the country's urbanization will develop more scientifically and rationally, its population will flow in a more orderly and reasonable way, and a new situation for the coordinated development of the economy, society, and population mobility will be created.Thank you.

Chen Wenjun:

Due to the time limit, we will have the last question.

Red Star News:

My question is, what changes have occurred in the fertility rate of women and number of births in China since the comprehensive two-child policy was adopted? Is the current lack of fertility willingness among the population leading to an almost alarming low fertility rate? Will China adjust its population policies, especially family planning policies, based on the findings of the census?

Ning Jizhe:

I will take these questions. People are concerned about fertility issues and we have gained a lot of information in this regard through the census. I must first note that the two-child policy has achieved positive results and the seventh national census has found the following characteristics for new births.

First, the number of new births has been large. New births increased significantly in 2016 and 2017 to over 18 million and 17 million, respectively. This was up by more than two million and one million respectively in comparison with the number before the two-child policy was adopted. Although the number has fallen since 2018, it still reached 12 million in 2020, according to the preliminary findings of the census.

Second, the proportion of second children was high. Among the newborns between 2014 and 2017, the proportion of second children rose markedly from around 30% [M1] in 2013 to around 50% in 2017. Although the proportion has since declined, it has remained above 40%. Adjustments in the fertility policy have increased the number of newborn second children by over 10 million.

Third, the fertility rate has declined. China's total fertility rate was 1.3 in 2020, which was a low level, according to the census. This was largely caused by a continuous fall in the number of women of childbearing age and a gradual wearing-off of the effect of the two-child policy. In 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic, which added uncertainties to life and worries about in-hospital childbearing, further dampened people's willingness to have children. We should come to realize that the low fertility level is also a result of economic and social development. It is not only affected by policy factors but also by economic, social and cultural factors with impact from the latter gradually gaining. In addition, we must be aware that with economic and social development, especially when industrialization and modernization have changed people's views on birth, a low fertility rate is a common problem in most developed countries and will also become a practical issue for China.

The fertility concerns you just mentioned were also raised by the Reuters journalist in his question a moment ago. The fifth plenary session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has clearly asked for improvement in the fertility policy to make it more inclusive. The Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development, which was adopted at the National People's Congress, also made it clear that China will pursue an appropriate fertility rate and lessen family spending on child bearing, raising and education, to further release the potential of the fertility policy. According to a survey by the National Bureau of Statistics, the number of children that women of childbearing age are willing to have is 1.8, so as long as the proper supportive measures are put in place, the real fertility potential will be brought out. Thank you.

Chen Wenjun:

Today's press conference ends here. Thank you to all the speakers and thank you to all of our friends from the media.

Translated and edited by Wang Yiming, Wang Wei, Zhu Bochen, Yang Xi, Duan Yaying, Huang Shan, Guo Yiming, He Shan, Zhang Rui, Fan Junmei, Lin Liyao, Zhang Tingting, Liu Qiang, Liu Jianing, Xu Xiaoxuan, Li Huiru, Yuan Fang, Wang Yanfang, David Ball, Jay Birbeck, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speakers:

Gan Lin, director of the Office of the National Leading Group on the Fight Against IPR Infringement and Counterfeiting, and vice minister of the State Administration for Market Regulation

Tang Zhaozhi, a person in charge of the Copyright Management Division under the Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee

Chen Yusong, a person in charge of the Department of Treaty and Law at the Ministry of Commerce

Mao Jinsheng, a person in charge of the Intellectual Property Protection Department of the National Intellectual Property Administration (NIPA) 

Chairperson:

Xing Huina, deputy head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office (SCIO) and spokesperson for the SCIO 

Date:

April 26, 2021

Xing Huina:

Friends from the media, good afternoon. Welcome to this press conference held by the State Council Information Office (SCIO). China has attached great importance to the protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) and the building of a fine business environment. Today marks the 21st World Intellectual Property Day. We are joined by Ms. Gan Lin, director of the Office of the National Leading Group on the Fight Against IPR Infringement and Counterfeiting, and vice minister of the State Administration for Market Regulation. Ms. Gan will introduce details concerning the Report on the Latest Development of IPR Protection and Business Environment in China (2020), and then answer your questions. Also present at today's press conference are Mr. Tang Zhaozhi, a person in charge of the copyright management division under the Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China Central Committee; Mr. Chen Yusong, a person in charge of the Department of Treaty and Law at the Ministry of Commerce; and Mr. Mao Jinsheng, a person in charge of the Intellectual Property Protection Department of the National Intellectual Property Administration (NIPA).

First, I'll give the floor to Ms. Gan Lin.

Gan Lin:

Friends from the media, ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon. Today marks the 21st World Intellectual Property Day, and I am delighted to be here to share with you the latest progress concerning China's IPR protection and business environment improvement. On behalf of the Office of the National Leading Group on the Fight Against IPR Infringement and Counterfeiting, I would like to take this opportunity to thank our friends from the media for your consistent attention and great support for our work in protecting IPR, cracking down on IPR infringement and counterfeiting, and improving the business environment.

The year 2020 was indeed extraordinary. In face of the severe setback brought about by the sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the deep recession of the global economy, China has coordinated its epidemic prevention and control work with economic and social development, and continuously worked to crack down on IPR infringement and counterfeiting. As a result, China has made solid progress concerning IPR protection, and its business environment, which is based on market principles, governed by law and up to international standards, has been further improved. Today, we released the Report on the Latest Development of IPR Protection and Business Environment in China (2020). It is a comprehensive introduction of the relevant measures being taken by the Chinese government and the positive progress being made. Next, I'll brief you on its main content from four aspects.

The report analyzes new situations and challenges both in China and the rest of the world at present. Globally, due to the impact of the pandemic and other factors, international trade and investment has seen a huge contraction, and the world is experiencing a major economic recession. Protectionism and unilateralism are rising, while sci-tech innovation faces strong headwinds. Domestically, the digital economy is bursting with vitality, and new industry and business models are thriving. Self-reliant innovation is speeding up, meanwhile, more focus has been placed on quality over quantity when it comes to IPR. As the number of market entities continues to steadily grow, new requirements have emerged for improving the business environment in China.

The report presents the work on IPR protection in 2020 in the following six aspects. In terms of coordination, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the State Council have made a series of decisions and deployments, and the leading group has held nationwide audiovisual conferences to specify the work focuses for each year. The office of the leading group and all member units have proactively implemented the tasks. Given this, government departments have seen closer cooperation, and regional coordination is more efficient. In terms of legal guarantees, China has formulated and revised a set of laws, regulations and judicial interpretations, such as the Civil Code, Criminal Law, Patent Law and Copyright Law, to name a few. In doing so, China has further improved its IPR-related legal system in a way that is in accordance with international rules and is fit for China's particular situation. In terms of administrative law enforcement, China is focused on key fields, links and products, and has launched a series of targeted campaigns to crack down on IPR infringement. In terms of judicial protection, China has taken resolute action against criminals, made sufficient procuratorial and supervision efforts, and significantly improved the quality and efficiency of work when exercising judicial powers. In terms of society-wide joint-governance, China has been working to improve industries' self-discipline and strictly holding market entities accountable for their business production and operation. Dispute resolution efforts have been strengthened, and a governance system which features joint public participation is about to be established. In terms of publicity and communication work, China is focused on key efforts, and works in multiple ways to improve the influence of the issues by releasing reports and presenting typical cases.

The report showcases the main progress made in 2020 concerning the improvement of the business environment in the following four aspects. First, China has improved services for foreign investors. The role of trade platforms has been given full play, which has improved the efficiency of business activities and facilitated trade and investment. Second, China has further widened market access, and provided convenience for both enterprises and products which intend to enter the Chinese market. More efforts have been made to streamline administration and delegate power. Third, China has been continuously developing new methods of regulation and supervision, strictly practicing competition enforcement, and strengthening protection on property rights, in a bid to make law enforcement and the judiciary more efficient. Fourth, China has introduced effective support and assistance measures accordingly. The examining efficiency of registration has been continuously improved, and more taxes and fees have been cut, making government service more comprehensive.

The report elaborates on the major progress made in deepening international exchange and cooperation. This includes but is not limited to the enhancement of multilateral and bilateral exchange, boosting understanding and consensus via international conferences and forums, proactively engaging in international joint law enforcement to crack down on cross-border infringement and counterfeit crimes, and taking part in the formulation and signing of international rules and agreements in order to further improve global governance. These include the Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances, the China-EU agreement on the cooperation for and protection of geographical indications, and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement. 

China has persisted in the protection of intellectual rights and the improvement of its business environment, and these efforts have been recognized by the international community. In the Global Innovation Index 2020, issued by the World Intellectual Property Organization, China ranks 14th, which makes it the only middle-income economy in the top 30. As pointed out in the thematic report "China's Doing Business Success: Drivers of Reform and Opportunities for the Future" published by the World Bank, China's reform measures for bettering its business environment, which can be drawn on by other economies around the world, had been a strong driver for the overall improvement of the global business environment. We will make continued efforts to build our country into an international highland in terms of innovation and business environment. 

The introduction of the report stops here. The full text has been published on China's Website for the Campaign Against IPR Infringements and Counterfeits (ipraction.gov.cn) and on the official site of the State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR). People can visit those sites to download the full report. 

Thank you. 

Xing Huina：

We will begin answering questions now. Please state the news outlet you work for first. 

China Media Group:

In 2020, The CPC Central Committee and the State Council made more arrangements and deepened reforms to streamline administration, delegate authority, improve regulation, and optimize services. They also improved the business environment and brought out the vitality of market entities. So, can you specify what work the SAMR has done to improve the business environment? Thank you. 

Gan Lin：

Thank you for your question. Improving the business environment, especially by enhancing market regulation, is an important responsibility of the SAMR and an important task for the national system of market regulation. In 2020, we firmly implemented the decisions and arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. The SAMR drew up opinions on the implementation of the regulations on improving the business environment. Being fully dedicated to the continued improvement of the business environment, the national system of market regulation pushed forward reforms through innovative measures with the aim to streamline administration and delegate authority, improve regulation, and optimize services. We mainly carried out tasks in the following five aspects:

First, we deepened business system reform and fully realized that procedures for setting up a business can be handled online. The average time needed for setting up a business has been shortened to within four working days. We pushed for the closing of a business to also be handled online and widened the pilot reform to simplify procedures for closing a business. We trialed reforms in separating permits from business licenses in 18 different pilot free trade zones with full coverage. We pushed for the experiences of pilot projects to be duplicated and implemented more widely. We carried out the simultaneous issuance of electronic business licenses and electronic seals, promoted the use of electronic signatures for business licenses and "electronic business licenses plus electronic license information." We have continued to expand the scenarios where electronic business licenses can be used. 

Second, we eased production access. We delegated the approval of manufacturing licenses to provincial-level market regulation authorities for five categories of products, namely, concrete iron for construction use, cement, equipment for radio and TV transmission, counterfeit RMB banknote discriminating devices, and simply supported beams used on prestressed concrete bridges. We advanced reforms relating to qualification certifications of institutions for inspection and testing. We also trimmed the directory for compulsory certification. 

Third, we advanced progress in resuming work and production. Together with relevant departments, we introduced ten measures to support the resumption of work and production, offered guidance for increased aid and assistance to self-employed individuals, put forth more than 700 policies to offer help, and released the national standards for a health QR code. We strengthened the comparison of domestic and foreign standards for anti-pandemic supplies, streamlined compulsory certification procedures for export-oriented commodities to be sold at home, conducted verification and calibration works for enterprises across 18.54 million measuring instruments, and tested 350,000 batches of anti-pandemic supplies. We made efforts to manage fees related to enterprises and pushed for a total of 5.2 billion yuan of overcharged fees to be returned to enterprises. 

Fourth, we conducted competition-related law enforcement with strict measures. We bolstered law enforcement against monopolistic practices and unfair competition. We filed cases in accordance with the law to investigate enterprises that ran internet platforms and had been allegedly involved in monopolistic practices. We investigated and dealt with several major and typical cases including the monopoly of active pharmaceutical ingredients and false transactions. We seriously handled cases where enterprises that ran various platforms had failed to offer prior notification of concentration of undertakings according to law and cases involving unfair pricing. We concluded 108 monopoly-related cases, 7,371 unfair competition cases, 473 cases involving the investigation of concentration of undertakings, and we also investigated and dealt with 20,000 price offenses. We fully implemented the review system for ensuring fair competition and organized a thorough clean-up of policies and measures issued before 2019. As a result, we cleaned up 1.07 million policy items, and abolished and revised nearly 6,000 among them. 

Fifth, we improved regulatory practices. Working with 15 departments, we researched and formulated the List of Items for Joint Spot Checks by Market Regulation Departments, covering 74 items in 35 fields. We built the national enterprise credit information publicity system and put it into operation, conducting joint punitive actions on 982,000 companies that committed serious illegal and dishonest acts. 

We work to pursue a better business environment and there is no end to our work. Market regulators will step up efforts to build a market environment that is easier to have access to, fair and orderly for competition, and safe and trusted for consumers. We will work to make contributions to accelerating the building of a high-level market system, improving the socialist economic system, and creating a business environment that is market-oriented, law-based and internationalized. Thanks.

Xing Huina:

Please raise your questions.

CNR:

Ms. Gan just introduced that in face of the COVID-19 outbreak and the downward pressure on the global economy, China's practices on intellectual property right (IPR) protection, improving the business environment and battling against IPR infringement and counterfeiting, have been widely recognized by the international community. What are the specific works that the Office of the National Leading Group on the Fight Against IPR Infringement and Counterfeiting has done? What are their plans for the future? Thanks.

Gan Lin:

Thanks for your question. In 2020, the Office of the National Leading Group on the Fight Against IPR Infringement and Counterfeiting firmly implemented the important speeches and instructions given by General Secretary Xi Jinping and the decisions and plans made by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. Departments at different levels coordinated with each other and took effective measures to fight against IPR infringement and counterfeiting, achieving great progress. We specifically strengthened our efforts in six areas, which are as follows:

First, we strengthened coordination. The National Leading Group on the Fight Against IPR Infringement and Counterfeiting held nationwide teleconferences, clarifying the major work on fighting against IPR infringement and counterfeiting in 2020, identifying the major tasks and verifying responsibilities. We carried out annual performance evaluation in 31 provincial-level regions and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, to ensure the measures had been put into place. 

Second, we strengthened regulation in major areas. In the internet field, 14 departments carried out special internet market supervision work, or the so-called "Wangjian 2020" joint campaign, to combat illegal activities such as selling infringements and counterfeiting products online and unfair competition. Around 20,000 cases were investigated and dealt with. Meanwhile, four departments launched the "Sword Net 2020" campaign, focusing on combating infringement and piracy in audiovisual works, e-commerce platforms, social platforms, and other fields. We closed 2,884 illegal websites. We continued to carry out the "Iron Fist" campaign of intellectual property law enforcement, and investigated and handled 39,000 trademark infringements and patent counterfeiting cases. In rural and urban-rural fringe areas, six departments jointly carried out special enforcement campaigns to combat counterfeit and shoddy food in rural areas to help poverty alleviation and drive rural vitalization. We organized the "Spring Thunder" campaign to severely crack down on infringement and illegal acts in the field of agricultural materials. We organized market inspections on the spring and autumn crop seeds, and also investigated and dealt with a batch of infringement cases. Key efforts were also made in import and export links. We deployed the campaign for IPR protection named "Longteng," the campaign for IPR protection in shipping and delivery channels named "Blue Net," and the campaign for IPR protection for export transshipment goods named "Clean Net," and seized 62,000 shipments of import and export goods suspected of infringement. In major areas regarding people's livelihoods, we jointly launched special campaigns to implement the "four strictest standards" requirements, with 285,000 food safety violations investigated and handled. We also carried out a special campaign to crack down on the illegal manufacturing and sale of masks and other protective products, and 120 million problematic masks were seized.

Third, we strengthened judicial protection. We cracked down on more than 21,000 criminal cases of IPR infringement and the production and sale of counterfeit goods, arrested more than 32,000 suspects, with the value involved totaling more than 18 billion yuan. Courts across the country concluded 466,000 first-instance IPR cases, a year-on-year increase of 11.7%. The amount of compensation awarded in IPR cases increased by 79.3% year-on-year. We approved the arrest of 7,174 people committing IPR infringements, and prosecuted 12,152 people.

Fourth, we strengthened publicity and promotion. Focusing on major works of different departments across the country, we have given full play to the role of traditional media and new media to guide public opinion. We published a series of reports and typical cases on IPR protection and battling against infringement and counterfeiting for demonstration and guidance. Relying on international organizations, including the WIPO, the WTO and international conferences, we told the "Chinese story" of IPR protection and presented the "Chinese voice" of optimizing the business environment to the world.

Fifth, we strengthened joint governance. Related departments guided companies in the telecommunications and internet industries to sign a self-discipline convention on internet data security. Hangzhou, Nanning and other customs and cross-border e-commerce platforms were guided to explore the establishment of IPR protection cooperation workstations. In addition to that, the first ten local sub-centers of the National Overseas IPR Dispute Response and Guidance Center have been established under guidance. Over 500 IPR dispute mediation organizations have been set up and mediated 24,000 IPR disputes throughout the entire year.

Sixth, we strengthened international cooperation. We signed the China-EU Agreement Protecting Geographical Indications and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement. The Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances officially came into effect. We held the 3rd Forum on International Cooperation in Fighting against IPR Infringement and Counterfeiting and the 17th Shanghai International Intellectual Property Forum. We actively participated in international operations such as "Operation Opson" against food crimes, "Operation Pangea" against internet crimes of manufacturing and selling counterfeit drugs, and "Operation Cyber Eagle" against internet intellectual property crimes.

This year marks the start of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-25) period. The National Leading Group on the Fight Against IPR Infringement and Counterfeiting will follow the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, fulfill our duties, pursue innovation, and continue our fight against IPR infringement and counterfeiting. Going forward, we will step up our efforts in the following five aspects:

First, we will promote well-coordinated cooperation. We will ensure that administrative law enforcement, judicial protection, as well as arbitration and mediation, will proceed in an orderly manner. We will also further enhance the synergy between law enforcement and the crackdown [on IPR infringement and counterfeiting].

Second, we will focus on people's well-being and their concerns. We will ramp up our efforts to ensure that crackdowns, regulation and deterrence will work when it comes to the infringement and counterfeiting cases in which the public are concerned and have attracted wide attention, as well as those fields and areas where IPR infringement and counterfeiting cases have frequently emerged.

Third, we will improve regulatory practices. Greater efforts will be made to promote smart and credit rating-based regulation, so as to regulate online and offline infringement and counterfeiting throughout the whole industrial chain in a comprehensive manner. 

Fourth, we will promote public participation. We will strengthen industrial self-discipline, ensure that enterprises fulfill their responsibilities, and stimulate the enthusiasm of consumers, so as to establish a model of fighting infringement and counterfeiting based on collaboration and participation.

Fifth, we will deepen international cooperation. We will establish and improve multilateral and bilateral coordination mechanisms of law enforcement, which will help facilitate information exchange and case investigation, as well as communication and experience sharing, so as to jointly crack down on cross-border crimes. 

Thank you.

China Financial and Economic News:

Strengthening IPR protection is an important means for China to promote scientific and technological innovation, and realize self-reliance and self-improvement in science and technology. What do you think of the role that China's increased IPR protection efforts have played in recent years in promoting scientific and technological innovation and improving its business environment? Thank you.

Mao Jinsheng:

Thank you for your question. By implementing the important instructions made by General Secretary Xi Jinping, as well as decisions and deployments made by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, and following the directive for intensified protection of IPR which was jointly issued by the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council, the NIPA has improved IPR protection significantly over the past year.

First, we have stepped up efforts to coordinate relevant work regarding IPR protection. The NIPA has worked with relevant departments to study and draft a plan for implementing the Opinions on Strengthening the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in 2020-21, listing 133 key tasks in detail. It has been issued by the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council. We have established and improved a system in a bid to facilitate communication, information exchange and performance evaluation, and helped local Party committees and governments improve their IPR protection systems in terms of industrial self-discipline, examination and authorization, as well as mediation and arbitration. As many as 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities nationwide have issued their own follow-up policies for implementing the Opinions as of April, thus further clarifying their own responsibilities. 

Second, the legal system for protecting IPR has been further tightened. We have cooperated with relevant departments to complete the fourth revision of the patent law, and established a punitive compensation system for infringements. We also set up the drug patent term compensation system and the early settlement mechanism for drug patent disputes. The protection term for design patents has been extended. In addition, we have stepped up efforts to revise the rules for implementing the patent law, and ensure the revision of relevant systems, including the Guidelines for Patent Examination, Measures for Administration of Trademark Agency, as well as the protection measures for official logos and relevant regulations regarding the protection of geographical indications.

Third, we have further clarified standards for law enforcement and IPR protection, and issued five standard guidelines, such as those for the administrative mediation of patent disputes and standards for judging trademark patent infringement. We are exploring the establishment of a working system to judge and test disputes over IPR infringement, to unify our standards for law enforcement. In 2020, the IPR authorities across the country handled more than 42,000 administrative adjudication cases related to patent infringement disputes, an increase of 9.9% year on year. 

Fourth, the coordinated protection mechanism has been further improved. We have continued intensifying efforts to establish an efficient and coordinated protection mechanism. A total of 40 IPR protection centers and 22 fast-track IPR protection centers which allow rights owners to safeguard their rights more efficiently had been established nationwide by the end of 2020. We have worked with the Supreme People's Court to launch an online mediation and litigation mechanism for IPR disputes. We have ensured that the National Overseas IP Dispute Response and Guidance Center will work efficiently, and helped them set up 10 local sub-centers across the country.  

Fifth, we have enhanced publicity over IPR protection. We have increased publicity on typical cases of IPR administrative law enforcement, as well as patent reexamination/invalidation cases. In the wake of public concerns and focusing on the special tasks of the fight against malicious trademark filings related to the ongoing pandemic, we have launched a series of campaigns to raise people's awareness. We have also organized activities to improve public awareness of laws, and explained relevant laws, regulations and policies regarding IPR protection in a timely manner. 

The achievements in IPR protection have been widely recognized among social sectors over the past year, with the score of social satisfaction on IPR protection reaching 80.05 points. China ranked 14th in the 2020 Global Innovation Index report released by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Going forward, we will continue to implement the decisions and deployments made by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council calling for intensified IPR protection, and further improve the business environment to better meet the needs of high-quality social and economic development. Thank you.

Red Star News:

In recent years, online live broadcasting has brought new development opportunities for e-commerce and WeChat business. The management of counterfeit and shoddy goods on e-commerce platforms and WeChat stores has captured people's attention. My question is, what new measures have been taken over the past year in the management of e-commerce, livestream shopping and WeChat business? How can consumers protect their rights when they purchase fake and shoddy goods from livestreams and in online stores?

Gan Lin:

Thank you for your question. I'll answer this one. This issue has attracted much attention. With the rapid development of information technology, infringement and counterfeiting are characterized by such features as an integration of online and offline, organized criminal behavior, and refined division of production and marketing. This has made it increasingly difficult to deal with infringement and counterfeiting. On one hand, laws and regulations need to be improved. On the other, there needs to be innovation in the methods of supervision, such as using internet to manage online platforms to enhance the efficacy of enforcement.

In terms of managing infringements and counterfeiting online, the market regulation authorities have taken a series of effective measures. As I just introduced, the "2020 Sword Net" campaign is a multi-department effort aimed at cracking down on online sales of infringing, counterfeit and shoddy goods, unfair competition, and other illegal activities. It has also produced significant results, with nearly 20,000 cases having been investigated and dealt with. Of course, there are more complaints and informants in this respect. The "Iron Fist" action of IPR enforcement also coordinated both online and offline efforts, with 39,000 cases of trademark infringement and patent counterfeiting being investigated and handled. At the same time, we have also formulated the Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Online Transactions, which will come into force in a few days, on May 1. The Measures makes special provisions for operators of online live broadcast trading of goods. It also makes clear that if online service providers, such as social networks and live broadcasters, provide trading platform services such as online stores, commodity browsing, order generation and online payment for operators, they should fulfill the obligations of online trading platform operators in accordance with the law.

In a word, there is no place online that is outside the law, and the law must be obeyed both online and offline. Operators who carry out online trading activities using such online trading platform services should also fulfill the obligations of operators on the platform in accordance with the law. Platforms have their responsibilities and operators have their obligations, and both must abide by the law.

The management of infringement and counterfeiting online has always been an important part of our "Double Action" work, which has been included in the key tasks of the "Double Action" work for many years, and its implementation has been promoted as a key deployment. All regions and departments are also actively promoting the implementation. Both the "Sword Net" and the "Blue Net" campaigns have achieved positive results. Influenced by the epidemic, live broadcasting e-commerce providers have entered the era of nationwide live broadcasting, so many departments have now also issued the Administrative Measures for Network Livestream Marketing (Trial). Going forward, including livestream marketing, all subjects of online live broadcasts, such as "people, goods and market," "those in front of and behind the camera," as well as "various elements online and offline," should all be included in the scope of supervision. This requires us to step up efforts and take various measures. You will be able to see the results of further enforcement in the future. Thank you.

China News Service (CNS):

My question is for the Ministry of Commerce. What efforts has the ministry made to protect IPR and improve the business environment in recent years? Thank you.

Chen Yusong:

Thanks for your question. Good afternoon to you all. In recent years, the Ministry of Commerce has firmly implemented decisions and plans made by the CPC Central Committee and State Council on enhancing IPR protection and improving the business environment to boost high-quality economic growth.

First, we have been strengthening IPR cooperation and negotiations. Regarding IPR cooperation, we have regular contact with the United States, European Union, Russia, Japan, Switzerland, and other important economic and trade partners. Those contacts are both comprehensive, covering all IPR areas of mutual concern, and cross-sectoral, with full participation from government departments, industries, business associations, experts, and scholars. Through these candid exchanges, we have promoted the resolution of mutual concerns and further increased economic and trade cooperation. Moreover, we have taken an active role in IPR exchanges through multilateral channels, including the WTO, APEC, the Belt and Road Initiative, and BRICS to promote smooth international trade. Concerning IPR negotiations, we have signed the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement, which includes a high-level and detailed section on IPR. Its uniform IPR rules have improved the level of regional IPR protection and strengthened international IPR cooperation between related countries. We have also signed the agreement on geographical indications, with high-level protection and wide coverage of more than 500 GI products from China and the EU, further boosting economic and trade cooperation between the two sides. Besides, the Ministry of Commerce has also actively promoted enterprises' early IPR warnings and protection overseas. In 2020, we released 12,186 IPR early warnings on the China Intellectual Property Rights Protection Website (IPR in China), sent 151 articles to WeChat subscribers, and compiled 48 IPR weekly journals and 12 special journals on overseas IPR early warnings to provide in-time information.

Second, we have continued to improve the business environment. Regarding the efforts to improve the business environment for foreign investment, the Ministry of Commerce has implemented the Foreign Investment Law and its enforcement regulations, marking an end to the approval and filing procedures for the establishment and change of foreign-funded enterprises. We have further enhanced the protection of IPRs and trade secrets of foreign-invested companies. We have released the newly revised negative lists on the market access of foreign-invested companies in general and that for pilot free trade zones, cutting numbers of prohibited industries to 33 and 30 respectively. We have published the catalogue of encouraged foreign investment industries (2020 version), increasing the number of industries by more than 10%. We have revised and issued the Rules on Handling Complaints of Foreign-Invested Enterprises to further improve the working mechanism for complaints. Concerning the enhancement of trade facilitation, the Ministry of Commerce has been promoting the implementation of the WTO's Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA). By January 2020, we had put in place TFA regulations and measures, and worked with related authorities to roll out a number of additional trade facilitation measures, reasonably adjusted import and export management catalogs, continued to use digital and intelligent means to simplify customs clearance procedures and improve port operation modes, expanded single-window functions of international trade, improved customs clearance efficiency, reduced customs expenses and improved the business environment for cross-border trade. Regarding pilot innovation in free trade zones, the Ministry of Commerce has continued to deepen reforms to streamline administration and delegate power, improve regulation, and upgrade services in the area of intellectual property. We focused on innovative financial functions of intellectual property and dispute settlement mechanisms in pilot free trade zones, delegated more power to pilot free trade zones in reform, promoted investment liberalization and facilitation in free trade zones and pilot free trade zones to improve trade facilitation, enhance the capability of the financial sector in serving the real economy, and facilitate the flow of people.

This is a brief introduction of the efforts made by the Ministry of Commerce. We will act with a firm resolve to implement the policy decisions and plans of the CPC Central Committee and State Council and promote domestic coordination and international cooperation in IPR protection. We will promote opening up at a higher-level, improve the business environment and make better use of international and domestic markets and resources to help foster a new development paradigm with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other. Thank you.

China Daily:

I would like to ask that while seven theatrical releases including "Hi, Mom" during the Spring Festival 2021 have set new box office records for Chinese New Year film season, the issue of piracy is still arousing concerns. What measures have been taken in this regard? Thank you.

Tang Zhaozhi:

Thank you for your question. From February to March this year, in order to regulate the copyright order of the film market, the copyright management division under the Publicity Department of the CPC Central Committee, the China Film Administration under the Publicity Department, and the Food-and Drug-Related Crime Investigation Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security jointly deployed and carried out centralized action to crack down on the distribution of movies pirated by recording in theaters. We adopted a variety of effective measures to severely crack down on the illegal and criminal activities of piracy and distribution of theatrical releases during the Spring Festival.

We have carried out the work in the following aspects. First, we deployed an early warning protection system. On Feb. 8, the National Copyright Administration (NCAC) released the second list detailing the key works for copyright protection in 2021, and included seven Chinese New Year theatrical releases including "Hi, Mom" into the early warning protection system. We asked providers of various internet services such as content, storage, search links, e-commerce websites, and app stores to take effective measures to prevent and promptly deal with infringement and piracy behaviors such as pirated recording and distribution of theatrical movies.

Second, we strengthened patrolling and monitoring. Local copyright and film authorities have strengthened the patrolling management of movie theaters, strictly guarded against covert filming and recording, and intensified online inspections and piracy monitoring. During their concentrated operations, the local copyright and film authorities focused their inspections and patrolling on the screening and distribution of seven Spring Festival theatrical releases, dispatched law enforcement personnel more than 36,500 times, inspected theaters, on-demand theaters and other venues more than 11,800 times, and inspected various websites over 2,682 times. According to monitoring results, there was no occurrence of piracy or infringement on legitimate video websites. Pirated content and links are mostly spread illegally through social platforms, online cloud storage, e-commerce platforms, and unregistered small websites without getting permits to provide internet content and online broadcast services. Most of such small websites are placed on servers outside of China.  

Third, we quickly dealt with infringements. Local copyright and film authorities arranged multi-shifts and multi-line responses, carefully screened and systematically sorted out the complaints of rights holders and the information reported by the public, and supervised and urged all internet service providers to take emergency measures to quickly delete more than 30,000 infringing links related to theatrical releases during the Spring Festival.

Fourth, we investigated and handled major cases. Local copyright and film authorities and public security organs have strengthened their efforts to identify clues and actively find the sources of cases, identifying a number of secret filming and recording suspects. Public security organs launched criminal investigations to hold the wrongdoers criminally responsible in accordance with the law, and promoted the investigation and handling of cases to trace their roots, break up gangs and destroy networks. At present, 39 key cases involving infringement and piracy of cinema films have been investigated and handled around the country, and 45 infringing websites have been shut down, effectively curbing the momentum of pirated movie recordings in cinemas.

Next, local law enforcement agencies will dig deeper into the sources of piracy, increase efforts to crack down on secret filming and pirated recordings in theaters, and severely investigate and punish websites, WeChat public accounts, and e-commerce operators that sell and distribute pirated films. They will supervise and urge all online platforms to strengthen the main responsibility of enterprises, and in accordance with the law, severely penalize acts of pirating and disseminating theatrical releases which would generate strong complaints from the right holders and cause great social harm. This will create a good social atmosphere that respects copyright and creation, and promotes the prosperity and healthy development of the film industry. Thank you.

National Business Daily:

The General Office of the State Council recently released a notice on this year's key tasks concerning government transparency, stating that government departments should make information related to law enforcement on anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competitive practices more transparent, and exercise impartial regulation equally across the board. What arrangements does the State Administration for Market Regulation have in this regard? Thank you.

Gan Lin:

Thank you for your question. It is fair to say that we have always been committed to disclosing information on law enforcement regarding anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competitive practices. We conscientiously conduct our work based on the key requirements set by the General Office of the State Council regarding government affairs transparency. 

Regarding the disclosure of information for law enforcement on anti-monopoly, we conducted the following tasks. 

First, we disclosed legislation information in a timely and active manner. For example, those rules and documents related to the latest regulations and guidelines on anti-monopoly practices. Second, we made information related to specific cases accessible to the public in accordance with the law. We published law enforcement information, law enforcement notices, and relevant legal documents on monopoly cases and explained the handling of cases to create a deterrent for further violations so that the public and the society can truly feel a sense of fairness and justice.

Third, we disclosed interpretations of major policies. We provided policy interpretations through illustrations, articles, and press briefings. For example, when disclosing information regarding cases of wide public concern, the person in charge of our anti-monopoly bureau was invited to answer questions from the media, experts were invited to write interpreting articles, and press conferences were held to release authoritative information. At the same time, since anti-monopoly practices attract international attention, we have expanded publicity and advocacy to effectively level the playing field and create a favorable social atmosphere for fair results. This is the anti-monopoly information disclosure.

Regarding the disclosure of information for law enforcement on anti-unfair competition, we know in 2017, China amended the Anti-Unfair Competition Law. One of the amendments defines specific regulations for disclosing information on administrative penalties. Specifically, businesses fined for violating the Anti-Unfair Competition Law should have their credit history recorded by the supervision and inspection department, which in turn should be made public in accordance with relevant laws and administrative regulations. The administrative punishments handed out by market supervision departments at all levels should then be disclosed via the national corporate credit information disclosure system. The State Administration for Market Regulation has disclosed recent administrative punishments for unfair competitive practices through a website launched last year specifically designed to disclose punishment letters in full as part of efforts to increase the transparency of law enforcement.

In the future, we will further beef up efforts to disclose information on law enforcement regarding anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competitive practices, increase the publicity of cases that violate the law, and explain the handling of cases as part of a legal education drive. Thank you.

Xing Huina:

This is the end of today's press conference. Thank you, to our four speakers and journalists from the media.

Translated and edited by Zhu Bochen, Wang Qian, Liu Sitong, Zhang Rui, Cui Can, Fan Junmei, Gong Yingchun, Li Huiru, Xiang Bin, Liu Qiang, Yang Xi, Duan Yaying, Zhang Liying, He Shan, Zhou Jing, David Ball, Jay Birbeck, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

Read in Chinese

Speakers:

Shen Changyu, head of the National Intellectual Property Administration (NIPA)

He Zhimin, deputy head of the NIPA

Yu Cike, head of the copyright management division under the Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China Central Committee

Chairperson:

Xing Huina, deputy head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office (SCIO) and SCIO spokesperson

Date:

April 25, 2021

Xing Huina:

Friends from the media, good morning. Welcome to this press conference held by the State Council Information Office (SCIO). The Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 proposes implementing the strategy of building China into a country that is strong on intellectual property rights (IPR). Today, we have invited Mr. Shen Changyu, head of the National Intellectual Property Administration (NIPA), to brief you on the progress of implementing the 14th Five-Year Plan and speeding up the building of a country that is strong on IPR, and to answer your questions. We also have with us Mr. He Zhimin, deputy head of the NIPA, and Mr. Yu Cike, head of the copyright management division under the Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee. 

Next, I will give the floor to Mr. Shen. 

Shen Changyu:

Thank you. Friends from the media, good morning. First of all, I would like to take this opportunity to thank you all for your interest, attention and support for intellectual property work over the years.

On Nov. 30, 2020, the Political Bureau of the 19th CPC Central Committee held a group study session on strengthening IPR protection in China. General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an important speech, profoundly expounding on a series of major theoretical and practical issues concerning IPR protection, which provided fundamental guidelines for comprehensively strengthening IPR protection. Premier Li Keqiang presided over an executive meeting of the State Council to study and make plans on IPR-related work.

In 2020, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, the intellectual property departments coordinated the epidemic controls with regular work, in accordance with the decisions and deployments of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, and successfully completed the main objectives and tasks of IPR protection and application outlined in the national intellectual property strategy and the 13th Five-Year Plan. Remarkable achievements have been made in various tasks.

First, IPR protection has been comprehensively strengthened. China's Patent Law and Copyright Law have been amended. A punitive compensation system for infringements of patents and copyrights has been established. The Opinions on Strengthening Intellectual Property Rights Protection and its action plan have been implemented. The national inspection and assessment of IPR protection have been carried out, in which 10 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) scored more than 90 points. We have investigated 31,300 trademark infringement cases nationwide and 7,100 cases of counterfeiting patents, with 841 cases being transferred to judicial organs. Over 42,000 administrative adjudication rulings on patent infringement disputes were made. A total of 1,826 infringement and piracy cases were filed for investigation and 213 cases were transferred to judicial organs. A total of 62,000 batches of import and export goods suspected of infringing certain IPR were detained, totaling 56.18 million items. More than 520,000 criminal, civil, and administrative IPR cases were received in the first instance, second instance and retrial, and over 519,000 cases were concluded. We cracked 21,000 criminal cases of IPR infringement and the production and sale of fake and shoddy products, and arrested 32,000 suspects, with the total value involved in the cases reaching 18 billion yuan. The satisfaction score of the IPR protection increased to 80.05 points.

Second, both the quantity and quality of IPR creation have increased. In the whole year, 530,000 invention patents were authorized, and the number of invention patents per 10,000 people reached 15.8, exceeding the targets outlined in the 13th Five-Year Plan. The number of PCT international patent applications submitted by Chinese applicants through the Patent Cooperation Treaty reached 69,000, ranking first in the world. In the whole year, 5.761 million trademark registrations were made, and 7,553 applications for international trademark registration under the Madrid Protocol were received from domestic applicants. The number of registered works reached 3.32 million. The number of registrations for computer software copyright was 1.72 million. In total, 765 geographical indication trademarks were approved for registration, six geographical indication protection products were recognized, and 1,052 companies were approved to use geographical indication special signs. In addition, 2,549 new varieties of agricultural plants and 441 new varieties of forestry plants were granted. In the Global Innovation Index 2020 released by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), China jumped 15 slots from 2015 to 14th place.

Third, the benefits of IPR application have increased. Statistics show that in 2019, the value added of national patent-intensive industries reached 11.5 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 7%, accounting for 11.6% of GDP that year; the value added of the national copyright industry reached 7.3 trillion yuan, accounting for 7.39% of GDP that year. In 2020, 408 of the world's 5,000 leading brands were from China, with a total value of $1.6 trillion. The total amount of patent and trademark pledge financing in China reached 218 billion yuan, a year-on-year growth of 43.9%. The direct output value of enterprises using special geographical indication signs totaled 639.8 billion yuan, which provided strong support for the fight against poverty. A total of 186,000 technical contracts involving IPR were signed, with turnover exceeding 1.1 trillion yuan. The total import and export of intellectual property royalties amounted to $46.31 billion, of which exports were $8.68 billion, a year-on-year increase of 31.5%.

Fourth, reforms in the field of IPR have continued to deepen. We stepped up efforts to promote reforms to streamline administration, delegate power, improve regulation, and upgrade services in the field of IPR, and further improve the quality and efficiency of patent reviews. The average review period for invention patents has been cut to 20 months, two months quicker than at the beginning of the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016–2020). Meanwhile, the review period for high-value patents has been reduced to 14 months and the average review period of trademark registration has been shortened to four months, down by more than half the time needed at the beginning of the 13th Five-Year Plan period. We screened out a batch of abnormal patent applications that were not made to protect innovation, and rejected a batch of malicious registration applications for trademarks not made for use. We also promoted the "one window" system for patent and trademark business acceptance and achieved the integration of systems across 27 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). Additionally, the Supreme People's Procuratorate established an IPR prosecution office and the Supreme People's Court set up the Hainan Free Trade Port Intellectual Property Court.

Fifth, new progress has been achieved in international cooperation on IPR protection. President Xi Jinping and European Union (EU) leaders announced the official signing of an agreement on geographical indications (GI). We contributed to the negotiation of a chapter on IPR in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement. We took orderly measures to implement provisions on IPR in phase one of the China-U.S. economic and trade agreement and renewed the "Belt and Road" intergovernmental agreement on IPR cooperation with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances also officially came into effect, marking the first time an international intellectual property treaty has been adopted in China and named after a Chinese city. Important progress has been made in China's entry into the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs. The WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center established an office in the Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone.

2021 is the first year that the 14th Five-Year Plan will be implemented. The NIPA will continue to follow the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, fully grasp and put into practice the principles of the 19th CPC National Congress and the second, third, fourth, and fifth plenary sessions of the 19th CPC Central Committee. We will also act on the guiding principles of the important speech delivered by General Secretary Xi Jinping at the 25th group study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. We will accelerate the formulation of the Outline of National Intellectual Property Strategy (2021-2035) and a national IP protection and utilization plan for the 14th Five-Year Plan period. In doing so, we aim to strengthen top-level design, make progress while maintaining stability, and promote high-quality development of China's IPR work from a higher starting point to provide stronger support for fully building a modern socialist country and uphold our outstanding achievements as a celebration of the centenary of the CPC.

We would now like to answer your questions. Thanks.

Xing Huina:

Thank you, Mr. Shen, for your introduction. Now it is time for questions. Please indicate the media organization you work for before raising a question.

China Media Group:

As Mr. Shen mentioned, General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an important speech on strengthening China's IPR protection while presiding over the 25th group study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on Nov. 30, 2020. What measures have been taken to implement the guiding principles of the speech? What progress has been made? Thank you.

Shen Changyu:

Thank you for the questions. As you said, the Political Bureau of the 19th CPC Central Committee held a group study session on strengthening China's IPR protection on Nov. 30 last year. General Secretary Xi Jinping presided over the session and delivered an important speech. He said that IPR protection relates to the modernization of China's governance system and capacity, high-quality development, people's happiness, the overall situation of the country's opening up to the outside world, and national security. He outlined how China is changing from a big country that introduces IPR to one that creates IPR, shifting from a country that pursues IPR quantity to one that seeks quality. He made strategic arrangements for comprehensively strengthening IPR protection in six aspects. His speech elicited a positive public response. Over the past half-year, the Leading Party Members Group of the NIPA and all the officials and staff in the field of IPR have been earnestly studying and putting into practice the guiding principles of the important speech. Remarkable progress has been achieved thanks to several measures that we took.

First, we set out to convey and study the gist of the speech. After General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered his speech, the Leading Party Members Group of the NIPA convened two themed sessions to convey and study the gist of the speech and issued a circular on studying and implementing the guiding principles of the speech to all institutions in the field of IPR. We held a meeting for leaders of IP offices nationwide and an expanded meeting for the leading Party members groups of IP offices nationwide before planning for implementation of its guidelines. We formulated and issued opinions on implementation and introduced 134 concrete measures. For each measure, we established an account to record the progress and ensure their correct implementation.

Second, we publicized and interpreted the speech. We coordinated mainstream media outlets to publish a series of articles and launch special coverage. We set up a dedicated column on the China Intellectual Property News and organized officials and staff of the NIPA to attend rotation training to foster a strong atmosphere of studying and practicing the guiding principles of the speech.

Third, implementation. So far, important progress has been made in many regards. For example, regarding the enhancement of top-level design of IPR protection, we have basically finished the drafting of the Outline of the National Intellectual Property Strategy and a national plan for IPR protection and application in the 14th Five-Year Plan period. Regarding the improvement in the law-based IPR protection, we have actively made preparations for the revised Patent Law to be put into practice on June 1. We have pushed forward a new round of research and revision on the Trademark Law as well as investigations into the legalization of the Geographical Indication Law. In promoting whole-chain IPR protection, we have implemented the Guidelines on Enhancing IPR protection and advanced high-standard plans. We have assessed the work of local governments and Party committees according to the arrangements of the central government to promote protection work. In deepening the reform of the systems and mechanisms in IPR protection, we have studied and proposed a series of new reform measures to streamline administration and delegate power, improve regulation, and upgrade services on IPR. In pushing forward international cooperation and competition in the field of IPR, we have also practiced items relating to IPR in the first phase of the China-U.S. trade deal, promoted enforcement of the China-EU Agreement on Geographical Indications, and completed protection notices for the first batch of productions. We have also participated in and completed negotiations relating to IPR in the RCEP agreements. In safeguarding national security in the field of IPR, we have examined the transfer of IPR in accordance with the law and boosted the creation and protection of IPR in key core technologies. 

For the next stage, the NIPA will further implement the guiding principles from General Secretary Xi Jinping's important speeches and promote and do our work well to celebrate the centenary of the founding of the CPC through extraordinary performance. Thank you. 

Guangming Daily:

My question is for Mr. Shen. The 14th Five-Year Plan has many arrangements regarding IPR. For example, high-value invention patents should reach 12 per 10,000 people by 2025. On April 15, data released by the National Center for Science and Technology Evaluation of the Ministry of Science and Technology shows that the trade volume of scientific and technological advances in 2019 decreased from that of 2018. The data also suggests that many high-value patents in colleges and scientific research institutions are inactive, and the scientific and technological achievements that they relate to have not been applied. Recently, academician Ouyang Zhongcan from the Chinese Academy of Sciences wrote a letter to Guangming Daily appealing for the application of scientific and technological advances to be emphasized in professional title appraisals. The application of scientific and technological advances is a systemic project. The NIPA has done a lot to promote work in this regard, like appraising the national model and pilot schools for IPR protection. My question is, during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, how will the NIPA cooperate with the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Education to meet the targets relating to high-value patents laid out in the plan? Thank you. 

Shen Changyu:

Thank you for your very important question relating to the 14th Five-Year Plan. The application of scientific and technological advances involves many departments. Regarding the NIPA, we have made continuous efforts in the application of IPR. This year marks the beginning of the 14th Five-Year Plan. The 14th Five-Year Plan makes clear arrangements about IPR work over the next five years, and the content is the richest among all Five-Year Plans so far. It fully shows the more prominent role that IPR work plays in national economic and social development. 

Specifically, first, "the number of high-quality invention patents per 10,000 people" has been included in the latest Five-Year Plan, replacing "the number of invention patents per 10,000 people" in the 12th and 13th Five-Year Plans. This new indicator will effectively promote the realization of transforming China from a large country of intellectual property introduction to a large country of intellectual property creation, as well as transform intellectual property work from the pursuit of quantity to the improvement in quality. Second, the chapter on innovation-driven development lists "improving the protection and utilization mechanism of IPR" as an individual section, and outlines major tasks regarding the Outline of the National Intellectual Property Strategy. Third, other parts of the plan touch on IPR as well, including special arrangements for encouraging financial institutions to develop intellectual property pledge financing, strengthening the central government's responsibilities in intellectual property protection, and supporting Hong Kong to build a regional intellectual property trading center.

As for the work in the next stage, according to the arrangements and division of work in the 14 Five-Year Plan, we will strive to work with keen attention in the following aspects. First, we will do a good job in top-level design, including formulating and implementing the Outline of the National Intellectual Property Strategy and a national plan for IPR protection and application in the 14th Five-Year Plan period. Responsibilities of the central government in IPR protection should be enhanced in a proper way, and we should dovetail our work with the 14th Five-Year Plan and implement the plan in a solid way.

Second, improve systems and mechanisms. We will implement a strict IPR protection system, especially the punitive compensation system. We will improve related laws and regulations, and speed up IPR legislation for new fields and new business forms including artificial intelligence (AI) and big data. We will improve the administrative law enforcement mechanism as well as the system for arbitration, mediation, IPR safeguarding and assistance.

Third, continue to deepen reform. We will further optimize the financial assistance and reward policies as well as the evaluation mechanisms for patents, highlight high-quality development, better protect and encourage high-value patents, and cultivate patent-intensive industries. Meanwhile, we will reform the ownership and rights and interests distribution mechanism for state-owned IPR, expand the authority of universities and research institutions to handle IPR, improve intangible asset evaluation, and promote the industrial application of patents. 

Fourth, strengthen infrastructure development. We will strengthen the development of information and intelligent infrastructure for IPR. We will accelerate the construction of the national IPR big data center, build a public service platform for the protection and use of IPR, and support Hong Kong to build a regional IPR trading center, etc.

By implementing these measures, we aim to further highlight high-quality development and push for a new stage in IPR protection, new breakthroughs in IPR use, and a new level for IPR service to better serve national economic and social development.

I will respond briefly to your question on the application of patents.

The application of patents is indeed an important issue and has been an important area of attention for a long time. And it involves many government departments. At present, there are indeed many "sleeping patents." One of the reasons is that there are two difficulties for patent application. One the one hand, it's hard for the patents of universities and research institutes to be discovered and used; one the other hand, it's hard for small and medium-sized enterprises to get the patented technologies they need. To address these two difficulties, the NIPA and the Ministry of Finance jointly launched a special program for patent application at the beginning of this year.

Under the program, efforts are being made in the following three aspects: first, broadening channels. We will promote the IPR rights and interests distribution reform to raise the enthusiasm of universities and research institutes to apply patents. Second, connecting supply and demand. We will build a promotion and application platform for patented technologies and set up an effective supply and demand matching mechanism to link universities and research institutes with small and medium-sized enterprises through a variety of online and offline events. Third, strengthening incentives. Provinces with outstanding achievements in patent application will be awarded. Thank you.

China Daily:

2021 marks the start of China's 14th Five-Year Plan period. All localities and departments are drawing up blueprints for the period based on a review of their experiences gained from the 13th Five-Year Plan period. My question is, what has been done regarding copyrights? Could you please introduce?

Shen Changyu:

Mr. Yu will answer this question.

Yu Cike:

During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, our work on copyright has served the central task of economic development and the overall interests of the country. Focusing on copyright creation, protection and application, we have improved policies, strengthened supervision, optimized services and boosted the copyright industry. With these efforts, we have contributed to the implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy and the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects. Following are the main achievements that were made regarding copyright during the 13th Five-Year Plan period.

First, our system of copyright laws has been continuously improved. We have actively advanced the third amendment to China's Copyright Law. On November 11, 2020, the 23rd session of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress approved the amended copyright law, which will come into force on June 1, 2021. We have continuously improved relevant laws and regulations and issued many regulatory documents, including the Notice on Strengthening Copyright Management of Online Literary Works and the Notice on Regulating the Copyright Order of Photography Works. Our system of copyright laws, which both suits China's national conditions and accords with international rules, has seen constant improvement and the copyright work is now much more law-based.

Second, copyright protection in China has been continuously improved. We have launched the "Sword Net" campaign for several consecutive years now to crack down on online copyright infringement. Fruitful results have been achieved. We have established an early warning mechanism for major film and television productions to protect their copyrights. We have improved the administrative law enforcement system for copyright and established an administrative copyright protection mechanism with Chinese characteristics. The achievements in promoting the use of copyrighted software have been recognized both at home and abroad and helped build up China's good image in IPR protection.

Third, the quality and efficiency of copyright work have been continuously improved. According to the deployment of the central authority, we promoted the demonstrations of copyright work, carried out the pilot construction of the national copyright innovation development base, established and improved the national copyright expo's authorized transaction system, and promoted healthy and rapid development of the copyright industry. We have straightened the copyright registration mechanisms and successfully publicized and popularized copyright issues. The copyright social service system is improving.

Fourth, international copyright cooperation and exchanges have been continuously deepened. We have carried out international copyright cooperation and promoted the establishment of a new type of multilateral and bilateral copyright relationship with win-win cooperation at its core. China has actively participated in the formulation of international copyright rules, and promoted the entry into force of the Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances on April 28, 2020. This made it the first international intellectual property treaty to be adopted in China and the first to be named after a Chinese city since the founding of the People's Republic of China. We have broadened the channels for publicity abroad and enhance China's influence in international copyright work.

At present, we are implementing the requirements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council and actively planning copyright work during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. To seek a new chapter and start a new journey during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, copyright work must be guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, embody the spirit of a series of important speeches by General Secretary Xi Jinping on strengthening the protection of IPR, fully implement the decisions and deployments of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, persist in seeking progress while maintaining stability, and keep to the right path and make innovations. Additionally, it must adhere to the concept that copyright protection is needed to protect innovation, vigorously implement the innovation-driven development strategy, insist on grasping the new development stage, implement the new development concept, foster a new development paradigm, persist in serving the overall situation of theoretical publicity work, maintain ideological security, promote cultural prosperity and development, and persist in advancing the modernization of the copyright governance system and governance capabilities. With the central goal of building China's strength in copyright, with a basic task of comprehensively strengthening copyright protection and accelerating the development of the copyright industry as well as further improving the copyright work system as the main measure, we'll continuously improve the level and effectiveness of copyright work and provide stronger copyright support for promoting high-quality development to build a socialist innovative country with advanced culture.

On behalf of the NCAC, I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the media outlets and journalists for their concern, help, and support regarding copyright work. Thank you.

China Financial and Economic News:

We learned that the amount of national intellectual property pledge financing during the 13th Five-Year Plan period doubled compared to that of the 12th Five-Year Plan period. What specific measures has the NIPA launched to promote financial services such as intellectual property pledge financing? What are the arrangements for the 14th Five-Year Plan period?

Shen Changyu:

Thank you for your question. Innovation is inseparable from the protection of IPR and financial support. Intellectual property finance is an organic combination of intellectual property and financial services, and it also provides a kind of "dual insurance" and "dual support." In recent years, the NIPA, in conjunction with relevant departments, has acted on the decisions and arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, constantly made progress on intellectual property finance, and mainly carried out its work in the following aspects:

First, we have vigorously promoted intellectual property pledge financing work. In 2019, we joined with the CBIRC and the NCAC, to issue the Notice on Further Strengthening Intellectual Property Pledge Financing Work and specified three measures: tolerate a slightly higher bad loan ratio in IP pledge financing business, establish separate credit programs and specific in-house performance appraisal and incentive mechanisms. In 2020, the total amount of national patent and trademark pledge financing reached 218 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 43.9%, from which many small and medium-sized enterprises have benefited, especially those related to science and technology.

Second, we guided relevant institutions to develop and launch intellectual property insurance products, including our cooperation with PICC Property and Casualty Company Limited, to form four categories and 16 types of intellectual property insurance products. According to incomplete statistics, in 2020, the relevant insurance coverage exceeded 20 billion yuan, benefiting more than 4,000 companies.

Third, we have actively pushed forward the trial program for intellectual property securitization. Up to now, a total of 25 intellectual property securitization products have been issued nationwide, with an issue amount of more than 7 billion yuan. The relevant work has been included by the State Council in the pilot free trade zones' trial reform experience.

Next, the NIPA will continue to work with relevant departments to advance the improvement of intellectual property financial services, promote intellectual property pledge financing by entering industrial parks to benefit enterprises, and develop intellectual property insurance and securitization. At the same time, we will effectively prevent intellectual property financial risks as well as continuously improve the popularity, benefits coverage, convenience, and safety of intellectual property financial services. Thank you.

Phoenix TV:

Trademark squatting the names of celebrities and well-known companies has attracted wide public attention. What specific measures are in place to crack down on malicious trademark registration? What does the NIPA plan to do as the next step to curb these acts? Thank you.

Shen Changyu:

Thanks for your questions. Mr. He, deputy commissioner of the NIPA, will answer this question.

He Zhimin:

Thanks for your questions. The NIPA firmly stands against malicious trademark registration and actively promotes trademark registration in good faith among the public.

According to the Trademark Law, malicious trademark registration includes acts that violate the principle of good faith and which aim to exploit or misuse others' market reputation, damage others' lawful rights, or infringe on public resources. It mainly involves two situations. The first is malicious trademark registration of famous brands, trending news events, major national projects, or celebrity names. The other involves the hoarding of trademarks with no intention to use them.

The two situations have major negative social impacts. Malicious trademark squatting, like in the case of registering the name of Ding Zhen, a social media influencer in China, aims to make illegal gains and thereby disrupts the order of trademark registration management and causes a negative social impact. Trademark hoarding, such as the more than 300 trademark registration applications made by a single company and were rejected by our office some time ago, is a waste of market and administrative resources and seriously harms public interest.

To address these issues and create a better market environment, we have made efforts in the following four aspects. First, promote the improvement of laws and regulations. The fourth revision of the Trademark Law added a provision that states that "malicious trademark registration that is not intended for use should be rejected," and moved the threshold for combating malicious hoarding of trademark applications to the examination stage as well as throughout the entire trademark application registration process. Second, improve the identification of malicious registrations. By using a trademark review database, as well as human judgment, we can pinpoint malicious registration acts in our review process. Third, take differentiated approaches in our work methods. For acts that have a major negative social impact, like the ones for registering "Leishenshan," a makeshift hospital built in response to the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, and "Clear Love," the patriotic expression made by Chinese martyr Chen Xiangrong in his diary, have been quickly rejected and made public, drawing wide criticism of the applicants of such trademarks. From 2018 to 2020, the NIPA had rejected over 150,000 filings of malicious trademark registration and trademark hoarding. Fourth, organize a special campaign to crack down on those illegal acts. During last year's Blue Sky campaign, we interviewed 2,950 trademark agencies about their practices. Last month, the NIPA launched a special campaign targeting malicious trademark squatting to increase law enforcement and enhance deterrence.

For the next step, we will continue to improve the legal system for trademark protection, increase punishment of violations, and make typical cases in trademark infringement public to promote China's brand building and high-quality IPR development. Thank you.

Red Star News:

With the rise of content production platforms like Douyin, Kuaishou, WeChat, and Weibo, internet users are increasingly enthusiastic about creating various types of online content, but copyright infringement issues often emerge. We have noticed that dozens of media production organizations and copyright holders have recently released a joint statement against copyright infringement in short videos, calling for short video platforms and content production and management parties of public accounts to increase awareness in copyright protection. What is the NIPA's comment on this matter? Thank you.

Shen Changyu:

Thanks for your question. Mr. Yu will answer this question because he is responsible for issues related to copyrights.

Yu Cike:

With the rapid development of digital technologies and mobile networks, China's online short video industry has seen robust growth in recent years. Meanwhile, intellectual property infringement in short video clips has become a very serious issue. This has elicited a strong reaction from rights holders and raised public concern. The NIPA has also paid high attention to such issues.

It is a basic principle stipulated in China's Copyright Law that one shall not distribute or use other people's works without permission. This principle surely applies to films and television works. Over the years, the NIPA has attached great importance to protecting the copyright of films and television works, proactively safeguarding the related orders. During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, the NIPA launched the "Sword Net" campaigns successively to combat online copyright infringement and piracy. During the campaigns, the NIPA introduced targeted regulation measures for relevant fields including film and television, proactively and effectively carried out early warning efforts for key films and television works, and published lists of such works . Over the past five years, a total of 38 such lists have been published, and the early warning efforts have covered 640 key films and television works. By doing so, we have managed to protect the IPR of these fine works when they are transmitted online.

Back in 2018, the NIPA included the rectification work of online short video copyright as a key task of the "Sword Net" campaign. The NIPA has been working to crackdown on copyright infringement and striving to strengthen copyright supervision of video clip platforms, user-based content and public account producers and operators. We have been continuously working on this front in recent years.

This year, in accordance with CPC Central Committee's deployment on strengthening all-round protection of IPR, the NIPA will work proactively to respond to the calls of right holders, and support and protect their legitimate rights. First, the NIPA will redouble its efforts to crackdown on IPR infringement in the short video industry. Copyright violation on short video platforms, user-based content and public account producers and operators, such as unauthorized copying, presenting, and distributing of other people's films, television or musical works, will be resolutely regulated. Second, the NIPA will work to hold video clip platform, user-based content and public account producers and operators accountable on IPR-related issues in a comprehensive manner. The NIPA will strengthen its efforts to establish copyright systems, improve the handling mechanism for copyright-related complaints, and effectively abide by its obligation to report on illegal and criminal activities and provide assistance to investigations. Third, the NIPA encourages film copyright collectives to build their capacity and carry out collective management efforts on the IPR of films in accordance with the law, and play the role of a link to protect the legitimate rights of rights holders and facilitate the legitimate use of users. Thank you.

ThePaper.cn

Currently, new sectors and business models, such as big data and AI, are thriving in China. What progresses have been made concerning the institutional arrangements on IPR protection in these fields? Thank you.

Shen Changyu:

Thank you for your question. This is indeed an important issue. Currently, big data and AI have become important factors and technologies for production, and there is a growing call for improving the IPR protection mechanisms in relevant fields. In view of China's future social and economic development and its competitive edge, strengthening IPR protection in the fields of big data and AI has become an imperative issue.

Among other things, IPR protection around big data focuses on handling the relationship between protection and use, security and privacy, and promoting the orderly entry of data resources into the factor market while still ensuring data security.

Regarding IPR protection of AI, the current focus is mainly on whether works and inventions completed by AI can generate new IPR, and the attribution of such rights. Currently, we are also actively listening to the views of the academic and industry sectors on these issues, studying the relevant institutional arrangements and the outcomes will be written in relevant plans and documents.

I think these are all very important issues. When it comes to big data and AI, the protection of IPR is an issue of great concern. For example, consider the issue of data property rights. Data is a new and important factor of production following the traditional ones such as land, technology and capital. The output of China's digital economy, which is supported by data, accounts for more than 36% of its GDP and contributes 67.7% to GDP growth, or around two-thirds. How to allow data to flow reasonably, make full use of it and effectively protect it are indeed very important issues, which require the design of a good system. Thank you for your question.

CRI:

Many people believe that China is already a major player in terms of IP, but that it is not strong yet. Could you explain what efforts have been made to promote the high-quality development of IP? And what have been the effects? Thank you.

Shen Changyu:

Thank you for your questions. In China's 14th Five-Year Plan, the "number of high-value invention patents per 10,000 population" is set as the expected index, which is a very important index. We need to strive for high quality and improve the quality. We need to solve the problems of "large but not strong" and "large but not excellent." As it was said just now, high-quality development is indeed a very important issue. It is a major decision and plan made by the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core according to China's overall social and economic development. This idea has not only driven the vigorous development of the economy, but also become the fundamental principle for determining development ideas, formulating policies and measures, and implementing macro-controls in all fields. The NIPA has also taken a series of powerful measures to promote high-quality development of IP in order to implement the decision and plan of the CPC Central Committee. 

First, we will deepen implementation of the projects to improve the quality of patents and promote the strategy for trademarks and brands as well as the use of geographical indications. We will accelerate the establishment of an indicator system, policy system, statistical system and assessment system for the high-quality development of IP. Second, we will promote the "ownership of high-value invention patents per 10,000 population" for inclusion in the national 14th Five-Year Plan index, replacing the "ownership of invention patents per 10,000 population" index in the 12th and 13th five-year plans. Third, we will strictly enforce the examination and authorization of patents and trademarks, and promote high-quality creation and efficient use through high-quality assessments. Fourth, we will promote the improvement of funding policies, completely cancel funding for the application of IP, and focus on increasing support for subsequent transformation and application, administrative protection and public services. Fifth, we will severely crack down on abnormal patent applications not for the purpose of protecting innovation and malicious trademark registrations not for the purpose of being used.

Driven by these policies, the quality and efficiency of China's IP development has continuously improved. During the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016-2020), the export volume of China's intellectual property royalties increased by double digits for five consecutive years. In 2020, the figure reached $8.68 billion, registering an average annual growth rate of 51.6%. The pledge financing of patents and trademarks more than doubled from 84.85 billion yuan ($13.07 billion) to 218 billion yuan. The added-value of China's patent-intensive industries reached 11.5 trillion yuan in 2019, accounting for 11.6% of GDP. In 2020, 408 Chinese brands, totaling $1.6 trillion, entered the list of the world's top 5,000 brands, ensuring a strong underpinning for our high-quality economic development. In general, China's IP development has seen continuous improvement in both quality and efficiency in recent years. Thank you.

Xinhua News Agency:

We have noticed that Chinese enterprises are encountering more and more intellectual property disputes in the process of going global. What are the initiatives of the NIPA to support Chinese enterprises to better deal with IP disputes overseas? Thank you.

Shen Changyu:

Thank you for your question. In recent years, the NIPA has consistently stepped up efforts to build mechanisms and platforms to better help Chinese enterprises handle overseas IP disputes.

First, we established the National Guidance Center for Handling Overseas Intellectual Property Disputes and ten local sub-centers, as well as a coordination mechanism for handling major IPR cases, instructing Chinese enterprises to take active steps to respond to overseas IP disputes. So far, the national center and local sub-centers have offered guidance and consultation in more than 300 cases.

Second, we have consistently improved worldip.cn, a national platform for overseas IPR information services. Currently, the website provides information regarding 1,339 IP laws, regulations and international treaties from 189 countries and regions, as well as more than 40 guidelines for overseas work involving IP.

Third, we have improved risk prevention and control mechanisms in overseas IPR protection, focusing on several key issues. For example, in response to pirate registration of Chinese trademarks in the overseas market, we have drafted and issued guidelines on safeguarding trademark rights in pivotal countries.

Fourth, we have intensified efforts to promote training. So far, we have trained more than 45,000 people, effectively raising the capacity of Chinese enterprises to protect overseas IP rights.

Next, we will continue to improve the overseas IP dispute response mechanism, fully leverage the role of the National Guidance Center for Handling Overseas Intellectual Property Disputes and local sub-centers, accelerate the establishment of overseas sub-centers, and provide high-standard guidance and services for Chinese enterprises that "go global." Thank you.

Xing Huina:

This concludes today's conference, thank you to the three speakers and thank you to all the journalists, goodbye everyone!

Translated and edited by Zhang Liying, Zhou Jing, Zhang Rui, Huang Shan, Guo Yiming, Liu Qiang, Zhu Bochen, Li Huiru, Li Xiao, Fan Junmei, He Shan, Liu Jianing, Wang Qian, Wang Yiming, Wang Wei, Xiang Bin, Yuan Fang, Dong Qingpei, David Ball, Jay Birbeck, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speaker:

Liu Aihua, spokesperson of the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), director general of the Department of Comprehensive Statistics of the NBS

Chairperson:

Shou Xiaoli, deputy head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office (SCIO) and SCIO spokesperson

Date:

April 16, 2021

Shou Xiaoli:

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning. Welcome to this press conference held by the State Council Information Office (SCIO). Today's press conference is a regular briefing on China's economic data. We are delighted to be joined by Ms. Liu Aihua, spokesperson of the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and director general of the Department of Comprehensive Statistics of the NBS. Ms. Liu will introduce details concerning China's economic performance in the first quarter of 2021 and answer your questions. Now, let's give the floor to Ms. Liu.

Liu Aihua:

Thank you. I'll start by briefing you all on China's economic performance in the first quarter of this year and then take your questions. The national economy has seen a good start in the first quarter. Faced with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic during winter and spring as well as uncertainties in the external environment, local authorities and government departments have all worked under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, faithfully implemented the decisions and plans of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, and consolidated and expanded the progress on epidemic prevention and control and socioeconomic development. Macro policies are being implemented in a scientific and targeted manner. As a result, China's national economy delivered a stable performance with a consolidated foundation and a good momentum of growth. The demand of production was expanded, market vitality improved, employment and consumer prices remained stable, and people's well-being was fully guaranteed. The national economy has seen a good start to the year.

According to preliminary estimates, gross domestic product (GDP) in the first quarter reached 24,931.0 billion yuan, up by 18.3% year on year at comparable prices, or up by 0.6% compared with the fourth quarter of 2020 and 10.3% compared with the first quarter of 2019, with an average two-year growth of 5.0%. By industry, the value added of the primary industry was 1,133.2 billion yuan, up by 8.1% year on year, or an average two-year growth of 2.3%; that of the secondary industry was 9,262.3 billion yuan, up by 24.4% year on year, or an average two-year growth of 6.0%; and that of the tertiary industry was 14,535.5 billion yuan, up by 15.6% year on year, or an average two-year growth of 4.7%. On one hand, the year-on-year GDP growth of 18.3% in the first quarter was affected by such unique factors as the low base figure of last year and the increased working days due to staff staying put during the Spring Festival. On the other hand, the quarter-on-quarter growth of 0.6% in the first quarter, with the average two-year growth reaching 5.0%, demonstrated the steady recovery of the national economy.

First, the overall agricultural production was steady, and pig production recovered significantly. 

In the first quarter, the value added of agriculture (crop farming) witnessed a year-on-year increase of 3.3%, with an average two-year growth of 3.4%. With the current favorable climatic conditions in major farming areas, spring ploughing and sowing progressed well, and the winter wheat grew slightly better than average. In the first quarter, the output of pork, beef, mutton and poultry was 22 million metric tons, up by 21.4% year on year. Of this total, pork output was up by 31.9%, milk was up by 8.5% and eggs were down by 2.1%. Pig production recovered significantly. At the end of the first quarter, the number of pigs registered in stock was 415.95 million, up by 29.5% year on year, among which 43.18 million were breeding sows, up by 27.7%. 

Second, industrial production rebounded steadily, and the manufacturing industry demonstrated strong growth.

The total value added of industrial enterprises above the designated size grew by 24.5% year on year in the first quarter of 2021, or up by 2.01% quarter on quarter, with an average two-year growth of 6.8%. Of this total, the total value added of industrial enterprises above the designated size in March increased by 14.1% year on year, up by 0.60% month on month. An analysis by type of ownership showed that in the first quarter, the value added of state holding enterprises was up by 16.9% year on year; that of share-holding enterprises was up by 23.7% year on year; that of enterprises funded by foreign investors or investors from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan was up by 29.2% year on year; and that of private enterprises was up by 29.7% year on year. In terms of sectors, the value added of mining increased by 10.1% year on year, with an average two-year growth of 4.0%; that of manufacturing increased by 27.3% year on year, with an average two-year growth of 6.9%; and the production and supply of electricity, thermal power, gas and water increased by 15.9% year on year, with an average two-year growth of 4.8%. The value added of equipment manufacturing and high-tech manufacturing increased by 39.9% and 31.2% year on year, respectively, with average two-year growth of 9.7% and 12.3%, respectively. Specifically, the production of new-energy vehicles, industrial robots, excavating and shoveling machinery, microcomputers and integrated circuits all witnessed year-on-year growth of over 60%, with the average two-year growth exceeding 19%. In March, the Manufacturing Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) stood at 51.9%, staying above the threshold for 13 months in a row; and the Production and Operation Expectation Index was 58.5%.

From January to February, profits from industrial enterprises above the designated size reached 1,114.0 billion yuan, 2.79 times that of the first two months of last year, or an average two-year growth of 31.2%; and the profit rate of the business revenue of industrial enterprises above the designated size was 6.60%, which was 3.15 percentage points higher than that of the first two months in 2020.

Third, the service sector experienced restorative growth, and market expectations were positive.

The first quarter witnessed a steady recovery of the service sector. Of this total, the value added of transportation, storage and postal services and that of real estate services grew by 32.1% and 21.4% year on year, respectively, with average two-year growth of 6.6% and 6.8%, respectively. In March, the Index of Services Production grew by 25.3% year on year, with an average two-year growth of 6.8%. In the first two months, business revenue of service enterprises above the designated size grew by 37.8% year on year, with an average two-year growth of 10.0%. Of this total, the business revenue of information transmission, software and information technology services and that of scientific research and technology services grew by 35.0% and 47.8% year on year, respectively, with average two-year growth of 17.4% and 11.5%, respectively. In March, the Business Activity Index for services stood at 55.2%, which was 4.4 percentage points higher than that in February. The Business Activity Index for railway transportation, air transportation, telecommunication, broadcast, television and satellite transmission services, software and information technology services, monetary and financial services stayed within the high expansion range of 60.0% and above; the Business Activity Index for accommodation, leasing and business services and resident services hit hard by the spread of COVID-19 in some areas at the beginning of the year rebounded to the expansion range. From the perspective of market expectations, the Business Activity Expectation Index for services stood at 62.9%, remaining within the high expansion range of 60.0% and above for two consecutive months.

Fourth, market sales improved gradually, and online retail sales grew rapidly.

In the first quarter, the total retail sales of consumer goods reached 10,522.1 billion yuan, up by 33.9% year on year, or up by 1.86% quarter on quarter, with an average two-year growth of 4.2%. Specifically, in March, the total retail sales of consumer goods reached 3,548.4 billion yuan, up by 34.2% year on year, 0.4 percentage point higher than that in the first two months, with an average two-year growth of 6.3%, or up by 1.75% month on month. Analyzed by different areas, the retail sales of consumer goods in urban areas reached 9,134.5 billion yuan, up by 34.6% year on year, or an average two-year growth of 4.3%; and that in rural areas rose by 29.4% year on year to 1,387.5 billion yuan, with an average two-year growth of 3.2%. Grouped by consumption patterns, the income of catering was 1,059.6 billion yuan, up by 75.8% year on year, or an average two-year decline of 1.0%; and the retail sales of goods was 9,462.5 billion yuan, up by 30.4% year on year, or an average two-year growth of 4.8%. Grouped by categories, for the retail sales of goods by enterprises above the designated size in the first quarter, the year-on-year growth rates of 18 categories of goods exceeded 10%. Specifically, the retail sales of sports and recreational goods and communication equipment grew by 45.2% and 42.4% year on year, respectively, with average two-year growth of 17.4% and 17.1%, respectively. Online retail sales reached 2,809.3 billion yuan, up by 29.9% year on year, with an average two-year growth of 13.5%. Specifically, the online retail sales of physical goods totaled 2,306.7 billion yuan, up by 25.8% year on year, with an average two-year growth of 15.4%, accounting for 21.9% of the total retail sales of consumer goods, which was 1.2 percentage points higher than that in the first two months of this year.

Fifth, fixed asset investment recovered steadily and investment in high-tech industries and social sectors grew quickly.

In the first quarter, the investment in fixed assets (excluding rural households) reached 9.5994 trillion yuan, up by 25.6% over last year, or up by 2.06% quarter on quarter with an average two-year growth of 2.9%. In March, the investment in fixed assets (excluding rural households) grew by 1.51% month on month. Specifically, in the first quarter, the investment in infrastructure was up by 29.7% year on year, an average two-year growth of 2.3%; manufacturing was up by 29.8% year on year, an average two-year decrease of 2.0%; and real estate development was up by 25.6% year on year, an average two-year growth of 7.6%. The floor space of commercial buildings sold reached 360.07 million square meters, up by 63.8% year on year, an average two-year growth of 9.9%. The total sales of commercial buildings was 3.8378 trillion yuan, up by 88.5% year on year, an average two-year growth of 19.1%. By industry, investment in the primary industry increased 45.9% year on year, with an average two-year growth of 14.8%; in the secondary industry it was up by 27.8% year on year, with an average two-year decrease of 0.3%; and the tertiary industry grew by 24.1% year on year, an average two-year growth of 4.0%. Private investment went up by 26.0% year on year, an average two-year growth of 1.7%. Investment in high-tech industries grew by 37.3% year on year, an average two-year growth of 9.9%. Specifically, the investment in high-tech manufacturing and high-tech services grew by 41.6% and 28.6% year on year, respectively, with average two-year growth of 10.7% and 8.2%, respectively. In terms of high-tech manufacturing, investment in the manufacturing of medical equipment, measuring instruments and meters, and in the manufacturing of computers and office devices grew by 50.0% and 49.5% year on year, respectively, with average two-year growth of 9.1% and 24.2%, respectively. In terms of high-tech services, investment in testing services and in research, development and design services went up by 55.7% and 48.2% year on year, respectively, with average two-year growth of 14.8% and 21.5%, respectively. Investment in social sectors increased 31.7% year on year, with an average two-year growth of 9.6%. Specifically, investment in the health sector and education sector went up by 50.9% and 27.0% year on year, respectively, with average two-year growth of 22.3% and 10.4%, respectively.

Sixth, imports and exports of goods grew noticeably and the trade structure continued to improve.

In the first quarter, the total value of imports and exports of goods was 8.4687 trillion yuan, an increase of 29.2% over the previous year. The total value of exports was 4.6140 trillion yuan, up by 38.7% year on year; and that of imports was 3.8547 trillion yuan, up by 19.3% year on year. The trade balance was 759.3 billion yuan in surplus. In March, the total value of imports and exports of goods was 3.0228 trillion yuan, up by 24.0% year on year. The total value of exports was 1.5554 trillion yuan, up by 20.7% year on year; and that of imports was 1.4674 trillion yuan, up by 27.7% year on year. The trade structure continued to improve. In the first quarter, the imports and exports of general trade accounted for 61.2% of the total value of imports and exports, 1.3 percentage points higher than the same period of the previous year. The imports and exports by private enterprises accounted for 46.7% of the total value of imports and exports, 4.4 percentage points higher than the same period during the previous year. 

Seventh, consumer prices maintained the same level year on year and producer prices for industrial products went up year on year.

In the first quarter, consumer prices maintained the same level as the previous year. In March, consumer prices were up by 0.4% year on year, and down by 0.2% in February; or down by 0.5% month on month. In the first quarter, consumer prices fell by 0.1% in urban areas and maintained the same level in rural areas. Grouped by commodity categories, the prices of food, tobacco and alcohol went up by 0.6% year on year; clothing was down by 0.2%; housing was down by 0.2%; articles and services for daily use were down by 0.1%; transportation and communication fell by 1.4%; education, culture and recreation were up by 0.3%; medical services were up by 0.3%; and other articles and services were down by 1.1%. In terms of food, tobacco and alcohol prices, the price of grain went up by 1.5%, fresh vegetables were up by 4.8%, and pork was down by 12.5%, or down by 18.4% in March with a decline expanded by 3.5 percentage points compared with February. In the first quarter, the core CPI excluding the price of food and energy stayed the same as that of last year.

In the first quarter, the producer prices for industrial products went up by 2.1% year on year. Specifically, the prices in March went up by 4.4% year on year, 2.7 percentage points higher than the growth in February, or up by 1.6% month on month. In the first quarter, the purchasing prices for industrial products went up by 2.8%. Specifically, the prices in March went up by 5.2%, which was 2.8 percentage points higher than the growth in February, or up by 1.8% month on month.

Eighth, the surveyed urban unemployment rate fell and employment remained generally stable. 

In the first quarter, the newly employed people in urban areas numbered 2.97 million. In March, the surveyed urban unemployment rate was 5.3%, down by 0.2 percentage points compared with February and 0.6 percentage points lower than the same period last year. The surveyed unemployment rate of population with local household registration was 5.3% and that of population with non-local household registration was 5.4%. Specifically, the surveyed unemployment rates of the population aged from 16-24 and from 25-29 were 13.6% and 4.8%, respectively. The surveyed urban unemployment rate in 31 major cities was 5.3%, 0.2 percentage points lower than that in February. In March, employees of enterprises worked 46.9 hours per week on average, up by 0.6 hours compared with February. At the end of the first quarter, the number of rural migrant workers totaled 174.05 million. 

Ninth, residents' income continued to rise and the income growth of rural residents outpaced that of urban residents. 

In the first quarter, the per capita disposable income of residents nationwide was 9,730 yuan, a nominal increase of 13.7% year on year, with an average two-year growth of 7.0%, or a real increase of 13.7% year on year after deducting price factors, with an average two-year growth of 4.5%. In terms of permanent residents, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 13,120 yuan, a nominal increase of 12.2% year on year and a real increase of 12.3%; and the per capita disposable income of rural residents was 5,398 yuan, a nominal increase of 16.3% year on year and a real increase of 16.3%. In terms of income source, nationwide per capita salary income, net operative income, net property income and net income from transfers saw year-on-year growth of 12.4%, 19.5%, 17.0% and 10.7% in nominal terms, respectively. The per capita disposable income of urban residents was 2.43 times that of rural households, 0.09 lower than the ratio of the same period last year. Median per capita disposable income nationwide was 8,014 yuan, an increase of 12.7%. 

Generally speaking, the national economy in the first quarter continued its stable recovery. However, we must be aware that the COVID-19 pandemic is still spreading globally and the international landscape is complicated with high uncertainties and instabilities. The foundation for the domestic economic recovery is also yet to be consolidated and the long-standing structural problems remain prominent with new situations and issues arising from development. In the next stage, we must follow the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and continue to consolidate the foundation of economic stability, to build strength for development and to guarantee basic security requirements. We should maintain the consistency, stability and sustainability of macro policies, deepen reform and opening-up and innovation, keep the economy performing within a reasonable range and promote the quality development of the economy in a solid manner. 

That's all for my introduction. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

Thank you, Ms. Liu for your introduction. The floor is now open for questions. Please identify the media organization you represent before asking your questions.

CCTV:

Ms. Liu, from the data that was just released, we can see that the GDP in the first quarter achieved rapid growth of 18.3%. I would like to ask, what factors contributed to this growth rate? How should we understand the current operation of the overall economy? The first quarter of this year is also the first quarter of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) period. What's your comment on China's economic performance for the start of the year? Thank you.

Liu Aihua:

Thank you for your questions. Judging from the main indicators for the first quarter just introduced, it can be said that in this period, despite the tests the pandemic gave rise to in winter and spring and the uncertainties of the external environment, the outcomes we achieved in coordinating the pandemic prevention and control with economic and social development have been consolidated and expanded. On the whole, China's economy has continued to recover steadily, with a positive start. Its characteristics are mainly reflected in five aspects:

First, production demand continues to improve. Because of the low base in the same period last year and the increase in working days as many people stayed put for the Spring Festival, this year's year-on-year growth rate has shown a different trend from previous years. We need to judge the economic situation from multiple angles. Judging from the year-on-year situation, due to the gradual recovery of market demand, the relatively low base of the previous year, and the stay-put celebrations, the main indicators showed double-digit growth. In the first quarter, the GDP increased by 18.3% year-on-year, as did the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size by 24.5%, the total retail sales of consumer goods by 33.9%, fixed asset investment (excluding rural households) by 25.6%, and total imports and exports of goods by 29.2%. The year-on-year growth rate of these indicators was all double-digit. From a quarter-on-quarter perspective, the main indicators continued to grow. In the first quarter, the value added by industrial enterprises above designated size increased by 2.01% from the fourth quarter of the previous year, the total retail sales of consumer goods by 1.86% from the previous quarter, and fixed asset investment by 2.06%. Looking at the average growth rate over the past two years, the GDP in the first quarter increased by an average of 5%, the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size by an average of 6.8%, the total retail sales of consumer goods by an average of 4.2%, the investment in fixed assets by an average of 2.9%, and the average growth rate of the total amount of goods imported and exported was also close to 10%. Therefore, by combining these indicators, it can be said that the overall economy is in stable recovery.

Second, employment and commodity prices are generally stable. In the first quarter, the surveyed unemployment rate in urban areas across the country averaged 5.4%, a year-on-year decrease of 0.4 percentage points. That includes an unemployment rate of 5.3% in March, down 0.6 percentage points year-on-year. In the first quarter, 2.97 million new jobs were created in urban areas across the country, fulfilling 27% of the annual target. In terms of commodity prices, consumer prices in the first quarter remained flat year-on-year. In March, a decline of 0.2% in the previous month turned to an increase of 0.4%, indicating a relatively moderate increase.

Third, we saw a rapid development of new growth drivers. In the first quarter, the high-tech manufacturing industry above designated size grew by 31.2% year-on-year, with an average increase of 12.3% over two years. The added value of the equipment manufacturing industry increased by 39.9% year-on-year, while the two-year average growth rate was 9.7%. These two growth rates are faster than the overall growth rate of all industries above designated size. Investment in the high-tech industry increased by 37.3% year-on-year, with an average growth rate of 9.9% over two years, which was 7 percentage points higher than the total investment. The output of smart low-carbon products has grown rapidly. In the first quarter, the output of new energy vehicles, industrial robots, and microcomputer equipment increased by 3.1 times, 1.1 times, and 73.6% respectively year-on-year, and the average growth rate over the two years exceeded double digits. New business forms and models continue to emerge. New models such as live-streaming e-commerce, online diagnosis and treatment, and telecommuting are developing well, and online and offline integration is speeding up. The online retail sales of physical goods in the first quarter increased by 25.8% year-on-year, with a two-year average increase of 15.4%, accounting for 21.9% of total consumer goods sales.

Fourth, quality and efficiency have been steadily improved. Let's first look at corporate profits. From January to February, the total profits for industrial enterprises above designated size increased by 1.79 times year-on-year, with an average increase of 31.2% over two years; service industry enterprises above designated size turned losses into profits, achieving a total profit of 169 billion yuan, compared to losing money in the same period last year. Residents' income continued to increase. In the first quarter, the national average per capita disposable income increased by 13.7% year-on-year in real terms, with a two-year average growth rate at 4.5%. Meanwhile, the income of rural residents grew faster than that of urban residents. Additionally, energy consumption per unit of GDP continued to decline, with preliminary calculations showing that energy consumption per unit of GDP in the first quarter fell by 3.1% year-on-year.

Fifth, market expectations are stable and improving. In March, China's Manufacturing PMI was 51.9%, an increase of 1.3 percentage points from the previous month, and was within the boom range for 13 consecutive months; the non-manufacturing business activity index was 56.3%, an increase of 4.9 percentage points; the composite PMI output index was 55.3%, an increase of 3.7 percentage points.

Judging from the above five aspects, we can see that the economic recovery in the first quarter of this year continued and that positive factors are accumulating. At the same time, we also understand that the international pandemic is still raging, the international environment is still complex and severe, the foundation for domestic economic recovery is not yet solid, and some service industries and small and micro-enterprises continue to face additional difficulties with their production and operations. In these aspects, we must continue to follow the deployments of the Central Economic Work Conference and the government work report to further increase the efforts to help enterprises out of difficulties; maintain continuity, stability, and sustainability of macroeconomic policies; and promote steady economic recovery. Thank you.

Red Star News:

My question is, judging from the statistics of the first quarter (Q1) of 2021, the consumption sector has rebounded significantly. What's your take on the recovery and in what areas has there been a relatively slow recovery? What measures will be taken to continue to expand consumption in the future? Thanks.

Liu Aihua:

Thanks for your questions. Judging from the data released just now, the total retail of consumer goods surged by 33.9% year on year in Q1, with an average two-year growth of 4.2%. Data show that this year, the consumer market is riding the quarterly recovery momentum from last year, showing a rapid rate of recovery. The three characteristics are as follows: 

First, the retail of goods maintained relatively rapid growth. Sales of goods grew by 30.4% year on year or average two-year growth of 4.8%. For sales of goods by enterprises above the designated size, the year-on-year growth rate in 18 categories of goods exceeded 10%. Specifically, sales of eight categories of goods, including sports, recreational, and communication equipment, increased by an average two-year growth rate of more than 10%.

Second, online sales saw a growing momentum. In Q1, online sales of physical goods reported an average two-year growth of 15.4%, accounting for 21.9% of the total sales of consumer goods.

Third, consumption sectors, such as the catering industry and offline consumption, which were buffered from recovery in the early stages, are now rebounding rapidly. In March, China's catering industry grew at an average two-year rate of 0.9%, which means that the monthly growth rate was higher than that of the same period in 2019 for the first time since 2020. Regarding offline consumption, sales of goods in physical retail shops above the designated size rose by 42.2% year on year in Q1, with an average two-year growth of 4.5%, 0.4 percentage points higher than that of the Jan-Feb period, showing a speedy recovery.

During the Tomb-Sweeping Day holiday, Chinese residents demonstrated a strong consumer demand for tourism and movies. Data from relevant departments shows that the total number of domestic trips topped 102 million during the holiday, recovering to 94.5% of the pre-COVID-19 level. From April 2 to 5, the number of railway passenger journeys rose by 225.8% compared with last year's Tomb-Sweeping Day holiday, recovering to 92.4% of 2019 levels. In the film market, China generated more than 800 million yuan in box office revenue during the three-day Tomb-Sweeping Day holiday, a record high in the same period compared to previous years.

From these numbers, we can see that there has been a rapid recovery in both online and offline sales of goods as well as in sectors such as catering and tourism, which had previously seen a relatively slow recovery and raised many concerns. Influenced by last year's base figures, the year-on-year growth was relatively rapid. With total sales of consumer goods dropping by 19% in Q1 of last year, on the basis of such a low base figure, sales of consumer goods registered a relatively fast growth rate of over 30%. There are also other contributing factors. The improved consumption environment boosted residents' confidence. Residents with an increased income demonstrated their strong consumption capacity. Favorable policies for expanding domestic demand and promoting consumption boosted the sale of major consumer goods. All of these are the reasons behind the rapid growth of the consumer market in Q1.

You just asked about what future trends we're likely to see for the recovery of the consumer market. Generally speaking, since last year, the consumer market has stood the severe test of the pandemic. The advantages of a mega-scale market are obvious and the momentum of upgraded consumption has remained unchanged. In the future, as the economy recovers steadily and residents' income continues to increase, there will be a greater impetus for promoting consumption capacity. China enhanced its responses to COVID-19 and took more targeted measures for pandemic prevention and control, which were also helpful in improving the consumption environment. Policies for expanding domestic demand and promoting consumption are paying off. The building of a new "dual circulation" development pattern that allows the domestic and overseas markets to reinforce each other with the domestic market as the mainstay, is speeding up. All these will support the steady recovery of the consumer market. At the same time, we should notice that China is still facing pressure from imported cases as well as the resurgence of outbreaks at home, which may affect consumer confidence. So we need to continue to coordinate the work of pandemic prevention and control and the economic and social development and improve the urban-rural logistics system to offer more favorable conditions for consumption. We will also work to maintain stability in employment, increase people's income and ensure that relevant policies are implemented in detail to sustain the steady consumption recovery. Thanks.

Shenzhen Special Zone Daily and Dute News: 

According to the statistics released, CPI growth was consistently negative during the first two months of this year, only becoming positive in March for the first time, and thus showed year-on-year flat growth in the first quarter. Analysts predicted that inflation would gradually grow in the next one or two quarters. What do you expect in terms of the CPI trend for the whole year? Thank you.  

Liu Aihua:

Thank you for your question. Just as you mentioned, the overall price levels in the first quarter were steady and the CPI showed flat year-on-year growth. The CPI shifted from a negative growth of 0.2% in February to positive growth of 0.4% in March. The trend of prices is of great concern among the public. Generally speaking, the CPI is currently flat year on year. The growth rate of 0.4% in March was also a mild one. Analyzed structurally, the main factor that led to the positive growth was the price increases of gasoline and diesel, which belong to non-food categories. In March, the prices of both gasoline and diesel increased by 12% year on year. Driven by the price rise of these two energy products, the growth rate of CPI in March turned positive and reached 0.4%. Looking at other commodity categories, price rises, including that of food, were all considered moderate and some prices even fell. Food prices in March declined by 0.7% year on year. As for the price of pork, which is of great concern, decreased by 18.4% in March.  

Looking to the future, what do we forecast in terms of CPI trends for the whole year? First, from the perspective of specific categories, the public is more concerned about the prices of industrial consumer goods, which grew by 1% in March year on year. As for future trends, since we have complete industrial systems, sufficient manufacturing capacity, and effective and forceful macro-control measures in the field, the factors leading to soaring prices do not exist in terms of supply and demand. Second, regarding food prices, the price of pork has played a big role in propelling food price growth over the past two years. However, it has dropped year on year for several months consecutively, falling by 18.4% year on year. Currently, with the implementation of measures to guarantee supply and stabilize prices, our hog production capacity has recovered remarkably. The live hog stocks had grown by 29.5% year on year by the end of the first quarter, an increase of six quarters in a row, indicating a rapid recovery. From this perspective, the price of pork is showing a continuous downward trend. In addition, grain prices were also relatively stable with grain production enjoying a good start this year and winter wheat growing a little better than previous years. From this perspective, food security can be guaranteed. Therefore, whether it's from pork or grain prices, there is little pressure for CPI to grow. Third, as for service prices, since the service industry has recovered steadily both in supply and demand, the price too will restore gradually with the recovery of supply and demand and may show a moderate growth trend. 

Based on the above-mentioned three aspects, including the prices of industrial consumer goods, food, and service, the CPI through the whole year is expected to remain in a moderate range of growth. Thank you.

CNBC:

I have two questions. First, investment in the manufacturing industry during the first quarter increased by 29.8% year-on-year, registering an average two-year decrease of 2%, and consumption in the first quarter exceeded expectations. Will the manufacturing investments impact future economic growth, employment, and consumption, and what are the factors involved? Second, China has promised to strive for peak carbon dioxide emissions by 2030. Will the economy be impacted to achieve this goal? Thank you.

Liu Aihua:

Thank you for your questions. Your first question is a very targeted one. In the process of rapid recovery of overall demand, there are indeed areas that have yet to return to pre-epidemic levels, including investments in the manufacturing sector. An average two-year drop of 2% means that current manufacturing investments are about 96% of before the COVID-19 epidemic and that manufacturing investments haven't returned to pre-epidemic levels. There are many factors involved. On the one hand, this shows that enterprises are facing some difficulties in production and management. They are still recovering and have some concerns regarding investment. On the other hand, enterprises are also observing the overall market, and the factors conducive to the recovery of manufacturing investments are slowly accumulating and increasing. For example, profits for industrial enterprises of designated size in January and February increased by 1.79 times, a significant growth year-on-year, and the average two-year growth reached 31.2%. It can be said that enterprise profits are improving.

This year marks the first year of the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-2025), and some major projects are being arranged, providing private enterprises with more and more opportunities to participate. There are many investment opportunities in terms of new infrastructure and new urbanization initiatives and major projects, the transformation of traditional industries, and the upgrading of emerging industries. Therefore, I think, with the overall recovery of the economy and improvement in enterprises' profits, the confidence of enterprises will slowly be enhanced and the room for upgrading of the manufacturing industry remains large. We are still very confident in the recovery of manufacturing investments in the future.

Your second question is about the impact of peak carbon dioxide emissions. In general, promising to strive for peak carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 indicates our confidence in green development. Peaking carbon dioxide emissions will certainly promote energy production and consumption toward clean and low-carbon development, and we are working towards it. Energy consumption per unit GDP decreased by 3.1% in the first quarter, suggesting that we have taken the correct actions in this regard, which is very beneficial to the green development of the economy. Thank you.

Hong Kong Bauhinia Magazine:

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) recently raised its economic growth projection for China in 2021, predicting that its economy will grow by 8.4%. What is the NBS' expectation for China's economic outlook of this year? Thank you.  

Liu Aihua:

Thank you for your question. The IMF upgraded its growth projection for China in 2021, lifting its economic growth to 8.4%, which shows the confidence and expectation of the international community for China's economic development throughout the year. As far as we are concerned, the economy is expected to maintain a consolidated and positive momentum for steady growth, which can be seen in the following three aspects:

First, internal driving forces have been strengthening. Consumption has been improving steadily due to increased personal incomes, improvement in the consumption environment, and implementation of policies. In March, the total sales of social consumer goods increased by 34.2% year on year, 0.4 percentage points higher than that of January and February. The hotel and catering industries, which were affected earlier, have been gradually recovering. March revenue in the catering industry was, for the first time, higher than the level of the same period in 2019, returning to pre-pandemic levels. Moreover, the composition of investment witnessed a continuous improvement in the first quarter, with the average investment in the high-tech industry and the social domain in the past two years up 9.9% and 9.6% respectively. Growth rates in both were close to 10%, higher than the overall investment growth. Such growth was actually not insignificant. Going forward with facilitating factors such as policies, programs, and funding are gradually put in place or implemented, investment is expected to maintain a steady recovery. Additionally, the growth of imports also accelerated in March, jumping 27.7% year on year, a figure that is higher than the growth of exports for the first time this year. This reflects a strong and consolidated recovery of domestic demand. 

Second, supply quality has been improving. Industrial restructuring has been on the rise. According to recently released data, both production and investment in the high-tech industry witnessed a faster growth than average. Additionally, the capacity utilization rate has been increasing, with the national industrial capacity utilization rate reaching 77.2% in the first quarter, up 9.9 percentage points year on year and the highest level in the same period since 2013. The service industry has also seen a steady recovery. The ratio of the added value in the service sector in GDP hit 58.3% in the first quarter, 21.1 percentage points higher than that of the secondary industry. The contribution rate in the service sector in terms of economic growth reached 50.9% and it continued to play its role as the major driving force for growth. Cutting edge services, including information transmission, software and information technology services, grew by 17.1% in the past two years.

Third, market vitality has been unleashed. Macro-policies have been put in place and continue to provide market entities with relief and necessary support. We have improved and implemented tax reduction policies in a bid to help market entities recover and energize them. The number of market entities has seen a rapid increase, with double-digit growth in market entities estblished daily. Enterprise projection has witnessed a good momentum of steady growth. In March, the manufacturing production and business activities expectation index and the non-manufacturing business activities expectation index were both around 60%, maintaining relatively high levels.

The above three aspects, whether in terms of the internal driving forces of the economy, the quality of supply, or market entities that we're concerned about, have all been improving and enhancing. The recovery in these aspects, together with a solid material foundation, complete industrial system, and abundant human resources, all of which are advantages that China has maintained for a long period, will synergize demand and supply, and provide micro-entities with relief. Overall, we are confident that our economic recovery will maintain the current momentum throughout the year, and I think we have the foundation and conditions to achieve a consolidated and positive momentum for steady growth.

Due to the pandemic, as we mentioned earlier, the economic environment is still facing uncertainties and instabilities. We have to be aware of such circumstances, as the foundation for domestic recovery is still yet to solidify and the growth of some enterprises in the service sector as well as among small and micro-businesses remains slow. In the wake of the new situation and problems in economic recovery, we will continue to follow the deployments in the government work report, as well as continue to consolidate the foundation for steady growth, ramp up efforts to achieve progress, and maintain the bottom line for ensuring economic growth to keep economic performance within the proper range throughout the year. 

Thank you.

National Business Daily:

Data for the seventh nationwide population census has not yet been released. When will it be available to the public? Thank you.

Liu Aihua:

Thank you for your attention to the population census. At present, all sectors of society are very concerned about the results of the seventh national census, and we also hope that everyone will receive new data about the country's population as soon as possible. This year, we will add more detailed information based on the sixth national census while significantly increasing the number of census bulletins to offer more details to the public. Therefore, we will make efforts to expedite the release of the final data.

Cover News:

I have two questions. The first is regarding the price of pork. What are your estimations for the future trends of pork prices following the recent dive in prices, which fell back to a dozen yuan for half a kilo? Will the price remain stable as many consumers wish? The second question is about the nationwide employment situation during the first quarter of 2021. More than 9 million students will graduate from colleges this year. What are the employment prospects for them? Thank you.

Liu Aihua:

Thank you for your questions. First, I talked about the price of pork just now. According to the current situation, pig production in China has recovered thanks to a series of supporting measures to stabilize supplies and price. In the first quarter, pig stocks grew 29.5% year on year and kept rising for six consecutive quarters. Large price drops were seen in some regions due to the recovery of pig production. CPI shows that the prices fell 18.4% year on year in March and also decreased month on month. The price will continue to fall as the pork production and supply situation continues to improve.

Your second question regards employment, which is so far generally stable this year. In the first quarter, the surveyed average urban unemployment rate was 5.4%, a decrease of 0.4 percentage point year on year, while the rate for March was 5.3%, falling by 0.6 percentage point year on year. Judging from current unemployment rate data, the current employment status is relatively stable. But just as you said, the overall employment pressure is relatively high this year, and structural imbalance is gradually becoming apparent in the process of economic recovery.

First, the total pressure still exists. The rural migrant labor population reached more than 170 million in the first quarter, 2.46 million fewer than in the same period in 2019. It can be understood that some enterprises in the service sector, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises, are facing more difficulties in production and operations, and are still in the process of recovery. Therefore, the demand for jobs is being directly affected and is indirectly causing the number of migrant workers in urban areas to be lower than before the pandemic. The surveyed unemployment rate for young people aged between 16 and 24 was 13.6% in March, up from a year earlier, indicating that young people still face challenges in employment. This may be because of the large number of young people pouring into the labor market after the Spring Festival and causing frictional unemployment. To some extent, it also signal that the job market is reviving. However, we need time to solve this problem and the job market pressure does indeed remain.

Furthermore, structural issues have also existed. We have learned through the investigation and research process that many enterprises in coastal industrial provinces and major foreign trade provinces report difficulties in recruiting workers. We recently conducted a survey of over 90,000 industrial enterprises above designated size, which showed that approximately 44% of these enterprises reported recruitment difficulties being the biggest problem they face and that this has reached the highest percentage in recent years. During several investigations, many enterprises reported that it is difficult to recruit ordinary workers, skilled workers, and highly-skilled workers on the frontline. These issues have started to appear during the economic recovery.

Therefore, the pressure on both the total amount and the structure of employment exists simultaneously. For the next step, as the economy continues to recover, we will continue to strengthen policies that prioritize employment and increase assistance to groups who have difficulties finding jobs. We will also gradually solve the problems faced by the employment sector by using employment guarantee services and by expanding market-oriented and socialized recruitment channels.

In general, the current employment situation is generally stable. With the overall recovery of the economy, there are still some conditions that need to be met to maintain both the increase of employment demand and the overall stability of the job market throughout the year. Thank you.

China National Radio (CNR):

We noticed that in the first quarter, the total sales of commercial buildings amounted to 3,837.8 billion yuan, up by 88.5% year on year. When coupled with the data released today regarding housing prices in March across 70 large and medium-sized Chinese cities, the overall year-on-year increase also continued. How do you evaluate the current property market situation? What impacts will this increase have on the national economy?

Liu Aihua:

Thank you for your question. Regardless of whether it is investment in or sales of real estate this year, these indicators have been affected by the base figures of the same period last year, and most of the indicators are currently showing double-digit growth. Since the beginning of this year, various regions and departments have been closely following the new situation and new problems, and further adhered to the principle of "houses are used for living, not for speculation." With the goal of stabilizing land prices, housing prices, and expectations, a series of powerful and effective measures have been introduced in a timely manner. 

For the next step, with the increase in the construction of affordable rental housing, the development of the long-term rental housing market will gradually be standardized. A new supply pattern for the real estate market with multi-subject supply, multi-channel guarantee, and simultaneous rental and sales will then gradually take shape, which is conducive to promoting a steady and healthy development of the real estate market throughout the year. Thank you.

21st Century Business Herald:

The market has become more concerned with increasing commodity prices. What is the future trend for commodity prices? China has proposed enhancing regulation of the raw material market. What methods might be adopted in the future? Thank you.

Liu Aihua:

Thank you for your question. Recently, under the impetus of various factors such as loose global liquidity, a recovery in market demand, and short-term supply shortages, and so on, there has been a surge in international commodity prices. According to the data from relevant international organizations, during the first quarter, average international energy prices rose by 35.3% from the previous quarter, while the average non-energy price rose by 11.8%, reaching a relatively high level in recent years.

If we look at the recent price changes, we can see that the prices of some raw materials are growing. PPI grew by 0.3%, 1.7%, and 4.4% year-on-year in January, February, and March, respectively, reversing the previous downward trend lasted for nearly one and a half years. A 4.4% year-on-year increase in March was mainly driven by sectors related to oil and metal, with average prices in the oil and metal-related sectors growing by 11.1% and 17.6% year on year respectively. Generally speaking, the structural increase in PPI is mainly driven by the growing prices of means of production, as their average price went up by 5.8% year on year in March. The price for the means of subsistence in March was stable, up 0.1% year-on-year.

As China integrates deeper into the global economy, the price increase of international commodities may have an impact on the prices of some domestic sectors via trade and investment channels. However, judging from the structural features of the current PPI increase, the impact will mainly affect some upstream industries. The influence on downstream industries is yet to be seen. The relationship between supply and demand is the most fundamental element for price changes. Under the current circumstances with the ongoing economic recovery, the quality and capacity of supply are gradually improving, while demand is still recovering. Seen from these aspects, the prices of China's upstream products have no foundation for long-term growth. Thank you.

China Financial and Economic News:

In recent years, China has made significant efforts to relieve the pressure of market entities. As Premier Li Keqiang said, market entities have provided much support in sustaining positive growth in the domestic economy as well as to meet employment goals in the last year. This year, China continues to adopt multiple measures to serve market entities. What are the major contributions made by vigorous market entities to the stellar economic performance in Q1? How do you see the relationship between the market entities and the country's economic performance? Thank you.

Liu Aihua:

Thank you for your questions. Market entities are the foundation of the market economy. Since last year, China has adopted many macro policies to cut taxes and fees to alleviate the difficulties of market entities and meet their demands. Those policies have been very effective in protecting market entities. From this year's statistics, we can see that the macro-economy is generally recovering and stabilizing, which is supported by the efforts of market entities at the micro-level. Moreover, as production and operations improve, businesses are gaining confidence. We can see this from the many statistics mentioned above, including the production and operations of some micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). In this year's government work report, China says it will continue to alleviate the difficulties of market entities; ensure continuity, consistency, and sustainability of macro policies; and avoid sharp turns in policy. This shows that China will maintain necessary policy support for market entities to recover. I believe that policy support will not only benefit the macro-economy but also promote higher quality and a higher level of employment.

MSMEs are now seeing better performance in their production and operations. They have also shown stronger confidence. In March, the PMI of small and medium enterprises had returned above the threshold, demonstrating stronger confidence among market entities. As macro policies continue to alleviate their difficulties, market entities, which are supported by their strong resilience, are bound to enjoy better production and operations this year. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

Thank you, Ms. Liu, and friends from the media. This is the end of today's press conference. Goodbye.

Translated and edited by Zhu Bochen, Huang Shan, Xu Xiaoxuan, Wang Qian, Zhang Rui, Zhang Junmian, Cui Can, Mi Xingang, Wang Yanfang, Gong Yingchun, Fan Junmei, Zhang Tingting, Chen Xia, Yan Xiaoqing, Guo Yiming, Li Huiru, David Ball, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speakers:

Shen Xiaoming, secretary of the Hainan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China and chairman of the Standing Committee of Hainan Provincial People's Congress

Feng Fei, governor of Hainan province

Cong Liang, deputy head of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)

Zou Jiayi, vice minister of finance

Wang Shouwen, vice minister of commerce and deputy China international trade representative

Zhang Jiwen, vice minister of the General Administration of Customs of China (GACC)

Wang Chunying, deputy administrator of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE)

Chairperson:

Chen Wenjun, head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office (SCIO) and spokesperson of the SCIO

Date:

April 12, 2021

Chen Wenjun:

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning! Today's press conference is about the construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port (FTP). In accordance with the decision and deployment of General Secretary Xi Jinping and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the construction of the Hainan FTP is being accelerated, policies are being formulated, and important progress has been achieved. Today, we have invited officials from central government departments and the Hainan provincial government to meet with you and introduce the situation. Speakers present at today's press conference include Shen Xiaoming, secretary of the CPC Hainan Provincial Committee and chairman of the Standing Committee of Hainan Provincial People's Congress; Feng Fei, governor of Hainan province; Cong Liang, deputy head of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC); Zou Jiayi, vice minister of finance; Wang Shouwen, vice minister of commerce and deputy China international trade representative; Zhang Jiwen, vice minister of the General Administration of Customs of China (GACC); and Wang Chunying, deputy administrator of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE). Now, I will give the floor to Mr. Cong.

Cong Liang:

Ladies and gentlemen, friends from the media, good morning! On April 13, 2018, General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an important speech at a conference celebrating the 30th anniversary of the founding of Hainan province and the Hainan Special Economic Zone, announcing the CPC Central Committee's major measures to support Hainan in comprehensively deepening reform and opening up. The Master Plan for the Construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port was officially released on June 1, 2020.

We studied in depth the series of important speeches and instructions of General Secretary Xi Jinping on supporting Hainan in comprehensively deepening reform and opening up and building itself into a free trade port, and developed a good understanding of the significant decision of the CPC Central Committee that building the Hainan FTP will exert a far-reaching impact. The construction of the Hainan FTP is intended to gather high-quality global production factors including capital, knowledge, technology, management, and data, providing an example of high-quality development for the nation. It will promote deeper reform with a higher level of openness so that we can explore new paths and accumulate new experience to speed up the improvement of the socialist market economy system. It will explore the formation of an internationally competitive open system so as to provide an important platform for China to adapt to and actively participate in the formulation of international economic and trade rules at a deeper level.

Over the past three years, especially since the release and implementation of the master plan, the leading group on deepening all-round reform and opening up of Hainan province has been working with the Hainan provincial government and relevant departments to carefully implement the deployment and requirements of the leading group. The system integration and innovation has been put in a prominent place, with focus on trade and investment liberalization and facilitation and the efficient flow of various factors of production. The system integration and collaborative innovation have been highlighted. A series of supporting policies have been put in place to promote Hainan FTP construction. According to preliminary statistics, more than 110 policy documents have been issued and the policy framework of the FTP is taking shape. We have got off to a good start. In general, these policies and systems can be summarized in six aspects.

First, we introduced policies that enable trade and investment to be freer and more convenient. We have established a goods trade system featuring zero tariffs and introduced one negative and two positive lists. The Yangpu Bonded Port Area took the lead in the implementation of an entry and exit management system for goods to facilitate trade, which features opening up the "front line" (the area between the Hainan FTP and other countries and regions outside the customs territory of China) and regulating the "second line" (the area between the Hainan FTP and other areas within the customs territory of China). We have issued the negative list for the access of foreign investment, rolled out special measures to loosen market access, and reduced the number of sectors and industries that are off-limits to both Chinese and foreign investors in its negative list for market access to 27 articles, making investment freer. We have introduced the Catalogue of Encouraged Industries (2020 version) and 17 policy documents to support the development of tourism, the modern service industry, and the high-tech industry, giving more room for development.

Second, we introduced policies that enable financial support to be safer and more convenient. We issued policy documents such as the Opinions on Financial Support for Hainan to Comprehensively Deepen Reform and Opening Up, and promoted the establishment of financial policies and institutional frameworks that are suitable for the Hainan FTP. We have enhanced RMB convertibility and promoted the facilitation of cross-border trade in goods and services as well as new types of international trade settlements. A quota of US$5 billion has been allocated under the Qualified Domestic Limited Partner (QDLP) pilot scheme in Hainan. We also took the lead to launch a pilot reform of overseas listing registration for domestic companies.

Third, we introduced policies that enable the tax preferential policies to be more efficient and targeted. We have formulated and implemented preferential policies including corporate income tax of 15% on encouraged industrial enterprises and personal income tax of 15% for eligible talents. Enterprises established in the Hainan FTP are entitled to corporate tax exemption for income from newly increased overseas direct investment. We have improved the offshore duty-free shopping policy, approved the establishment of six more duty-free shops, and provided "mail delivery" and "deposit offshore, pick up backshore" services. We have introduced policies such as VAT refunds for ships, and a tax rebate at Yangpu Port of Departure, and allowed ships that transit at Yangpu Port of China to refuel with bonded oil. Now, we are formulating tax exemption policies for foreign exhibits during national level exhibitions.

Fourth, we introduced policies that enable the transportation service to be more convenient and open. We have promoted the integration of ports and shipping businesses in the Qiongzhou Strait and built a safer, more efficient, convenient, and cost-effective transportation channel in the Qiongzhou Strait. A convenient and efficient vessel registration procedure has been established, and we are promoting the construction of Yangpu Port of China into an international port of registry. We have innovated cruise and yacht management, supported the construction of Sanya into a home port for international cruise ships, and promoted travel among Hainan, Hong Kong, and Macao by yacht. We introduced the Seventh Freedom traffic rights for air passenger and cargo services and promoted the upgrading of Boao Airport to an international port.

Fifth, we introduced policies that enable the supporting factors to be more effective. We have expanded the scope and channels of visa-free entry for foreigners and carried out a pilot reform of international talent service management. We have issued the high-level talent classification standards (2020), high-level talent identification measures, and management measures for overseas talents. A total of 38 domestic professional qualification examinations are open for overseas personnel and 219 overseas professional qualifications are recognized. International pilot projects on internet data interaction have been carried out. Special channels for international internet data have been set up in nine key parks. Policies such as "standard land" and "rent first and transfer later" have been introduced to guarantee the demand for land in a more flexible and effective way.

Sixth, we introduced more efficient and sophisticated institutions to secure the implementation of the construction of the FTP. The 24th session of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress reviewed the draft Hainan Free Trade Port Law and solicited opinions from the public. The first batch of legal adjustment matters have all been settled including the introduction of three laws and seven administrative regulations. Special regulations for key parks such as Sanya Yazhou Bay Resort have been issued. We have also innovated institutional mechanisms for ecological civilization. We streamlined administration and introduced systems such as "one stamp of approval." Thirty-six risk prevention and control measures such as anti-smuggling were introduced. The construction and development environment of the Hainan FTP has been significantly improved.

"Spring brings a new beginning and the best is yet to come." With the implementation of Hainan FTP policies and systems, the improvement of the development environment, and the increase of market players, Hainan will surely become a popular destination for investment and business. Thank you all!

Chen Wenjun:

Thank you, Mr. Cong. Next, I will give the floor to Mr. Shen.

Shen Xiaoming:

Ladies and gentlemen, friends from the media:

Good morning, everyone! First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all sectors of society for their attention and support during the comprehensive deepening of reform and opening up and the construction of a free trade port in Hainan. On April 13, 2018, General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an important speech at a conference celebrating the 30th anniversary of the founding of Hainan province and the Hainan Special Economic Zone, giving Hainan a new historical mission to comprehensively deepen reform and opening up, and supporting Hainan to gradually explore and steadily promote the construction of a free trade port with Chinese characteristics. The Master Plan for the Construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port was officially released on June 1, 2020. In the past three years, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, and with the strong support of the central and state departments, other provinces, and all sectors of society, we have put into practice the guiding principles from General Secretary Xi Jinping's important speeches and instructions on Hainan. The vibrant Hainan province has deepened reform and opening up, showing significant changes in ten aspects.

First, our enthusiasm for entrepreneurship has never been higher. We vigorously carried forward the enterprising, pioneering, and hard-working spirit of special economic zones. Each year, we focus on one area and tackle problems centering around the area. We continue to carry out a series of activities such as "making contributions to speed up the construction of the Hainan FTP," encourage government officials to bear the responsibility, and promote the construction of the Hainan FTP to get off to a very good start and develop at a rapid pace.

Second, the quality of economic development has significantly improved. We have made the economic transformation in three aspects, the industrial structure has been optimized, and the quality of development has been considerably enhanced. First, we made the resolve to wean the economy away from the real estate industry. The proportion of industrial investment rose from less than 40% to more than 60%. Second, the economic growth drivers shifted from mainly investment, in particular, real estate and infrastructure investment, to the combination of consumption and investment. Third, we worked to attract various market entities that are in line with the direction of industrial development to participate in the construction of the free trade port. Though under the pressure of real estate regulation and the impact of the epidemic, by great efforts, Hainan's GDP and tax revenue have maintained steady growth, and the main economic indicators are better than the national average. In the first year of the construction of the Hainan FTP, the number of newly established enterprises, the actual use of foreign capital, the number of talents attracted, and offshore duty-free sales have all doubled.

Third, all types of market entities have responded actively. With the implementation of such key policies as the "one negative list and three positive lists for zero tariffs" and the "three lists for lowering market entry threshold," we have added 763,000 market entities in the past three years, exceeding the total number registered entities in the previous 30 years. The utilization of foreign investment has doubled three years in a row, with the three-year aggregate reaching $5.27 billion, a figure more than half the total reported during the previous 30 years combined. For the past three years, central enterprises and their subsidiaries in Hainan saw business revenues grow by more than twentyfold. Additionally, the number of new enterprises grew by 113.7% after the release of the master plan.

Fourth, talent attraction has gained good momentum. With the support of such central ministries and commissions as the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee as well as other provinces, we have introduced three batches of 285 outstanding officials to work temporarily in Hainan as well as sent four batches of 400 Hainan officials to study in relevant central Party and government departments and developed provinces. Following the instructions of General Secretary Xi Jinping to mobilize the strength of the whole country and attract talents extensively to support the comprehensive deepening of reform in Hainan, we have brought in 233,000 talents for the province since 2018, up by 675% over the preceding period. Among the talents, over 50% were introduced in less than a year after the release of the master plan. Therefore, the first phase of the action plan's goal of attracting 1 million talents to Hainan has been fulfilled. We have also set up one-stop service windows for talents, released administrative measures for overseas personnel to practice and take professional qualification exams in the Hainan FTP, put in place preferential income tax policies for enterprises and individuals, and set salary as the main indicator for evaluating talents. Through these measures, Hainan has become a much better place for talent development.

Fifth, Hainan's environment has seen constant improvement. Hainan's environment is a treasure not only for Hainan people but also for all Chinese people. We have taken solid steps to advance the building of the national pilot zone for ecological progress in Hainan. The pilot program to establish a national tropical rainforest park system has been launched and passed national assessment. The proportion of new energy vehicles owned in Hainan has reached 4.2%, 1.3 times higher than the national level. We have also launched a ban on the production, sale, and use of disposable non-degradable plastic products. Additionally, the use of prefabricated buildings has doubled for three consecutive years; a "zero landfill" model for domestic waste was achieved on the island by the end of last year; the percentage of good air quality days reached 99.5% in 2020 with the average concentration of PM2.5 decreasing to 13 micrograms per cubic meter. The water ecosystems of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and offshore areas were among the best in China.

Sixth, Hainan's business environment has become increasingly better. By regarding the business environment as the "golden bowl" for the Hainan FTP, we have promoted integrated policy innovation as a key focus and released 12 batches of 116 policy innovation cases. We have strengthened Hainan's one-stop service window for international trade, cutting approval time by 70-80%. Our extremely simple approval procedures are welcomed by all types of market entities.

Seventh, a modern industry landscape is taking shape. We have sped up efforts to form a "3+1" modern industry system (tourism, modern service, high-tech, and high-efficiency tropical agriculture). In terms of tourism and modern services, by making good and full use of the offshore duty-free shopping policy, we have encouraged Chinese consumers to purchase high-end, medical, and educational products and services in Hainan instead of overseas. From May 7 to 10 this year, the first China International Consumer Products Expo will be held in Hainan. In terms of high-tech industry, construction of the Nanfan Agricultural Silicon Valley has made substantial progress; a number of deep-sea projects have been launched at the Yazhou Bay Science City represented by the deep-sea manned submersible Fendouzhe; and China's Mars mission Tianwen-1 and lunar probe Chang'e-5 were launched at the Wenchang International Aerospace City. In the past three years, the number of high-tech enterprises in Hainan has increased by 273%, internet industry revenues have risen by 192% and the supporting role of the high-tech industry has become more and obvious. Regarding high-efficiency tropical agriculture, while we continue to grow rubber trees, betel nut trees, and coconut trees, we have also actively introduced seeds for new varieties of tropical fruit from around the world. Meanwhile, we have encouraged traditional maritime fisheries to move their business onshore or to deep-sea areas and to engage in leisure fishing. The structure of the agricultural industry has been further optimized.

Eighth, risk prevention and control have been forceful and effective. We always believe that "opening up" must be guaranteed through "effective management." The information platform for social management has been put into full use, offering 24-hour monitoring over the flow of people, materials, and capital in offshore areas, along the coastline, and on the island. We have also adopted provisional anti-trafficking regulations to crack down on fraudulent purchases taking advantage of the offshore duty-free shopping policy in accordance with the law.

Ninth, people's sense of gain has steadily been enhanced. We have secured a high-quality victory in the battle against poverty. All five impoverished counties, 600 impoverished villages, and 650,000 registered poor have shaken off poverty. We have accelerated the implementation of a commodity housing program to meet the housing demand of local residents and talents introduced from elsewhere. We have taken forceful steps to curb the rise of consumer prices. We now have 102 schools set up in cooperation with quality educational resources brought in from elsewhere in China. We have also introduced 49 quality medical institutes from other Chinese provinces. With these measures, we have basically achieved the goal of enabling locals to "attend a good school at their doorway" and "get their ailments treated without going to town and their serious illnesses treated without leaving the island."

Tenth, a law on the Hainan FTP is in the making. We are actively cooperating with the National People's Congress (NPC) to make the law so as to give Hainan greater legislative power and power to carry out reforms. Now the NPC Standing Committee has completed the first review and a collection of public opinion.

On April 13 three years ago, General Secretary Xi Jinping made an important speech to welcome worldwide investors to invest in Hainan, participate in the construction of the Hainan FTP, and share China's development opportunities and the fruits of its reforms. Three years on, Hainan has proven by practice that the free trade port is indeed an opportunity for the whole world and we welcome everyone to Hainan. Thank you.

Chen Wenjun:

Thank you, Mr. Shen. Now the floor is open for questions. Please identify your news outlet before asking questions.

CCTV:

General Secretary Xi Jinping has stressed on different occasions that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets. How will Hainan protect its unique environment as a matter of national importance and ensure that the environment will only improve and never get worse?

Shen Xiaoming:

General Secretary Xi Jinping said during his inspection tour in Hainan that the lucid waters, lush mountains, blue sea, and azure sky are Hainan's strongest advantages and best assets. They are precious objects that can neither be bought nor borrowed. We understand that the lucid waters, lush mountains, blue sea, and azure sky in Hainan are not only precious for Hainan people but also for all Chinese people. Therefore, to best protect Hainan's unique environment is a matter of national importance and one that we must be fully aware of.

To ensure that the environment will only get better and never get worse is something we are resolved to accomplish and these efforts are being led by the construction of the national pilot zone for ecological progress in Hainan. To protect the environment, we will uphold two important concepts. First, we must simultaneously improve the "three environments" (ecological environment, policy environment, and business environment) to support the building of the free trade port. Second, in the development of the free trade port, all other issues must give way to environmental protection. If any issue conflicts with environmental protection, the latter prevails. In other words, we will by no means seek development at the cost of the environment.

Guided by the two concepts, we will mainly focus on three tasks. First, by setting a goal: that Hainan's environment will rank among the best in the world by 2035. Second, we must prioritize governance. We have strengthened governance in the process of rectifying the problems found by the central environmental supervision task force and the national marine supervision task force. We won't rest until these problems are thoroughly resolved. Third, we will launch flagship projects to lead environmental protection efforts. After General Secretary Xi Jinping's April 13 speech, the CPC Hainan Provincial Committee and the Hainan provincial government have planned a number of flagship environmental projects. For example, we have designated 4,400 square kilometers in central Hainan island as a national tropical rainforest park to protect China's only tropical rainforest. We have made a new energy development plan which aims to raise the share of clean energy in Hainan's installed power capacity to about 85% by 2030, a very advanced level even around the world. We also announced that Hainan will no longer sell petrol-fueled vehicles after 2030 and instead promote clean energy vehicles. We have also adopted a ban on disposable non-degradable plastic products which is now gradually being expanded across the island. Additionally, we have vigorously promoted the use of prefabricated buildings and their number has doubled for three years in a row.

Hainan's environment is good. This is a feeling shared by everyone who has been to Hainan. However, we in Hainan are fully aware that a good environment does not mean good environmental protection. Therefore, we need to keep working hard and strive to leave the lucid waters, lush mountains, blue sea, azure sky, and a gradually mature free trade port to the generations to come. That's all I'd like to share on this question. Thank you.

China Reform Daily:

Mr. Cong, in your opening remarks, you introduced the development of policy framework in the Hainan FTP. As one of the main leading departments, what has the NDRC done in this regard? Can you elaborate a little? Thank you.

Cong Liang:

Thank you for your question. Just now, I gave a general overview of the development of the policy framework in the Hainan FTP, which is the result of the joint efforts by all departments and Hainan province. Since 2020, the NDRC has fully grasped and put into practice the principles from General Secretary Xi Jinping's major addresses and instructions, and implemented the decisions and arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. We have innovated methods, fully performed our duties, and lost no time in making important policies and advancing major projects. Alongside Hainan province and other departments, we have jointly promoted the construction of the policy framework in the Hainan FTP.

The NDRC's work can be summarized as "three specials and one major." We have rolled out three special policies for the Hainan FTP, and boosted the construction of major projects in the Hainan FTP.

The first special policy is the Special Administrative Measures for the Access of Foreign Investment in Hainan Free Trade Port (Negative List). To further increase the liberalization and facilitation of investment in the Hainan FTP, accelerate the forming of globally competitive opening-up systems and policies, and turn the Hainan FTP into a flagbearer and window for opening-up in the new era, on Dec. 31, 2020, the NDRC and the Ministry of Commerce released the Special Administrative Measures for the Access of Foreign Investment in Hainan Free Trade Port (Negative List) (2020 Edition). Compared with the negative list with 30 restricted items for pilot free trade zones released in 2020, the negative list for the Hainan FTP was shortened to 27 items. The prohibitions and restrictions for some other items were also reduced, aiming at supporting the Hainan FTP to take a lead in further opening-up. Going forward, according to the requirements of the master plan, we will continue to shorten the negative list, and gradually allow more convenient and freer investment in Hainan.

The second special policy is the Catalogue of Encouraged Industries of Hainan FTP. In order to guide the industries in the Hainan FTP to develop in the right direction, and promote the clustering of domestic and international high-quality enterprises, on Jan. 27, 2021, the NDRC, the Ministry of Finance and the State Taxation Administration jointly introduced the Catalogue of Encouraged Industries of Hainan FTP (2020 Edition). Based on the current National Industrial Catalogue, it has added 14 more major categories and 143 sub-industries, basically covering all major industries and sectors in the Hainan FTP. The catalogue not only includes a wide range of items, but also highlights the development needs of the tourism industry, the modern service industry and the high technology industry. Next, we will make appropriate adjustments to the catalogue according to the needs in the construction of the Hainan FTP.

The third special policy concerns the special measures to ease market access in the Hainan FTP. In order to better leverage the distinct advantages of the Hainan FTP, which is positioned to experiment with the highest level of policies, and to explore a market access policy system, a supervision model and a governance institution with more flexibility and efficiency, several days ago, the NDRC and the Ministry of Finance jointly rolled out a series of special measures. Focusing on the functions of the Hainan FTP, we have proposed 22 measures for special market access that will deliver greater benefits in sectors including medical care, finance, culture and education. We will effectively promote the concentration of high-quality production factors, and speed up the fostering of new advantages with Hainan characteristics in cooperation and competition.

The "one major" refers to advancing the construction of major projects in the Hainan FTP. We have studied and made an action plan for the construction of major projects in the Hainan FTP, and established a reservation system for major projects. We have released the Regulations on the Management of Projects within Central Government Budget under Major Regional Development Strategies (Advancing Overall Reform and Opening-up in Hainan), and allocated 10 billion yuan to support the software and hardware infrastructure construction in the Hainan FTP. We have issued the Smart Hainan Plan and the Plan for Hainan to Build a Modern Comprehensive Transport System, so as to advance the construction of major projects in new-type infrastructure, transport and energy. We have included Hainan into the pilot project of the real estate investment trusts in infrastructure — the REITs pilot project — in a bid to support Hainan in vitalizing its existing assets, and expand financing channels in constructing major projects.

CRNTT:

Talent is the crucial foundation for constructing the Hainan FTP. Since June 1, 2020, when the CPC Central Committee and the State Council published the Master Plan for the Construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port, relevant departments have introduced a range of policies to attract talent to Hainan. How has the implementation progressed? And what measures will be taken to enrich the talent team in Hainan?

Shen Xiaoming:

As General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed at the celebration of the 30th anniversary of the founding of Hainan province and the Hainan Special Economic Zone on April 13, 2018, deepening overall reform and opening-up in Hainan is a major national strategy, which requires rallying support from the entire country as well as global talented people. We must realize that in deepening Hainan's reform and opening-up, and constructing the FTP, talent remains the top priority resource. Since April 13, 2018, the central government and relevant departments have fully supported Hainan in pooling talent. Hainan has rolled out a series of policies concerning talent, and has preliminarily founded a talent-related policy system that is scientific and effective. I mentioned earlier that during the last three years since April 13, 2018, Hainan has introduced 233,000 professionals. The number increased 675% over 2018. What delighted us more is that over half of these 233,000 professionals were introduced in less than a year since the master plan was released. That is to say, the speed of introducing talent has increased.

Next, as you mentioned, we will further enlarge the talent team in Hainan. However, as I always tell my colleagues in Hainan, it is important to both introduce talent as well as foster talent. We need both talent introduced from outside and local talent. The master plan runs until 2050, and I often feel that we are lucky to be the first generation in its construction. Where is the last generation or those who will make the final sprint in the campaign? Perhaps they are still in kindergarten. As such, developing education in Hainan is of strategic significance in expanding the talent team there. Thank you.

CNR:

We have noticed that the Master Plan for the Construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port mentions gradually opening up and achieving initial results before 2025. The Ministry of Finance has released a series of supporting policies. What role have these supporting policies played? Thank you.

Zou Jiayi:

Thank you for your question. The master plan has proposed an arrangement for fiscal and tax policies. That is, to implement a simplified tax system with zero tariffs and low tax rates by phrases. Before launching island-wide special customs clearance operations, we will focus on zero tariffs and low tax rates. Specifically, we will exempt tariffs for some imported goods, and implement low income tax rates for enterprises and individuals that meet relevant requirements. Meanwhile, we will implement value-added tax policy for relevant shipping vessels. In total, 12 taxation policies are involved.

In the past year, nine of the 12 policies were introduced as they matured. The first was the offshore duty-free shopping policy. The second was the zero-tariff policy for raw and auxiliary materials. The third was the zero-tariff policy for vehicles and yachts. The fourth was the zero-tariff policy for production equipment imported by enterprises for self-use. The fifth was the preferential policy for corporate income tax. The sixth was the preferential policy of individual income tax for high-end and urgently-needed professionals. The seventh was the value-added tax policy for international shipping vessels. The eighth was the tax refund policy for ports of departure. The ninth was the policy for domestic ships with both domestic and foreign trade goods on board, allowing them to refuel with bonded fuel oil required for the voyage, or claim tax refund if they refuel with locally produced fuel oil for the voyage. These nine policies have contributed to the early results in constructing the Hainan FTP.

The policies will play roles in four aspects. First, they will support the construction of an international tourism consumption center. Offshore duty-free shopping policies have been improved. The duty-free shopping quota has been raised to 100,000 yuan per person per year. The categories of duty-free goods have been expanded to 45. The duty-free limit for a single product and the single-purchase quantity limit on most goods have been cancelled. That means, within the 100,000-yuan quota per year, people can buy a watch, or multiple lower-priced items.

Under most circumstances, there is no limit on the quantity of items that can be bought in a single purchase, except for a small number of goods such as cosmetics, cell phones and alcohol. Meanwhile, to make it more convenient for tourists to purchase goods, besides picking up purchases in the restricted areas of airports, train stations and ports, there are two more collection methods, namely, express delivery and pickup after returning to the island.

Pickup after returning to the island is designed for Hainan residents who depart for business or travel, allowing them to collect their duty-free purchases after returning to the island. Express delivery is for the convenience of tourists, so that they don't have to carry the goods themselves, but can instead leave an address and have the shop mail the goods to their home. In addition, six offshore duty-free stores have been added — three in Haikou and three in Sanya. With the four previous stores, there are now a total of 10 offshore duty-free stores in Hainan.

Second, optimization and upgrade of the industrial structure will be supported. We have issued a zero-tariff policy for raw materials, transportation and yachts, and self-used production equipment, as well as preferential income tax policy for enterprises. The zero-tariff policy for raw and auxiliary materials is applied to positive list management, which means raw and auxiliary materials in the positive list that are imported into and used for production within the island, or consumed in the processing trade and service trade of which final products would be exported to overseas are exempted from custom duties, import value-added tax and consumption tax. The zero-tariff policy for transportation and yachts is also applied to the positive list management, which means vessels, aircrafts, vehicles, yachts and other transportation in the import manifest used for transport and tourism in the island are exempted from custom duties, import value-added tax and consumption tax. The zero-tariff policy for self-used production equipment is applied to negative list management, which means equipment excluded from the negative list, or not belonging to commodities that laws, regulations and relevant provisions have clarified are not exempted from tax and not allowed to import, are exempted from custom duties, import value-added tax and consumption tax. The preferential income tax policy for enterprises refers to reducing the enterprise income tax of encouraged industries registered and substantively operated in Hainan FTP by 15%. Income from newly increased overseas direct investment of enterprises related to tourism, the modern service industry and high and new technology in Hainan FTP will be exempted from income tax. Qualified capital expenditure of enterprises may apply for a one-time pretax deduction or accelerated depreciation and amortization in the current period when the expenditure occurs.

Third, we will support the introduction of high-caliber, high-tech, and urgently-needed talents. Just now, a Hong Kong journalist asked a question about the talent introduction policy in Hainan, which also involves fiscal policy support. We have issued a preferential policy for individual income tax. For high-end and urgently-needed talents working in Hainan FTP, the portion exceeding 15% of the actual tax burden of their individual income tax will be exempted.

Forth, the construction of an international shipping hub for the new land-sea transit routes in the western region will be supported. We have issued three policies in this area. First, added-value tax will be rebated when domestic ship building enterprises sell qualified ships to transportation enterprises. Second, domestic ships using Yangpu Port as their transit port and engaging in domestic and foreign trade by the same ship are allowed to refuel with bonded oil required for the voyage at Yangpu Port. Export tax will be rebated when ships refuel locally-produced oil required for the voyage at Yangpu Port. Third, port of departure tax will be rebated for container goods that have been declared and exported by export enterprises at customs at the port of departure; taken direct routes to or stopped at designated ports during waterway custom transfer; and that are departing China from Yangpu Port in Hainan. Thank you.

ITAR-TASS:

I'd like to ask a question about cooperation between Hainan FTP and Russia. Recently, Hainan FTP issued policies on attracting foreign investment. What are the fields with the greatest potential for cooperation between Hainan FTP and Russia? What are the most important advantages of the bilateral cooperation? Thank you.

Feng Fei:

Thanks for your concern about the construction of Hainan FTP. In the past three years, the explosive growth in foreign investment has become a highlight in the construction of Hainan FTP. Hainan has become a "new favored place" for global investment. Specifically, I'd like to explain this through three areas in which we've witnessed exponential growth. First, Hainan's actual use of foreign capital has doubled annually for three years in a row, with the aggregate exceeding half of what the island province had accumulated over 30 years since it became a special economic zone in 1988. Second, the number of foreign investment entities has multiplied. The number of newly established foreign-invested companies in Hainan reached 1,005 last year, surpassing the 1,000 mark and nearing three times that of 2019. It was not easy to achieve such results since last year was severely impacted by the pandemic. Third, the number of sources of foreign investment grew exponentially. At present, more than 80 countries and regions including Russia have invested in Hainan.

Why has Hainan become a "new favored place" for global investment? I would use two points to sum up its favorable policies. First, Hainan has the lowest number of items on its foreign investment negative list. There are 33 items on the national list, 30 on the list of free trade zones, and 27 on the list of Hainan. Second, Hainan has the lowest tax and that might be what foreign-invested companies care most about. Take corporate income tax as an example. Companies in industries encouraged by Hainan enjoy a preferential corporate income tax rate of 15%. High-end talents pay income tax no higher than 15% of their gross income. Those two policies are exclusive to Hainan.

Regarding cooperation with Russia, we have considerations in two areas. First, we will deepen tourism cooperation. In 2019, 330,000 Russian travelers visited Hainan, which means among every four foreign visitors, one was from Russia. After the pandemic, we hope the flights between Russia and Hainan will soon be resumed, and more Russian friends will visit Hainan. Meanwhile, the fitness and elderly-care industry and shopping will bring new experiences for Russian travelers. Second, we will expand cooperation with Russia in the areas of culture, sport and technology, but especially culture. Russia is famous for its rich and colorful culture. Take art performances as an example. China's central government has approved foreign investment to establish commercial performance brokerage firms in Hainan. We hope to deepen bilateral cooperation in this field, and achieve mutual benefit and win-win results. Thank you.

China News Service:

To promote trade liberalization and facilitation is always the key point for the construction of Hainan FTP. What has the Ministry of Commerce (MOC) done in this area? What are the latest considerations and plans for the future? Thank you.

Wang Shouwen:

Thanks for your question. Trade liberalization and facilitation is a common feature of international advanced free trade ports, and also a key point for the construction of Hainan FTP. On June 1, 2020, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council released the Master Plan for the Construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port, which systematically designed the policies and regulations in the field of foreign trade, and clarified the goals expected to be achieved by 2025 and step-by-step arrangements. Since the construction of Hainan FTP began, the MOC has actively implemented the master plan and the relevant institutional arrangements of trade policies. We have already carried out the following measures.

First, we have studied and drafted the negative list of cross-border service trade for Hainan FTP. Currently, the drafting of the list has been completed and the corresponding procedures are under way.

Second, we drafted and reported to the State Council to release relevant replies on comprehensively deepening trials for the innovative development of service trade last August. A three-year trial will be launched in Hainan and other places to deeply explore new systems for the innovative development of service trade.

Third, the MOC and Hainan provincial government will co-hold the first China International Consumer Products Expo on May 7-10, which is now in intensive preparation.

Moreover, the MOC and other relevant departments are busy working to promote policy adjustment for duty-free shopping on offshore islands, the zero-tariff list for several imported goods, and the supervisory measures of duty-free shopping for goods with 30% added-value at Yangpu Bonded Port. Mr. Zou gave us a detailed introduction about this area just now. I'd like to emphasize that in order to implement the master plan, especially based on the new development stage and new development philosophy, and in line with the needs of the construction of Hainan FTP, the MOC and 19 other relevant departments have proposed a number of measures to advance trade liberalization and facilitation in Hainan FTP. The measures have been authorized by the State Council and formed into documents. Next, the MOC and 19 other relevant departments will release the documents, which contain 28 items of policies and measures relating to liberalization and facilitation of trade in goods and service. You can learn more specific content after its release, and here I'd like to briefly introduce these 28 items.

First, we will implement specific tasks of the Master Plan for the Construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port. For example, in the area of trade in goods, we will adhere to the principle of free flow through the "first line" and efficient control at the "second line." (The "first line" refers to the demarcation line between Hainan FTP and other countries and overseas regions while the "second line" refers to the dividing line between Hainan FTP and other regions on the Chinese mainland.) We will allow certain regions to relax their control of import and export qualifications for and quantities of commodities such as crude oil, refined oil and sugar, and cancel their licensing systems for imports such as mechanical and electrical products. In the area of trade in services, in accordance with the requirement of "allowing both access and operation," foreign institutions are explicitly allowed to independently hold foreign-related economic and technological exhibitions with names other than "China," "Chinese," or "national." Business activities related to technological import and export will no longer need to record registration for foreign trade operators. We are exploring ways to cancel examination and permission for auction enterprises and records of commercial franchise.

Second, we will serve the construction needs of the Hainan FTP. The supporting measures will include: delegating refueling permission of bonded bunker fuel for ships engaged on international voyages; greenlighting Hainan for the export of secondhand vehicles; piloting accreditation of trade in goods-related commodities, management and service certification bodies; encouraging Hainan to develop new trade patterns such as offshore global trade, digital, technological and cultural trade, as well as the exhibition economy; welcoming the establishment of trade bases of cultural goods; vigorously innovating models of international cooperation in the trade in service sector; and expanding trade by focusing on market entities, so as to build Hainan into a new global and regional offshore trade center as well as an exhibition center.

Third, we will optimize supporting policies in the trade sector. The following measures will be taken: improving risk warning and rapid response supervision capabilities for the quality and security of imports and exports; strengthening innovation of the customs supervision model; implementing multi-level approval models; facilitating prescribed examination procedures; supporting Hainan to participate in establishing recommended national, regional or group standards; establishing work stations to deal with trade frictions and mechanisms for trade adjustment and assistance; and improving the statistical monitoring system and other measures in a bid to realize integrated innovation in trade systems.

Next, the MOC will work with relevant departments to expedite trade liberalization and facilitation at the Hainan FTP. Thank you.

Guangming Daily:

With regards to China's efforts in fostering a new development paradigm with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other, what is the positioning of the Hainan FTP, and how will it play its role? Thank you.

Shen Xiaoming:

I will summarize the two questions. The first is regarding the positioning of the Hainan FTP within the new development paradigm, and the second involves how it will play the role. I will start by answering the first question.

We have positioned the Hainan FTP at the intersection between domestic and international circulations. If dual circulation is shaped like the figure "8," Hainan province is situated right at the point the two loops intersect. Some may ask why. There are three reasons: First, at an institutional level, after the island-wide customs clearance operation in 2025, it will become a special region for importing and exporting commodities. Second, at a policy level, the main policy aims to facilitate free trade and investment, and almost all its policies are made for fostering international investment and making free trade more convenient. Therefore, the policy puts Hainan at an intersection linking domestic and international circulations. Third, with its special geographical location, Hainan connects the world's two most vibrant markets — the Chinese mainland and Southeast Asia — making it a natural intersection of the "dual circulations." Based on these three reasons, I think Hainan's positioning is highly important and significant in China's new development paradigm.

As for how the Hainan FTP will play its role, our consideration is as follows: it will follow the most advanced international trading standards, and will make full use of its investment and trade facilitation policies to attract talents, resources and capital in the process of "dual circulation." We hope the convergence will go beyond the material level to cause a knock-on effect, with macro and long-term significance. For instance, in the current context, COVID-19 is still raging around the world, hindering the easy flow of people, goods and capital globally. However, we can seize the opportunity against such a background to boost consumption at home, mainly in the following three aspects: first, the pandemic has stopped many consumers who wanted to buy luxury and high-end goods abroad. We adjusted our offshore duty free rules in a timely manner under the support of such departments as the Ministry of Finance, the GACC, the State Administration of Taxation, as well as the NDRC. The total amount of offshore duty-free sales last year was double that in 2019, reaching 30 billion yuan, and we expect the amount to exceed 60 billion yuan this year. This is the first aspect we will work on: bringing consumption back from abroad.

Our second effort aims to bring medical services back from abroad. This refers to patients who intended to travel overseas for medical treatment but couldn't, like those with cancer, after receiving the first period of targeted therapy abroad, they couldn't continue with the second phase treatment overseas as the pandemic halted international travel. The Boao Hope City in Hainan stepped in. Here patients can legally access new foreign drugs in Hainan that cannot be found in the domestic market. This explains what bringing back medical services is.

Our third effort aims to provide quality educational resources. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, some Chinese students have been unable to go abroad to study and their parents are worried about their children in case another pandemic hits in the future. Can students access high-quality international or even top-quality educational resources? Overseas universities which boast large numbers of Chinese students are also seeking ways of mitigating against similar emergencies and hope to open branches in China. Hainan is targeted to become an island for international education innovation. Through the introduction of top education resources from abroad, the domestic need for quality education can be well addressed. At present, Harrow International School is now open in Haikou and will followed by others this fall in Lingshui Li'An International Education Innovation Pilot Zone, while a large number of other projects are also underway.

We have taken the initial steps in promoting bringing back consumption. Compared with the 1 trillion yuan overseas consumption on commodities, the 800,000 patients receiving treatment abroad, and the 800,000 Chinese students studying overseas, the proportion is not high. However, its future has received much attention from market players. What I said is only one example of how the Hainan FTP can play its role, and there are many more examples. Thank you.

Hong Kong Economic Herald:

My question is for Mr. Shen. I remember a previous report saying that in terms of building an international business environment, Hainan was inefficient in providing professional services, as it lacked professional service institutions. And, it was not very competitive in attracting foreign investment. What has changed? What shortcomings does Hainan need to address? And how much does Hainan need to do in order to achieve a more ideal business environment?

Shen Xiaoming:

Mr. Feng will answer this question.

Feng Fei:

Thank you for paying attention to Hainan's business environment. Mr. Shen just mentioned a very important point, which is that business environment, ecological environment, and policy environment should become the core competitiveness of Hainan. We will strive to combine these three environments to optimize Hainan's development environment. In General Secretary Xi Jinping's important speech on April 13, he urged Hainan to expedite plans to foster a law-based, international, and convenient business environment as well as a fair, open, unified, and efficient market environment. These are also the ways in which Hainan can strive to improve its business environment.

In the Master Plan for the Construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port, we clarified our development goals in different stages. By 2025, we will have built an overall first-rate business environment in China. By 2035, the business environment will be further improved. Over the past years, Hainan has made great efforts to improve its business environment and fostered many renowned, national brands. Particularly, we have paid attention to the integrated and systematic innovation. For example, we led the country in implementing reforms of combining different types of plans into a single plan within the province. We have also regulated the use of all territorial space in a unified way, reflecting the need for a single blueprint to lay out all projects, a single form for application materials, and a single system for approval and inspection services. These efforts effectively solved problems that previously arose from excessive planning and met the needs for land, sea, and forest s of construction projects. For example, we promoted minimum approvals in key parks of Hainan Pilot Free Trade Zone, the replacement of project initiation approval with planning approval, and the replacement of single project assessment with regional assessment. We cut the number of approval items from 70 to four and the time needed for approval by over 80%. We also updated the single-window system for international trade, cutting the time needed for clearance to half the time needed three years ago. We continue to carry out innovative approaches for easier clearance such as "internet + appointments," post-release duty payments, and consolidated duty collections. Additionally, the "release after inspection" model allows imported products to pass through clearance if they meet inspection requirements. Another example is the "one seal approval" model, which allows the transfer of around 300 administrative items in a centralized, unified way. Finally, companies and individuals can now access government services via a single office, without turning to multiple offices.

Generally speaking, Hainan has achieved great progress in improving its business environment. We can see from Mr. Shen's examples of market entities, companies, and foreign investment, that Hainan's favorable business environment is widely recognized by companies. Objectively speaking, there is still room for improvement when compared to the master plan, specifically concerning the requirements of creating a market-oriented, law-based, and internationalized business environment, and other developed provinces and cities in the country.

Therefore, we will ramp up efforts to further optimize the business environment in three aspects, which are as follows. First, we will set goals for guiding the reform of the business environment. For example, we proposed improvements to government services by letting people access them in any region within the province and complete the process without the need for a second trip. Second, we will make quantitative goals in line with the standards of the World Bank, making our annual work quantified and specified across cities and provinces. Third, we will build a mechanism for assessing the business environment that enables the market to play its decisive role and allows participation from all companies and customers.

Again, a law-based environment is the best business environment as well as the most stable and predictable. Mr. Shen just discussed how the Hainan Free Trade Port Law will be implemented. This year, we will accelerate the formulation of laws and regulations on fair competition, social credit, and business registration and deregistration. In the meantime, we will push forward the building of a law-based government in all respects and regulate activities between the government and market in a law-based manner and through law-based procedures and approaches, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of investors.

I also want to take the initiative to respond to the recent incident which happened in Sanya involving tourists who recently complained that the sea urchin steamed eggs that they ordered at a restaurant did not contain any sea urchins. The Hainan Provincial Committee of the CPC and the Hainan provincial government attach great importance to the order of the tourism market and over the years have taken a series of strict measures in three aspects, including changes to the supervision system, complaint mechanisms, and special campaigns. We will carry out a thorough investigation, address the matter in line with the law and respond to public concerns in a timely manner. Thank you.

Red Star News:

Since July 1, 2020, new policies on duty-free shopping for travelers leaving Hainan Island have aroused a great deal of public interest, increasing the public's enthusiasm for tourism and shopping in Hainan. Since Feb 2, 2021, two new pick-up methods have been added: delivery by post and pick-up on the island. This has facilitated the shopping experience for travelers but has also further increased the regulatory pressure on customs. What are the considerations in preventing the purchase and resale of duty-free goods on the mainland (known as "tao daigou")? Thank you.

Zhang Jiwen:

Thank you for your question. The GACC resolutely implements the instructions given by General Secretary Xi Jinping on the construction of the Hainan FTP and the decisions and plans made by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. We are actively exercising our functions, strengthening supervision, and improving our service to fully support the construction of the Hainan FTP.

Policies on duty-free shopping for travelers leaving Hainan Island is one of the major achievements in the initial stage of the construction of the Hainan FTP. Starting from July 1 of last year, Hainan increased its annual tax-free shopping quota from 30,000 yuan to 100,000 yuan, expanding the range of duty-free goods from 38 to 45 categories. To ensure the smooth implementation of these new policies, customs are actively participating in timely policy creation and the adjustment of clearance procedures according to the new annual quota and categories. We also created targeted regulations based on their supervision and updated the customs' information management system. All of these efforts effectively guaranteed the implementation of new policies.

Implementation of new policies has greatly promoted Hainan to build itself into an international tourism consumption center and boosted growth in Hainan's foreign trade. Data from customs show that, between July 1, 2020, and April 6, 2021, Hainan reported duty-free sales of 34.7 billion yuan, up 244% from the same period last year. Duty-free shops in Hainan received 4.96 million customers and sold 43.26 million products during the same period, up 215% and 101% year on year, respectively. It is obvious that stimulus in consumption was brought about by preferential policies. On Feb 2, 2021, to make it more convenient for travelers to shop and maximize policy effects, methods were added for duty-free shoppers leaving Hainan Island, allowing them to pick up goods through delivery by post and after their return to Hainan Island. Customs attaches great importance to the new policies and on Feb 3, we published the Announcement on Issuing the Supervisory Requirements for the Methods of Picking up Goods through Delivery by Post and after Return to Hainan Island for the Duty-free Shopping of Travelers Leaving Hainan Island, clarifying the specific requirements for supervision. In the meantime, we will work actively to publicize and explain the supervision methods of customs. From Feb 3 to April 6, Hainan's offshore duty-free companies reported 400-million-yuan's worth in duty-free shopping sales via delivery by post, involving 100,000 customers and 530,000 products. They also accepted applications from the island's residents to pick up products after return to Hainan island, involving 2,216 duty-free products worth 2.62 million yuan purchased by 406 travelers.

We continue to improve and update the regulatory models and facilitate our services. In the meantime, we will crack down on illegal smuggling activities, such as "tao daigou," which exploit duty-free shopping policies. Customs has always taken strict measures to crack down on such practices by solving major crimes and dismantling smuggling gangs and networks. This has helped to ensure the stable and orderly implementation of policies for duty-free shopping and protected the legitimate rights and interests of most travelers.

In the past two years or so, Haikou Customs, under the guidance of the GACC, has carried out 11 rounds of special campaigns against smuggling through offshore duty-free channels. A total of 66 smuggling gangs were eliminated, involving cases worth about 200 million yuan. From July 2020 to now, more than 8,000 people who violated offshore duty-free shopping regulations were banned from enjoying the duty-free policies for three years. At the same time, in order to fully leverage the advantages of regional collaboration, Zhanjiang Customs and Haikou Customs have carried out joint operations against smuggling through offshore duty-free channels since January. So far, four rounds of joint campaigns against smuggling activities have been carried out and five criminal cases have been filed, involving illegal goods worth 26.84 million yuan.

In the next step, by adhering to the premise that opening-up can only serve its purpose when supported with enhanced oversight, customs will continue to make targeted crackdowns on various smuggling crimes during the construction of the Hainan FTP. Through these measures, we will ensure that the decisions and deployments of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council can be implemented to support the healthy development of the Hainan FTP. Thank you.

Cover News:

Since the release of the master plan, how are the relevant policies issued by the Ministry of Finance working out? What are your considerations in expanding the range of duty-free products in the future? Thank you.

Zou Jiayi:

Thank you for your questions. I just introduced that nine of the 12 fiscal and tax policies have so far been implemented. These nine policies, which have been in place for a significant amount of time, have achieved remarkable progress so far. The other policies, which were implemented more recently, are so far paying off and their effects will become clearer with time.

The policies yielding remarkable results include the offshore duty-free policy we repeatedly mentioned just now. The policy took effect on July 1 last year and duty-free sales had already exceeded 30 billion yuan by the end of March, registering a growth rate more than double that of the previous year. Sales under the supervision of the General Administration of Customs, as Mr. Zhang Jiwen just described, reached 34.7 billion yuan, with both the number of shopping trips and the quota for per capita shopping increasing significantly year-on-year. In June last year, I also introduced Hainan's offshore duty-free policy. At that time, journalists said that I was live-streaming e-commerce for Hainan. Now it seems that they no longer need me to do so. As Mr. Shen Xiaoming said, sales of offshore duty-free goods are expected to exceed 60 billion yuan this year. As the Chinese saying goes: peaches and plums, without speaking, form a path under them. The policy has indeed played a role in attracting visitors to Hainan, which stimulated the vitality of local tourism, the consumption market and promoted the development of related industries. In addition, the preferential policies for enterprise income tax and individual income tax that have been in place since Jan 1, 2020, reduced the tax burden of enterprises and attracted high-end talents to Hainan when they were in short supply. The number of new market players in Hainan has increased rapidly and all kinds of talents have continued to come to Hainan.

Additionally, policies that have been implemented for a relatively short time are slowly seeing benefits. For example, since the zero-tariff policies for raw and auxiliary materials, vehicles and yachts, and equipment for enterprises' use were adopted starting last November, the value of goods from these preferential policies has reached nearly 900 million yuan, while tax exemptions have exceeded 100 million yuan, effectively reducing the import cost of enterprises. I believe, with the steady implementation of these policies, more market players will benefit and the positive effects of these policies will further be unleashed.

On the whole, the adoption of the above fiscal and tax policies has delivered notable progress, boosted the confidence across all sectors involved in the construction of the Hainan FTP, and attracted more people, logistics, and funds to Hainan, laying a good foundation for the smooth start of the Hainan FTP construction.

The journalist also asked what are the future considerations in expanding the categories of duty-free goods? Nine of the 12 fiscal and tax policies just mentioned have been adopted and the other three policies are yet to be adopted. Next, we will step up efforts to speed up the adoption of the three policies: the zero-tariff policy for imported goods purchased by island residents, the duty-free policy for overseas exhibits at the China International Consumer Goods Expo to be held from May 7 to 10 in Hainan, and the policy to allow flights in and out of Hainan to refuel with bonded aviation fuel. We will work for the adoption of these three policies as soon as possible and closely follow the implementation of the nine policies that have already been adopted, assessing their effects promptly and make dynamic adjustments and improvements. Regarding the zero-tariff policies for list management, in particular, we will continue to expand the positive list categories and narrow the negative list categories to promote the steady progress of the Hainan FTP construction. Thank you.

Hainan Broadcasting Group:

What progress has the PBC and the SAFE made in promoting the construction of the Hainan FTP and facilitating the free cross-border capital flow since the release of the Master Plan for the Construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port last year? Thank you.

Wang Chunying:

Thanks for your question. It is stated in the master plan that "we should stick to the principle that finance serves the real economy; focus on trade and investment liberalization and facilitation to open capital accounts in phases; and promote the Hainan FTP and cross-border flow of funds in an orderly manner." According to the schedule laid out in the master plan, the PBC and the SAFE have adopted policies on the liberalization and facilitation of cross-border capital flow to support the development of the Hainan FTP. To sum up, the policies and their progress are mainly as follows:

First, the policy to promote the development of the accounting system. We support Hainan to launch free trade accounts, also known as FT accounts, to support enterprises' ability to handle local and foreign currency settlement of cross-border transactions and overseas financing business. The funds in FT accounts can be exchanged in the offshore market. In addition, we piloted the bank settlement account system in some regions, combining local currency with foreign currencies. Last September, Hainan was included as a pilot region and preparations for its launch sometime in the near future have been made.

Second, the policy to raise the facilitation of RMB settlement for cross-border investments. In September 2019, we began to support the offer of RMB settlement of cross-border goods and service trade at the banks in Hainan, upon the cross-border receipt and payment instructions submitted by the high-quality enterprises in the region. Additionally, we made the use of RMB capital account income more convenient within China. Last December, the PBC and the SAFE, together with the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Commerce, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC), and the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission (CBIRC), jointly released a notice covering 15 articles in five aspects to further improve cross-border RMB policies. These policies mainly focus on the needs of the real economy, ways to promote higher levels of trade and investment of RMB settlement facilitation, means to further simplify the cross-border RMB settlement process, improving cross-border RMB investment and financing management, and facilitating the RMB receipt and payment under the current individual accounts and foreign institutions' use of RMB bank settlement accounts. Last year, cross-border RBM settlements in Hainan increased by nearly 50%.

Third, the policy for cross-border investment management in response to new forms of market demand, including implementation of the foreign investment management system of "pre-entry national treatment" plus the "negative list" in terms of foreign investment management. The exchange business related to foreign investment can be handled at the banks. The SAFE sets no limits on foreign investment not included in the negative list. Direct investments can basically be exchanged. Last December, the SAFE approved the launch of a pilot foreign investment by qualified domestic limited partners (QDLP) at the Hainan FTP and granted a pilot investment quota of $5 billion. At present, the Hainan branch of the SAFE has formulated the QDLP pilot management measures and is organizing and advancing specific pilot work.

Fourth, the policy of improving cross-border investment and financing exchange management. This policy was adopted mainly to meet the needs of investment and financing in Hainan's real economy, supporting the development of Hainan's specialty and relatively competitive industries and giving further priority support to overseas listings. Last September, we spearheaded a pilot reform of overseas listing registration for domestic companies in Hainan, which improves related registration procedures and allows companies registered in Hainan to go directly through overseas listing registration procedures at banks.

In general, the PBC and the SAFE actively implemented the master plan and specific planning work. We gave full play to the role of the Hainan FTP as an opening pilot zone at the forefront of reform. The implementation of pilot policies has been timely and effective and the policy support, including reducing processing hours and costs to enterprises, well meet the needs of Hainan's market players.

Recently, the State Council, the PBC, and the SAFE, together with the CBIRC and the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC), jointly released the Guidelines for Financial Support for Hainan's Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Opening Up. The guidelines state the general principles and policy measures in six aspects on financial support for comprehensively deepening reform and opening up. These policy measures mainly include enhancing the convertibility of RMB to support the liberalization and facilitation of cross-border trade, investment, and financing; improving Hainan's financial market system; expanding the opening up of Hainan's financial industry; boosting the innovation of financial products and services; improving financial services; and strengthening financial regulation to prevent and defuse financial risks. The objective of these guidelines aims to promote the establishment of financial policies and an institutional framework suitable for the Hainan FTP and to consolidate the financial foundation of Hainan.

Next, the PBC and the SAFE will further follow the Master Plan for the Construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port to arrange key tasks step by step in phases by 2025; implement the guideline that finance serves real economy; continue to improve related policies while keeping them in line with actual economic needs and reducing risks; and further expand financial support for the reform and opening up of the Hainan FTP to promote the free and facilitated orderly flow of overseas funds. Recently, we are stepping up efforts to promote a pilot program for the higher-level opening up of cross-border trade and investment to boost innovation in cross-border investment and financial systems; improve the efficiency of market-based resource allocation; and strive to stimulate market vitality to better serve the new development paradigm. This is my response to your question. Thank you.

Chen Wenjun:

As time is limited today, our press conference ends here. Thanks to all speakers and friends from the media. Goodbye!

Translated and edited by Wang Yiming, Wang Wei, Yuan Fang, Wang Qian, Liu Jianing, Chen Xia, Lin Liyao, Fan Junmei, Zhang Tingting, Li Huiru, Cui Can, Liu Qiang, Duan Yaying, Zhang Rui, David Ball, Jay Birbeck, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speakers:

Xu Lin, deputy head of the Publicity Department of the CPC Central Committee and minister of the State Council Information Office (SCIO)

Tang Renjian, director of the Office of the Central Leading Group for Rural Affairs, and minister of agriculture and rural affairs

Wang Zhengpu, deputy director of the Office of the Central Leading Group for Rural Affairs, and head of the National Administration for Rural Vitalization

Hong Tianyun, deputy head of the National Administration for Rural Vitalization

Xia Gengsheng, deputy head of the National Administration for Rural Vitalization

Chairperson:

Chen Wenjun, head of the Press Bureau and spokesperson of the SCIO

Date: 

April 6, 2021

Chen Wenjun:

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning. Welcome to this briefing held by the State Council Information Office (SCIO). Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, and thanks to the concerted efforts of the Party and the Chinese people of all ethnic groups, China has attained a complete victory in the fight against poverty, creating a great miracle in the history of human poverty reduction. Today, the SCIO has issued a white paper titled "Poverty Alleviation: China's Experience and Contribution," which is the topic of today's press conference.

We have invited Mr. Xu Lin, deputy head of the Publicity Department of the CPC Central Committee and minister of the SCIO, to brief you on the white paper. Also present are: Mr. Tang Renjian, director of the Office of the Central Leading Group for Rural Affairs, and minister of agriculture and rural affairs; Mr. Wang Zhengpu, deputy director of the Office of the Central Leading Group for Rural Affairs, and head of the National Administration for Rural Vitalization; and Mr. Hong Tianyun and Mr. Xia Gengsheng, deputy heads of the National Administration for Rural Vitalization. They will answer your questions. Next, we will give the floor to Mr. Xu for an introduction.

Xu Lin:

Ladies and gentlemen, friends from the media:

This year marks the centenary of the founding of the CPC. Since its inception, the CPC has taken the happiness of the Chinese people and rejuvenation of the nation as its original aspiration and mission, and united and led the people in the fight against poverty. The 100 years of the CPC's development have been a century when the Party has worked hard to eradicate poverty and backwardness and to ensure better lives for the people.

Since the 18th CPC National Congress, under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, China has adopted a series of bold policies and measures to fight a decisive battle against poverty that is unprecedented in scale and intensity, and has benefited the largest number of people in human history. At the grand gathering held this Feb. 25 to mark China's achievements in poverty alleviation and honor its model fighters against poverty, General Secretary Xi Jinping solemnly declared: Victory in the battle against poverty is complete, and China has completed the arduous task of eliminating extreme poverty.

Today, the SCIO has issued the white paper "Poverty Alleviation: China's Experience and Contribution." The document records the course of the CPC uniting and leading the Chinese people in the fight against poverty, and particularly efforts made to achieve a complete victory since the 18th CPC National Congress, introduces China's approach, and shares its experience and actions in poverty alleviation.

The white paper, which extends to more than 30,000 Chinese characters, consists of a preface, main body, conclusion and appendix. The main body includes five parts: "The Solemn Commitment of the CPC," "Final Victory in the Fight against Extreme Poverty," "The Strategy of Targeted Poverty Alleviation," "Exploring a New Path of Poverty Alleviation" and "A Global Community of Shared Future Free from Poverty." The paper is an important historical record that offers a comprehensive picture of China's poverty alleviation effort.

China's fight against poverty entered a critical stage after the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012. At the end of 2020, following eight years of hard work, China achieved the goal of eliminating extreme poverty — a key goal for the new era of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. The 98.99 million people in rural areas who were living below the current poverty threshold all shook off poverty; and all 128,000 impoverished villages and 832 designated poor counties escaped poverty. Our complete victory over extreme poverty is an outstanding achievement in the history of both China and humanity. As stated in the white paper, the battle against poverty has been another great revolution in rural China, leading to historic and comprehensive changes. The campaign boosted overall rural development and laid a solid foundation for building a modern socialist China and realizing the Second Centenary Goal.

China's poverty alleviation experience indicates that poverty is not predestined, nor is it unconquerable. With strong will and determination, as well as practical action, one can make steady progress toward overcoming poverty and realizing common prosperity.

According to the white paper, China's complete victory over extreme poverty shows that the CPC has held fast to its original aspiration and mission, and demonstrates its ability to lead politically, to guide through theory, to organize the people, and to inspire society. It shows the strength of socialism with Chinese characteristics in pooling resources to solve major problems. It highlights China's spirit, China's values, China's strength, and the willpower of the Chinese people to strive to realize dreams with bold resolve "which dares to make sun and moon shine in new skies." It exemplifies the fearless and indomitable character of the Chinese nation — determined to struggle and resolutely overcome all difficulties and challenges along the way.

The strategy of targeted poverty alleviation is a major innovation in the theory and practice of poverty alleviation, and China's strongest weapon in its final battle to secure victory against poverty. In its poverty elimination efforts, China has launched a series of guidelines and measures to increase efficiency, summarized as accomplishing "Targeted Efforts in Six Areas" (efforts to accurately identify the poor, arrange targeted programs, utilize capital efficiently, take household-based measures, dispatch first Party secretaries based on village conditions, and achieve the set goals), taking "Five Measures for Poverty Eradication" (boosting the economy to provide more job opportunities, relocating poor people from inhospitable areas, compensating for economic losses associated with reducing ecological damage, improving education in impoverished areas, and providing subsistence allowances for those unable to shake off poverty through their own efforts), and addressing "Five Questions in Poverty Alleviation" (who should help, who should be helped, how to help, how to evaluate whether someone has emerged from poverty, and how to ensure those people stay free from poverty).

The white paper emphasizes that in addition to securing a sweeping victory in the final battle against poverty, the strategy has also given a powerful boost to modernizing China's national governance system and capacity, and to enriching and developing the CPC's guiding philosophies and governance strategies in the new era.

In its practices, China has embarked on a path of poverty alleviation and designed an approach with Chinese characteristics, offering enlightenment to the international community in its battle to reduce poverty. The white paper provides China's proposals and approach for poverty alleviation from the perspectives of upholding a people-centered philosophy, highlighting poverty alleviation in national governance, eradicating poverty through development, letting the poor play the principal role, and pooling all resources to create synergy.

China cannot develop in isolation from the rest of the world, and the world needs China for further development. China has been actively engaging in international cooperation in poverty reduction and acts as an advocate, facilitator, and contributor to the international cause of poverty alleviation. According to the white paper, as China is home to nearly one-fifth of the world's population, its complete eradication of extreme poverty – the first target of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development – 10 years ahead of schedule, makes an important contribution to the cause of global poverty alleviation. China is ready to strengthen exchanges and cooperation with other countries on poverty reduction and make a greater contribution to building a global community based on a shared future that is free from poverty and blessed with common prosperity.

Shaking off poverty is not the finish line but the starting point of a new life and new endeavor. As the world's largest developing country, China still has much to do to bridge the gap between unbalanced and inadequate development, narrow the gap between urban and rural areas and between regions, and realize people's all-around development and common prosperity for all. China will continue to consolidate the results of poverty elimination, dovetail new measures with rural vitalization, and comprehensively push forward rural vitalization by introducing more vigorous measures and pooling more resources. The white paper has depicted a bright future of China's rural vitalization and its development by the years 2035 and 2050, saying that the nation will continue to march towards higher goals of all-round development for the people and common prosperity for all.

This is the end of my introduction. Thank you!

Chen Wenjun:

Thank you, Mr. Xu. The floor is now open for questions. Please identify the media organization you represent before asking questions.

China Central Television (CCTV):

During his remarks at the grand gathering this February to mark the nation's poverty alleviation accomplishments and honor model poverty fighters, General Secretary Xi Jinping noted that China has accomplished its poverty alleviation target of the new era as scheduled and secured a complete victory in its fight against poverty through eight years of sustained work. My question is: how do we understand this "complete" victory? Thank you.

Tang Renjian:

Thank you for your question. At the ceremony to mark the nation's poverty alleviation accomplishments and honor model poverty fighters, General Secretary Xi Jinping declared that China has secured a complete victory in its fight against poverty and created another miracle that will go down in history. It is a historic and comprehensive victory.

First, China has completely eliminated extreme poverty for the first time in its history. Through eight years of arduous work, the 98.99 million people in rural areas who were living below the current poverty threshold all shook off poverty ; all 832 designated poor counties and 128,000 impoverished villages got rid of poverty; and China has eliminated poverty over entire regions, fulfilling its solemn commitment of "leaving no one behind" as it builds a moderately prosperous society in all respects. China has completely eliminated extreme poverty for the first time in its history of thousands of years, and realized a century-long aspiration of the Chinese people.

Second, those people who have been lifted out of poverty have seen significant improvement in their living standards. The per capita disposable income of the rural poor more than doubled, increasing from 6,079 yuan in 2013 to 12,588 yuan in 2020, up by 11.6% per annum on average. The Two Assurances and Three Guarantees [referring to the assurances of adequate food and clothing and guaranteeing access to compulsory education, basic medical services, and safe housing for impoverished rural residents] have been realized. People who have been lifted out of poverty now have adequate food and clothing. Nine-year compulsory education is now available to all children from rural poor households. All poverty-stricken populations now have access to basic medical insurance, critical illness insurance, and medical assistance, thus effectively resolving the problem of access to and affordability of medical services. Around 25.68 million impoverished people from 7.9 million households have moved into proper accommodation, bidding farewell to their dilapidated houses built of materials like beaten earth mixed with straw. Rural subsistence allowances, extreme poverty relief funds, and basic pension schemes now cover almost all people in need. The welfare of special disadvantaged groups is constantly improving. Over 24 million poor people with disabilities as well as the severely disabled have now been provided with living allowances and nursing subsidies.

Third, poverty-stricken areas have gotten rid of backwardness. Infrastructure has been improved. Lack of access to transport, electricity, drinking water, and means for communication have been resolved. By the end of 2020, impoverished areas had gained 1.1 million kilometers of reconstructed highways and 35,000km of new railways, making all villages, townships, and towns in poverty-stricken areas with the right conditions accessible by paved road and provided with bus and mail routes. Effective irrigated areas have increased by more than 5.35 million hectares. Almost all rural areas enjoy a steady power supply. Over 98% of poor villages have access to optical fiber communications (OFC) and 4G technology. Tap water coverage has increased to 83% in regions that have been lifted out of poverty. Arid areas like Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Gansu province now have access to clean and safe drinking water. Each impoverished county has created a batch of new industries with distinctive features and greater capacity to facilitate poverty alleviation efforts, and increased their industrial sustainability, laying a solid foundation for rural vitalization for the next step.

Fourth, those who have been lifted out of poverty have adopted a new mindset. The battle against poverty is a complete victory on both the material and mental level. It has rekindled people's desire to seek a better life. Impoverished people have been inspired to seek prosperity through hard work, self-reliance, and entrepreneurship. They have gained a stronger sense of self-reliance and a deeper desire to rid themselves of the shackles of poverty and achieve prosperity. Each household now tries to find ways to become prosperous and each village builds businesses that help them get rid of poverty. They are ready to compete in the race to prosperity. The impoverished have been constantly upgrading their mindsets and gained a deeper understanding of markets, technology, and innovation. They have greater confidence, more active minds, and higher aspirations. Good social practices, including filial piety, harmonious neighborhoods, and modest weddings and funerals, have been promoted. A healthy and civilized lifestyle has become the new pursuit of the people who have been lifted out of poverty.

Fifth, grassroots social governance in poverty-stricken areas has been greatly improved. More than 3 million first Party secretaries and resident working team members have been selected and dispatched to carry out anti-poverty campaigns on the frontlines. Grassroots Party organizations have improved their capabilities while carrying out CPC's rural work and poverty alleviation efforts. With closer relations between the villagers and village officials, and between the Party and the people, people in poverty-stricken areas have greater trust and confidence in the Party. Self-governance by villagers is becoming more effective. As villagers are involved in discussions and management of their own affairs, they become more active in participating in grassroots governance. Collective income in impoverished villages has greatly increased. Currently, the average collective income in impoverished villages across the country has exceeded 120,000 yuan. Village organizations have become more capable of serving the people. Grassroots management and service systems in those areas are constantly improving, inspiring vitality in local communities, and forming a new dynamic for social harmony, stability, and progress.

The complete victory in poverty alleviation has fully manifested the strengths of the CPC leadership and the advantages of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. A will to unite as one, do our best, set targets, adopt a pragmatic approach, be pioneers, innovate, tackle tough issues head-on, and live up to our people's trust, has formed in the great endeavors of poverty alleviation. It will continue to inspire us to fully vitalize the countryside.

Prensa Latina:

I'd like to know what is the plan for China to prevent rural people from returning to poverty? Thank you. 

Wang Zhengpu:

Thank you for your question. After China's overall victory in the battle against poverty, the first problem we have to deal with is to prevent people from sinking back into poverty. People who have been lifted out of poverty and those on the verge of poverty are at risk of returning to poverty again, so we have made considerations in this regard, and I'd like to answer this question in the following five aspects: 

First, we have established a long-term mechanism. It aims to provide monitoring and assistance to prevent a return to poverty. We will mainly monitor people's income, the implementation of the Three Guarantees (access to compulsory education, basic medical services, and safe housing for impoverished rural residents), as well as safe supply of drinking water. All of these have been our priorities in poverty alleviation. By conducting such monitoring, we intend to spot any trends that indicate a return to poverty early on and intervene through various supportive measures. The central authorities will on a regular basis analyze and inform the situation, thus improving the monitoring and assistance mechanism to help those rural people with a low income. Based on national conditions and that of rural areas, we will provide categorical assistance to different regions in order to safeguard people's basic living needs in rural areas.  

Second, we will ensure that our policies are consistent and stable. The central authorities have given a five-year grace period to those counties which have escaped poverty. During this period, we will continue to provide and improve our major support policies to give them a leg up to get them going. We will further adjust, optimize, and improve those existing assistance policies and the resources leveraged for intensive poverty elimination will be gradually redirected towards an extensive drive for rural vitalization. In this regard, over 30 complementary policies have been made and they will be gradually released.

Third, we will strengthen assistance. We will continue to provide follow-up assistance to those who have been relocated from inhospitable areas. We will adopt targeted measures to develop industries based on local conditions and provide more job opportunities, as well as enhance infrastructure construction and improve public services. In order to boost industrial development, we will shore up technology, equipment, funding, and marketing, and ensure all of these aspects will be improved to a higher standard. Regarding job opportunities, we will stabilize last year's employment levels and try our best to create more job opportunities for those who have escaped poverty. Moreover, we will prioritize assistance for key counties. The central authorities have decided to identify key counties in China's western region in order to help them achieve rural vitalization. Authorities at the provincial level should also offer help to their own key counties. Such assistance will be provided according to region and category and be implemented through concrete measures. 

Fourth, we will continue to pool possible resources and forces. We have learned that it is crucial for us to pool all possible resources and forces in the fight against extreme poverty. We will continue to adopt such policies and measures, including eastern-western collaboration, paired-up assistance, the "10,000 enterprises help 10,000 villages" project, military assistance, and we will continue to dispatch officials as first secretaries and working teams to those key villages. 

Fifth, we will continue to ensure responsibilities are fulfilled. During the grace period, we will continue to implement the policy of Party secretaries at the five administrative levels of province, city, county, township, and village, working together to consolidate and extend the outcomes of poverty alleviation and fully advance rural vitalization. More evaluations will be carried out over the status of formerly impoverished people and areas in order to evaluate the quality and efficiency of poverty alleviation, and Party committees and governments at all levels will continue to take responsibility to ensure that people do not sink back into poverty in large numbers.

Follow-up assistance for the relocated population is also very crucial. The number of people who have been relocated during our poverty alleviation efforts is relatively large. For those in the large resettlement sites, we will adopt some special policies and measures to help them. I'd like to invite Mr. Hong to introduce more about these measures. 

Hong Tianyun:

I'd like to add some more information about relocating people from areas. Mr. Wang has talked about our efforts to ensure that people do not sink back into poverty in large numbers, and this is something that we attach great importance to. We all know that during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, China relocated more than 9.6 million people from inhospitable areas and achieved complete victory in poverty alleviation. The number of relocated people, which is probably unprecedented worldwide, is almost equivalent to the population of a moderately developed country. Our priorities at present are to ensure that follow-up support will be given to the resettled population so that they will remain out of poverty after a smooth relocation and resettlement as well as remain employed and have a promising future. We will offer follow-up support in the following aspects: 

First, we will intensify our efforts to help the resettled population have adequate job opportunities and stable employment. We will help them build up self-belief, ensure their access to education and skills training, as well as help them boost the industrial development by offering them employment-specific assistance. Moreover, we will help those relocated change their ideas about employment and improve their skills. We will also organize them to work in other places and create more channels for them to find employment in places near where they live, to ensure that every relocated family with a labor force will be able to find jobs.  

Second, we will promote follow-up industries to be developed in a sustainable way. In the wake of the problem that emerged in some resettlement sites due to the imbalance between industrial development and structure of the labor force, we will ensure that local authorities will make the sustainable development of follow-up industries part of their counties' overall economic development, thus leveraging their comparative advantages and encouraging primary, secondary, and tertiary industries to develop in a coordinated way. 

Third, we will strengthen infrastructure construction and improve public services. As we all know, more than 9.6 million people have been relocated from inhospitable areas. There have been 35,000 centralized resettlement sites each with a population of over 800, and over 60 large communities each with over 10,000 people. These sites must be equipped with infrastructure providing such services as drinking water, electricity, transportation, and communication. We must accelerate the construction of those facilities which have yet to be fully completed, accelerate to improve an integrated and equalized public service system, and encourage both new and old residents to share the public services.

Fourth, we will build resettlement communities featuring openness and inclusiveness. We will improve community governance with an emphasis on humanity and enrich people's spiritual and cultural lives. We will encourage relocated people to communicate with local residents, and increase their sense of belonging, identity and happiness in their new communities and new places of residence, so as to create a harmonious and friendly environment in the resettlement communities and promote openness and inclusiveness.

After Mr. Wang started working in the National Administration for Rural Vitalization, he has prioritized follow-up support measures. As the former head of the Department of Organization of the CPC Sichuan Provincial Committee, he was once in charge of the resettlement communities in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan province. He explored many good methods and accumulated experience in the construction of community grassroots organizations and how to make grassroots Party organizations and Party members the backbones of communities. Currently, we are rolling out the work nationwide to reassure, unite and satisfy the people. Thank you. 

New York Times: 

When I went to southeastern Gansu, I found many families who had been helped by the poverty alleviation program. If they were registered as extremely poor in 2015 and 2016, but if they became poor in 2017, they could not get into the program. Are you going to make it easier for people to enter or are you going to re-register those who are extremely poor? And second, just as you announced today, is China's poverty alleviation program practical for other developing countries that may not have as much financial resources or organizational resources as China? Thank you. 

Wang Zhengpu:

Thank you for your questions. I will answer your first question and Mr. Xia will answer the second. China's poverty alleviation program contains a lot of effective methods and experience. After the critical battle of poverty alleviation began, we had plenty of lively and practical cases, which made the battle diversified in term of forms, and effective in results. The experience can be summarized into the following aspects, which can be learned from by the international community. 

First, adopting a people-centered philosophy. The CPC strives for the goal of ensuring a happy life for the Chinese people. That is the purpose and mission of the CPC. In alleviating poverty, the whole Party united together and, under this guiding philosophy, concentrated the strength from all sectors to promote good lives for the people. I think this experience is very important. 

Second, highlighting poverty alleviation in national governance. The CPC has always regarded China's common prosperity as its target, and poverty alleviation as an important task for ensuring national peace and stability. It has highlighted poverty alleviation when setting its policies and guidelines, and when formulating five-year plans and national plans for medium- and long-term development. The Party has pooled national resources to advance this cause. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has prioritized poverty eradication in its governance, strengthened top-level design, increased fiscal investment and mobilized people from all walks of life. An institutional system for reducing poverty has been built, which has effectively supported the smooth advancement of poverty alleviation. 

Third, eradicating poverty through development. There is a saying in the poverty alleviation cause: "Poverty alleviation should be taken as the greatest opportunity for development." Development plays a decisive role in poverty alleviation. We must address the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development through economic development. Since the PRC's founding in 1949 and especially since the launch of reform and opening-up in 1978, the country has witnessed rapid economic and social development, with the economy and national strength growing steadily, which has won global recognition. This economic development has greatly promoted poverty alleviation, laid a firm foundation, and provided solid support for large-scale development-driven poverty alleviation efforts. 

Fourth, pressing ahead with poverty alleviation based on the actual conditions and a realistic appraisal of China's situation. China has set its poverty threshold and its poverty alleviation goals and strategies in a scientific way, and worked to create better ideas and methods. It has advanced this undertaking step by step and with steady efforts. After socialism with Chinese characteristics entered a new era, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed the strategy of targeted poverty alleviation. The approach shifted from broad-brush policies to targeted measures based on specific conditions. The model of poverty alleviation changed from mainly relying on external support to a more sustained, self-motivated effort. The assessment system has shifted focus from regional GDP as the main indicator to the genuine results of poverty alleviation. The methods and experience are all based on China's situation. I consider this to be an important experience for other countries' poverty alleviation work as well. Every country and region has its own conditions, on which its poverty alleviation must be based. 

Fifth, letting poor people play the principal role. This encourages them to play their part, since they are the main players in eliminating poverty. China has inspired its people living in poverty to strive for prosperity and has provided them with the necessary education, so that they have the ambition to emerge from poverty and the tools to succeed. With education and training provided by the government, improvements to poverty alleviation methods, and the building of an incentive mechanism, poor people are encouraged to rely on their own efforts to escape poverty. 

Sixth, pooling all resources to create synergy. This is the political, systematic and organizational advantage of the CPC. I mentioned just now a slew of practices such as the eastern-western collaboration, fixed-point poverty alleviation carried out by government institutions and enterprises, and the campaign of "10,000 businesses helping 10,000 villages." Other political parties, federations of industry and commerce as well as prominent individuals without party affiliation have leveraged their strengths to contribute intellectual and material support. All sectors of society have united with common purpose and acted in unison to care about poor people and care for the cause of poverty alleviation.

We have summarized the six methods above as reference for the international community in alleviating poverty. As for the registering of people as poor, this is crucial in targeted poverty alleviation. I will let Mr. Xia answer this question.

Xia Gengsheng:

Thank you for your questions. It is fair to say that targeted poverty alleviation holds the golden key to securing victory against poverty and is also an innovative and most significant means during this latest battle against poverty. Identifying and registering people in need is the first step of targeted poverty alleviation. As we know, identifying people in need is a weak link that exists concerning our poverty alleviation work in poor areas. This is a dynamic process that involves preliminary identification, relatively accurate identification, and then accurate identification which cannot be achieved overnight. Since the launch of identification and registration projects in 2014, a total of 29.48 million poor households and 89.62 million poor people have been identified. For the first time, China has identified the distribution of its poor population, the cause of their poverty, and their individual needs. Between August 2015 to April 2016, we reviewed our work, disqualifying those ineligible for poverty alleviation, while also adding those who met the conditions but went overlooked. These procedures have been adjusted annually since 2017 in a bid to improve the accuracy of our work.

This shows that China's identification of poor households is dynamic, rather than a once-and-for-all thing. This is of crucial importance regarding how we identify targets, no matter whether it is during our battle against alleviating extreme poverty or the consolidation of the results of poverty elimination. Our identification methods involve three aspects. First, poor households are encouraged to apply for help themselves because they best know their difficulties and weaknesses. Second, grassroots officials are in the best position to report on the situation on local conditions as their daily work is closely related to the lives of poor people. Third, data-matching from different sectors can also help us identify the poor. Through big data analysis such as sudden and drastic medical expenses or the plummeting of income due to unemployment, we can identify, intervene, and support those in need promptly and help them apply for assistance. In addition, we also set up the "12317" hotline to allow for the supervision and reporting of misconduct in poverty alleviation work. Individuals who are eligible but weren't included in can call this number so that we can check and solve the problems. Thank you.

Market News International:

Experts predict that these over 100 million rural residents who have recently shaken off poverty could be the main middle-income spending force in the future. What kind of work should be done in order to help them move into middle-income groups? My second question is about infrastructure investment in rural vitalization. Will there be any financial support on the policy side? What will be the major methods in this regard? Will this increase the burden of debt for local governments? Thank you.

Wang Zhengpu:

You've raised two important questions. The first question is about how to help low-income populations become middle-income groups. This is Mr. Xia's field of work, so he will take this question. The second question is about investment, financing, and local government debt, which is Mr. Hong's field of work. Let's give the floor to them. Thank you.

Xia Gengsheng:

This is a good question. Although China has secured victory against poverty and a basic standard of living is now guaranteed among those who have shaken off poverty, a portion of them continues to live with a low income, and there remains a certain gap between them and middle-income groups as you mentioned. Helping the people who have just shaken off poverty gradually become a middle-income group will benefit our people, country, and the world. Once these 100 million people become middle-income earners, tremendous potential will be released by their spending activities and industrial development. To achieve a leapfrog development from poverty alleviation to middle-income level, we need to work on the following three aspects:

First, we need to promote income growth through industrial development. On the basis of effectively ensuring the supply of food and major agricultural products, we need to speed up efforts to develop specialized farming and livestock breeding methods that utilize local strengths, as well as develop the agricultural-product processing industry. We also need to foster new industrial and business models such as rural tourism, rural e-commerce, and real-life experience activities in rural areas. We need to extend the industrial chain, improve the value chain, and build the supply chain. Currently, we also need to redouble our supportive efforts via consumption. Over the past few years of poverty alleviation works, the farming and livestock breeding industries have produced many goods. Thus, we need to support them via consumption and translate their harvest into income, in a bid to build their capacity for self-development.

Second, we need to promote income growth by stabilizing employment. Employment is an important way of increasing income and ensuring its stability will help ensure a fundamental income for those lifted out of poverty. This year, we set the target of providing no less than 30 million job opportunities to people lifted out of poverty, and this has so far proved successful according to the current situation. These people now choose to either work as migrant workers or in areas closer to home, and the smooth flow of people between the two has been ensured. Migrant workers are organized by the labor cooperation program between eastern and western regions. This can provide targeted assistance for migrant workers in need and help them increase their income. In terms of job opportunities in places close to their homes, they are provided help via local poverty alleviation workshops, leading enterprises, and public-service sectors. In addition, carrying out vocational skills training programs is very important and can help those people lifted out of poverty to gain upgraded job opportunities and improve their potential for employment and income.

Third, we need to promote income growth via innovation, startups and entrepreneurship. Rural areas, especially those lifted out of poverty, have huge development potential and there are many ways and opportunities for them to promote income growth. This is opening new prospects for people to engage in innovation and start businesses. We will continuously improve the ecosystem for rural areas in innovation and business. For people who have been lifted out poverty and have the competence, are business-minded, and show willingness, we will encourage them to start businesses and increase their income. We will also focus on the training of family farm operators, farm cooperative leaders, innovation and business pioneers, rural e-commerce talents, and rural craftsman in a bid to promote entrepreneurship in rural regions and help those who have emerged from poverty increase their income and gain wealth. Thank you.

Hong Tianyun:

I'll answer the second question. The infrastructure investment for rural vitalization is mainly focused on rural development. Conducting the rural development initiative is a major arrangement made at the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee and an important focus for comprehensively promoting rural vitalization. This year marks the first year of comprehensively carrying out the rural vitalization development initiative and we will strive to succeed in the following five aspects: planning, construction, services, governance, and investment guarantees.

First, we will focus on planning. Rural plans are the blueprints for rural development. Planning should come before construction. As people often say, planning should be made scientifically and on a long-term basis, while construction should be pragmatic. We will clarify the layout and classification of villages, actively and orderly formulate a practical village scheme that integrates multiple plans, and realize the full planning coverage of those villages that have conditions and needs. Since the rural vitalization strategy was put forward at the 19th National Congress of the CPC, China's eastern region has taken the lead and gained good experience. We must start from the current basis and reality, retain the characteristics of the countryside, and avoid disordered and aggressive demolition and construction. In particular, we must strictly regulate the demolition and merger of villages, and must not force farmers to move into apartments. Rural development is to serve its residents.

Second, we will focus on rural infrastructure construction. We will continue to prioritize public infrastructure construction in the rural areas and strive to promote infrastructure coverage in villages, and by extension, to households. Access to "water, electricity, road, communication, and internet," energy supply, sanitation facilities, and garbage and sewage treatments are all basic elements necessary for modern civilized life in rural areas and the main focus of our rural development. We will guide local governments to determine the development priorities in light of local conditions and meet the most pressing needs of the rural residents. 

Third, we will focus on providing services. We will improve the level of basic public services in rural areas, establish a mechanism for balanced allocation of public resources between urban and rural areas, strengthen the allocation of basic public services to rural areas, and gradually unify urban and rural standards and systems. Next, we will concentrate on key issues such as rural education, healthcare, elderly care, and social security, and continue to realize equal access to basic public services in urban and rural areas.

Fourth, we will focus on governance. We have launched a five-year campaign for improving rural living environments to promote the marked upgrading of urban and rural appearances. We will give priority to supporting household sanitation in the rural areas of China's central and western regions, and advance toilet upgrading and sewage treatment in rural areas in an integrated manner. We will encourage the sorting and treatment of household waste at the source in rural areas where conditions permit and intensify efforts to make villages cleaner and greener, making rural areas more livable and rural residents more satisfied.

With the four "focuses" mentioned above, investment in rural development must be guaranteed. We should, through innovating the mechanism of investment and financing, form a diversified investment pattern featuring prioritized financial guarantees, focused financial support, and active social participation. Earlier, Mr. Tang introduced the No. 1 Central Document for 2021 and answered questions from the press. As we all know, this year's No. 1 Central Document issues a series of specific policies for input guarantees. According to the document, the general public budget should continue to prioritize spending on both agriculture and rural areas, and the central government spending on agriculture and rural areas should be further expanded. In addition, the share of the revenue from land transfers diverted to rural areas should be increased and local governments should be supported in issuing general bonds and special bonds for modern agriculture facilities and rural development to continue to enhance their financial support.

Rural vitalization is a long-term and historic task. While proceeding with the work, we must spare no efforts within our capacities and seek truth from facts. At the same time, the relevant departments have also been very strict in managing local government debts. We believe that the debt burden among local governments won't increase overall and is manageable. Thank you.

Shangyou News:

My question is about how poverty alleviation has been promoted in ethnic minority areas and how poverty reduction achievements will be consolidated in these areas next? Thank you.

Wang Zhengpu:

Thank you for your questions. As one of the main battlefields in the fight against poverty, ethnic minority areas have long been lagging behind, and many such areas, in particular, have a small population and a weak foundation. We have paid great attention to these areas in the fight against poverty. Mr. Xia will give you more details in this regard.

Xia Gengsheng:

As we all know, China is a big family composed of 56 ethnic groups, sharing the common name of the Chinese nation. Our country has made unity and common progress as well as common prosperity and development the theme of the Chinese nation's work in the new stage for a new era. Regarding poverty alleviation, General Secretary Xi Jinping has stressed on many occasions that no single ethnic minority group should be left behind in the country's building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects. This is a solemn commitment of the CPC. We can see it from three junctures. The first is the eight-year poverty alleviation campaign. During this period, China has always made ethnic minority areas and ethnic minorities the key areas and key groups of its poverty elimination endeavors and has adopted targeted strategies to consistently support them. For example, the central government has allocated nearly 300 billion yuan in poverty alleviation funds, or 45% of the country's total, to the eight provinces and autonomous regions with large ethnic minority populations (Guizhou, Yunnan, and Qinghai provinces and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Tibet Autonomous Region, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region) over the past eight years. In addition, integrated government funds for rural development in the eight provinces and autonomous regions made up 39% of the country's total. Meanwhile, support in finance, land, human resources, and other aspects have also been weighted toward these regions, providing a strong guarantee for winning the battle against poverty in ethnic minority areas.

The second juncture was on June 23, 2017, when General Secretary Xi Jinping presided over a symposium in Taiyuan, Shanxi province, on poverty alleviation in severely impoverished areas. According to issues discussed during the symposium, most ethnic minority areas were considered severely impoverished areas. The "three areas" (Tibet Autonomous Region, the Hotan, Aksu, Kashgar prefectures and the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in southern Xinjiang, and prefectures and counties with large Tibetan populations in the provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Qinghai) and the "three prefectures" (Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan, Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan, and Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture in Gansu) were made the key battlegrounds for the elimination of poverty. That meant that new poverty reduction funds, projects, and measures were weighted toward these regions. It is fair to say that through extraordinary support, severely impoverished areas have accelerated in casting off poverty and no longer drag national efforts down.

The last important time is 2020, final year for winning the battle against poverty. In the year, we speeded up our efforts to lift the remaining 52 impoverished counties, mostly located in ethnic minority areas, out of poverty. This was considered the last task for eliminating extreme poverty. After relentless efforts, extreme poverty was eliminated among all minority ethnic groups including 28 with small populations. Some ethnic groups, still at the later stage of primitive society when the PRC was founded in 1949, have now been enabled to make the great leap to socialism and, then again, great strides towards achieving moderate prosperity in all respects. General Secretary Xi Jinping's solemn promise that no ethnic group should be left behind on the way to eliminate poverty has been fulfilled. Per capita net income of the poor in the five autonomous regions (Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia and Xinjiang) and the three provinces with a large multi-ethnic population (Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai) have increased significantly, breaking through the 10,000-yuan mark at the end of last year. This was higher than the income level for the poor registered under the national system of identifying people in need to know whom to help. This is a hard-won achievement. Social and economic development in ethnic minority areas have accelerated notably, basic living and working conditions have improved and tremendous changes have taken place. People of minority ethnic groups now have a much greater sense of gain, happiness and security. We visited some of those freed from poverty in Liangshan last week. Their happiness could be seen on their faces. This is a very big change in recent years. According to third-party evaluation, by the end of 2020, the average satisfaction level of the general public for the poverty elimination work in the aforementioned eight provinces and autonomous regions was above 94%, showing the battle against poverty is a project beneficial to the wellbeing of the people winning their heartfelt approval. 

To consolidate the results of poverty elimination, we will continue to prioritize ethnic minority areas and their people as we move forward. We will make targeted efforts in the following respects: First, we will work to ensure that the support policies for formerly impoverished groups will be effectively implemented in all ethnic minority areas. Just as my colleagues said a moment ago, we will make sure that people do not sink back into poverty in large numbers. Second, we will continue to strengthen preferential treatment to ethnic minority areas. For key counties in the rural vitalization program, again mostly located in ethnic minority areas, we will adopt preferential policies and give concentrated fiscal, financial, land, talent, infrastructure and public service support to strengthen their points of weakness at a faster pace and improve their development capacity. In addition to these counties, the government will also support the whole of Tibet and Xinjiang to consolidate the results of poverty alleviation and promote rural vitalization. Paired assistance for Tibet, Xinjiang and the prefectures and counties with large Tibetan populations in the provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Qinghai will remain unchanged. Third, we will further increase budgetary input. During the period of grace, fiscal investment will remain stable and composition of fiscal spending will be optimized. 

With these measures, we hope to ensure no ethnic minority area and people will be left behind in the efforts to consolidate the results of poverty alleviation and good performances will be delivered in pursing common prosperity. Thank you.

Xinhua News Agency:

My question is for Mr. Xu. In the past eight years, we have lifted nearly 100 million rural poor out of extreme poverty. Why was China able to achieve this? The white paper has offered much information, but what do you think is the most important reason? What experience have we gained for eliminating extreme poverty? Thank you. 

Xu Lin:

Thank you for your question. The main reason behind China's success in eliminating extreme poverty is the six experiences introduced by Mr. Wang just now. The most important of all, I think, is that the Communist Party of China cares for the people. From the Party leader to ordinary Party officials, we all put people first. 

For the past century, one generation of Party members after another have made continuous efforts toward the goal of seeing that the people can live a good life. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has prioritized poverty elimination in state governance and mobilized the whole Party and the whole country to engage in the battle against poverty.

Soon after the 18th CPC National Congress, General Secretary Xi Jinping visited Fuping in Hebei province to inspect development-driven poverty alleviation work there. During the visit, Xi clarified the relationship between eliminating extreme poverty and building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and mobilized the whole Party and the whole country to work hard to win the battle against poverty. 

General Secretary Xi Jinping was always concerned with impoverished regions and families in straitened circumstances, has always put poverty alleviation at the top of his work agenda and devoted much energy to it. He has assumed leadership, made plans, and directed the battle in person, and called meetings to hear reports and make plans at every critical stage of the battle. He has presided over seven central seminars on poverty elimination and made over 50 fact-finding trips, giving important instructions clarifying the direction of poverty alleviation.

He has visited every one of the 14 contiguous poor areas across the country and over 20 poor villages, and sat in impoverished households to hear of their difficulties, suggestions and needs.

You may still remember moving scenes in many news reports. For example, in Yuangudui village, Dingxi city of Gansu province, General Secretary Xi walked into a low and poorly-lit rural home and took a drink of water from a water vat by the wall with a gourd ladle to taste the quality of water the villagers were drinking. 

In Zhangzhuang village, Lankao county, Henan province, holding the hand of villager Zhang Jingzhi, General Secretary Xi looked at the 85-years-old's kitchen and bedroom. He also chatted with the family to learn about their grain output, whether they had received agricultural subsidies and if they were covered by subsistence allowances and medical insurances. 

General Secretary Xi's visits to the poor, his fact-finding trips and the plans he has made all embody the deep love of the people's leader for the poor, and have warmed their hearts, roused their enthusiasm to fight poverty and greatly boosted the confidence and morale of the whole Party and the whole country to win the battle against poverty. 

Poverty alleviation is a battle without smoke. On this battlefield, Party officials have dedicated themselves with great zeal, fulfilled their promises with actions and took great pains and even sacrificed their lives in exchange for the happiness of the poor. Here, I would give the examples of two ordinary Party officials. 

The first example is Jiang Haiquan, who was sent by the National Audit Office to serve as the first secretary of Jiashi village in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong autonomous prefecture, Guizhou province. When he arrived at the village, initially the villagers respectfully stayed out of his way because they thought that Jiang, having previously worked in a ministry in the big city of Beijing, would have no idea of the general situation in such a mountain village. However, Jiang visited the villagers to get to understand what problems they were facing, listened to their opinions, and helped them one by one. Gradually, the villagers accepted and respected him very much. When his two-year term was about to expire, all of the villagers jointly signed a petition marked with their thumbprints, hoping that he would continue to work in the village. He also couldn't bear to leave, so decided to work in the village for another two years. His daughter was only 3 years old when Jiang left for the village to help with the poverty alleviation; by the time he returned home, she was already in elementary school. His daughter missed her father but was sensitive for her age, saying that although her father hadn't come back home to accompany her to Children's Day for three years, she had her father's letters and promise that he would come back when the children in the mountain village lived a happy life like her.

Another example is Yang Ning, secretary of the Party branch and head of the village committee of Jiangmen village in Rongshui Miao autonomous county, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region. She graduated from Guangxi University in 2010 and before applying to work as a village official in her hometown, becoming an assistant to the village director. She has devoted herself to helping lift the villagers out of poverty, working to change her hometown. As a member of the Miao ethnic group herself, she explored ways of poverty alleviation with her fellow Miao villagers and finally found a way to increase people's income by developing high mountain ecological agriculture. Worrying about her hometown fellows who had not yet completely escaped poverty, she decided to stay in the village even after her two consecutive terms had expired. In 2017, she was elected as the head of the village committee with a high approval rating. Now, with 326 poor farmers in 94 households in Jiangmen village having been lifted out of poverty, poverty has been eradicated. Yang Ning said that everyone has ideals and dreams and her dream is to use the knowledge she has learned to help the Miao people out of poverty and toward prosperity.

These grassroots cadres and poverty relief workers are ordinary people, and what they have done may seem trivial but is very pragmatic. It is these grassroots cadres, poverty relief workers, and CPC members who are the powerful forces of winning the battle against poverty. Thank you.

Farmer.com.cn: 

After winning the battle against poverty, the focus of the work related to agriculture, rural areas, and farmers has historically shifted to promote rural vitalization in an all-round way, which involves all aspects of the above-mentioned work. What's the next priority? Thank you.

Tang Renjian:

Thank you for your question. From poverty alleviation to promoting rural vitalization in an all-round way, a landmark change and strategic transition has been made in the work related to agriculture, rural areas, and farmers. The rural vitalization efforts have been mentioned several times in the previous questions and answers. Many examples are vivid and touching. We have worked in local departments and witnessed so many stories. Therefore, for the next step, we must continue to promote comprehensive rural vitalization in line with these guiding principles, ideas, and requirements.

Promoting rural vitalization in an all-round way involves a wide range of sectors. We do need to think carefully about where to start and what we should prioritize. We need to take all factors into consideration, while at the same time focus on some major work. The focus is as follows: First, we must first ensure food security. To the people, foodstuff is all-important. This is our top priority in governing the country. We will strongly implement the food crop production strategy based on farmland management and technological application, which lay a material foundation. The key is to solve issues related to seeds and arable land and to develop the seed industry. We will work to maintain the red line of 1.80 billion mu (120 million hectares) of arable land and one billion mu of high-standard farmland, which are the cornerstone of food security. At the same time, it is necessary to provide benefits to the farmers who grow grain and to make sure the local Party committees and governments shoulder their responsibilities. We must establish a mechanism guarantee of "two supplements," which is supplement by benefits and supplement by obligations. "Supplement by benefits" refers to allowing farmers to make profits from growing grain by improving corresponding agricultural prices and subsidy policies. "Supplement by obligations" refers to consolidating the obligations and responsibilities of local Party committees and governments regarding food security. In short, our goal is to ensure that the national grain output exceeds 1.3 trillion jin (650 million metric tons) and rises steadily, not only this year but also during the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-2025). At present, the summer grain is growing very well—a good sign of the harvest to come.

Second, we will consolidate poverty alleviation outcomes. It is not easy to win the battle against poverty, and by no means easy to consolidate this historic achievement. In general, we will maintain a stable assistance policy in areas that have escaped poverty and identify a number of key counties in the western region to help them develop and promote rural vitalization. For those who are prone to falling back into poverty, a dynamic monitoring mechanism will be established to identify and assist as early as possible. In brief, efforts must be made to prevent any large-scale relapse into poverty.

Third, we will develop rural industries that can benefit people. Increasing rural residents' income is a key approach to solving many problems in rural areas. As mentioned just now, we will make use of the multiple functions of rural areas—not just agriculture—because providing food is not the only advantage of these areas. We can give full play to other advantages, including ecological conservation, leisure tourism, and cultural inheritance. We will develop new industries and business formats such as rural tourism and recreation; promote the integration of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries in rural areas; maintain industries in the countryside as much as possible; and extend the industrial chain so that farmers can participate and benefit more.

Fourth, we will build the "hardware and software" in villages, and promote the coverage of public infrastructure in rural areas and extend it to households. I mentioned in previous press conferences that infrastructure problems have been basically solved at the level of administrative villages, and some have been solved at lower levels, but there are still gaps. Therefore, going forward, our focus is to promote solutions below the level of administrative villages, especially roads, which includes roads leading to different parts in villages, main roads in villages, as well as industrial roads, resource roads, and tourist roads for industrial development. We need to build these roads. Next, we will resolve the issue of cold chain logistics for storing agricultural products and keeping them fresh. It involves the upward movement of agricultural products from villages into the cities, and the downward movement of industrial products into villages and households. Solving these two major problems will not only improve the lives of the people, but also promote agricultural production. These facilities are our next priority. At the same time, we will improve the level of public services in rural areas, strengthen improvements to rural governance, improve social etiquette and civility in villages, and strive to further advance cultural and ethical progress. After a period of hard work, the look of the countryside will change both inside and out. Thank you.

Phoenix TV:

Some media outlets have stated that China's current poverty alleviation standards are lower than the standards set by the World Bank. What are your thoughts on this? Thank you.

Wang Zhengpu:

This is a frequently asked question, and I noticed that many reporters also asked this question during the sessions of China's top legislature and top political advisory body held this March. The spokespersons of the two sessions have already answered it many times. Since you're asking again today, let's allow Mr. Hong Tianyun, deputy head in charge of the matter, to answer your question.

Hong Tianyun:

Thank you very much. The determination of national standards based on the national economy, the level of social development and the basic living needs of the poor population have been consistent and ongoing practices in China since the implementation of the large-scale, planned and organized poverty alleviation program. China first formulated poverty alleviation standards in 1986. The standard at that time was 206 yuan, and the corresponding number of people living in poverty was 125 million. The priority was to solve the problem of food and clothing. The second time was when the country's first 10-year Outline of Development-driven Poverty Alleviation in Rural Areas was formulated in 2001, when the standard was raised to 865 yuan, corresponding to 94.23 million poor people. The third time was the formulation of the China's second 10-year Outline of Development-driven Poverty Alleviation in Rural Areas in 2011. The standard was raised again to 2,300 yuan, which was based on the 2010 constant price, corresponding to 122 million poor people.

Since the poverty alleviation work began, the identification and alleviation of the poor population in China have been based on the unit of households. The measurement standard is "one income, two no-worries and three guarantees," which is easy for grassroots and frontline officials and people to remember. What are the identification standard and poverty alleviation standard? They are these "one," "two," and "three." The "one income" refers to the annual per capita net income stably exceeding the current national poverty alleviation standard, which is 2,300 yuan as I just mentioned, with the current amount being about 4,000 yuan by 2020. The "two no-worries" and "three guarantees" refer to stable realizations of "no worries about food" and "no worries about clothing," as well as guarantees on "compulsory education," "basic medical care" and "housing safety." In the specific implementation process, the guarantee of the safety of drinking water is also included. The standard for the lifting of the poor population out of poverty in China is a comprehensive multi-dimensional standard, which not only considers income, but also the realization of poor people's rights to live and to develop. On the whole, it is higher than the extreme poverty standard of the World Bank, and also higher than the absolute poverty line determined by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development set by the UN in 2015. It reflects the reality of China's socio-economic development and the basic requirements for building a moderately prosperous society in all aspects.

I would like to share a statistics report. By the end of 2020, the net income per capita of China's registered poor population reached 10,740 yuan, far exceeding the international extreme poverty standard. Next, in accordance with the relevant requirements and arrangements of the CPC central committee and the central government on effective connection between consolidating and expanding the results of poverty alleviation and rural vitalization, we will maintain the overall stability of the existing policies, support and further help areas and people lifted out of poverty; continue to support the development and growth of industries of rural characteristics in poverty-alleviation areas; promote stable employment for people who have escaped poverty; provide solid follow-up support for people relocated from inhospitable areas; ensure stable and continuous income growth for people lifted out of poverty; and move toward the goal of gradually realizing common prosperity for all. Thank you.

Yomiuri Shimbun:

China's goal is to achieve more obvious substantive progress for the common prosperity of everyone by 2035. In order to achieve this goal, it is essential to increase the income of farmers and develop rural areas. What kind of policies and measures will the National Administration for Rural Vitalization adopt? Thank you.

Hong Tianyun:

Thank you. The topic of rural vitalization is very popular today, and my colleagues have responded from different angles and aspects. By 2035, we will make more obvious substantive progress in achieving common prosperity for everyone as a mid- to long-term strategic goal set by the CPC and the central government. Rural vitalization involves a wide range of areas. It is a long-term and arduous task. It needs to bring together the powerful forces of the whole Party and all aspects of society to promote its implementation, and requires coordinated operations and joint advancement by all regions and departments. There is an old saying in China: "When everyone helps gather firewood, the flames rise high." I hope everyone will work together to promote, support and participate in this work.

We are duty-bound to promote rural vitalization in an all-round way. The administration for rural vitalization will work with relevant departments to further promote the implementation of various measures. At the same time, we must focus on the key points. Regarding the increase in farmers' income, this will mainly be achieved by developing industries, promoting employment, and continually increasing farmers' operating income and wages. This is the main source of income for rural people in China, and we must make great efforts to do it well. Regarding the development of rural areas, the next step is to start implementing rural construction activities, vigorously implement rural infrastructure construction, continuously improve the level of public services in rural areas, and promote the development of urban and rural integration. Meanwhile, we will continue to strengthen rural governance, promote the development of rural social undertakings and rural culture, further advance cultural and ethical progress, and continuously improve the level of good governance in rural areas. Our country is very large, and the differences among provinces, regions and municipalities are relatively big. East China is one step ahead, and there are many mature and successful experiences. The central and western regions are doing relevant work in a concrete, detailed and competent manner through studying and promoting these experiences.

China Daily:

We know that the National Administration for Rural Vitalization has already been established. We are very curious about how it operates. Could you please introduce it? My second question is: Now that the country's "No. 1 central document" for 2021 requires a rural construction action plan to be launched this year, what priorities do you have for implementation of the first year of the plan? Thank you.

Wang Zhengpu:

I know you all have a keen interest in knowing more about our rural vitalization work as well as the National Administration for Rural Vitalization. After the victory in the battle against poverty is complete, the focus of work related to agriculture, rural areas, and rural people will be shifted to comprehensively promoting rural vitalization. As a result, some adjustments will be made to the relevant institutions. The central government has decided that the Central Leading Group for Rural Affairs will undertake the functions of the former State Council Leading Group of Poverty Alleviation and Development and the State Council Leading Group Office of Poverty Alleviation and Development will be restructured to become the National Administration for Rural Vitalization. The Administration now falls under the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and is mainly in charge of consolidating the achievements of poverty elimination and coordinating all concrete activities to implement the rural vitalization strategy.

As we shift our focus from poverty alleviation toward comprehensively promoting rural vitalization, our work will target a broader group, cover more areas, and meet higher standards. The task of comprehensively implementing the rural vitalization strategy is not second to the fight against poverty in depth, breadth, and difficulty. I may say that departments related to rural vitalization work shoulder major responsibilities and have a lofty mission to perform. We will further enhance the sense of responsibility, perform our duties strictly as the National Administration for Rural Vitalization, continue to promote the spirit of fighting poverty and achieve new victory on a new journey toward rural vitalization.

We are now carrying out overall planning for the rural vitalization work. I hope that journalists and media will provide support and assistance for our work. Also, we welcome your supervision. Let us join hands and create synergy in promoting the healthy development of China's rural affairs. 

The nature, main content, and main targets of the rural vitalization strategy are clearly defined. We take the strategy as a key driver in work related to agriculture, rural areas, and rural people in the new era. Its main content includes vitalization in five areas, namely industrial vitalization, talent vitalization, cultural vitalization, ecological vitalization, and organization vitalization. The strategy's overall goal is also clear, that is, to build rural areas with thriving businesses, pleasant living environments, social etiquette and civility, effective governance, and prosperity. We also set clear phased goals for rural vitalization in 2025, 2035, and 2050. Meanwhile, there will be some specific targets set by each Five-Year Plan that will promote step-by-step rural vitalization. China is a vast country with a huge population, and local conditions vary greatly from region to region. Local authorities have their specific goals, measures, and means in promoting rural vitalization. We believe that under the general goal set at the central government level, local authorities will surely meet their set targets at every stage through constant exploration and efforts. 

As for your second question, the rural construction work is now progressing steadily. The main target of the work is to upgrade existing infrastructure facilities. During its fight against poverty, the country has input a large amount of manpower, material, and funding to step up the development of infrastructure facilities in impoverished areas. So far, great improvements have been made and witnessed by all regarding roads, water supply, telecommunication facilities, and other village-level public infrastructure facilities in impoverished areas.

The next target for us to work toward is the further promotion of rural construction. The other speakers also talked about this topic just now. For example, roads should be extended to reach village communities and households. Some special roads for industry or tourism should also be further extended. A large number of existing infrastructure facilities need to be upgraded and constant efforts should be made in this regard. Furthermore, we will step up the improvement of rural living environments by upgrading toilets, sewage treatment systems, and the domestic garbage collection and transfer system. Statistics show that 68% of rural populations now have access to sanitary toilets and nearly 90% of domestic garbage undergoes centralized treatment. Now, our greatest weakness lies in domestic sewage treatment in the rural areas and we have invested heavily in this area. Currently, local authorities have been dealing with this problem in different ways, such as connecting with the sewage system in cities and building independently operating sewage treatment facilities, as well as other local approaches. All in all, I believe that the rural construction action plan will surely make new progress with the constant efforts made by local authorities. 

The rural vitalization strategy has attracted wide attention and concern from all sectors of society since the concept was first raised at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. We hope that journalists attending this press conference will help publicize the positive approaches adopted by local authorities so that they can learn from each other and jointly promote the healthy development of rural vitalization work. Thank you.

Tang Renjian:

I would like to add something. There are three institutions in charge of the rural vitalization work, namely the Office of the Central Leading Group for Rural Affairs, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and the National Administration for Rural Vitalization. Among them, only the last institution's name reflects its role in promoting rural vitalization. In the future, the Office of the Central Leading Group for Rural Affairs and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs will study and promote the establishment of laws, regulations, plans, strategies, and major policies on rural vitalization, so as to perform their functions from different perspectives and levels. Thank you. 

Chen Wenjun:

Thank you, speakers, and many thanks to journalists. Today's press conference is concluded. See you next time.

Translated and edited by Zhang Liying, Guo Yiming, Gong Yingchun, Liu Jianing, Zhu Bochen, Xu Xiaoxuan, Yuan Fang, Chen Xia, Wang Yanfang, Zhou Jing, Li Xiao, Li Huiru, Fan Junmei, Liu Qiang, Zhang Rui, Wang Qian, Wang Yiming, Yang Xi, David Ball, Jay Birbeck, Tom Arnstein and Geoffrey Murray. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speakers:

Liu Guiping, deputy governor of the People's Bank of China (PBC)

Wang Xin, head of the Research Bureau at the PBC

Sun Guofeng, head of the Monetary Policy Department at the PBC

Zou Lan, head of the Financial Market Department at the PBC

Chairperson:

Chen Wenjun, head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office (SCIO) and spokesperson of the SCIO

Date: 

April 1, 2021

Chen Wenjun:

Ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon. Welcome to the press conference held by the State Council Information Office (SCIO). The fifth plenary session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) established a comprehensive overall plan for coordinated regional development, and the Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 also reflected the guiding principles of the session. The finance sector plays a crucial role in promoting coordinated regional development under the new development paradigm. Today, we have invited Mr. Liu Guiping, deputy governor of the People's Bank of China (PBC) to brief the media on relevant issues and field questions. With us, we also have department heads from the PBC, including Wang Xin, head of the PBC's Research Bureau; Sun Guofeng, head of the Monetary Policy Department; and Zou Lan, head of the Financial Market Department.

Next, I will give the floor to Mr. Liu.

Liu Guiping:

Ladies and gentlemen, friends from the media, good afternoon. The fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee clearly proposed accelerating the construction of a new development paradigm with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other. This is a major decision made by the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, after evaluating the situation based on the changes in China's development stage, environment and conditions, as well as changes in its comparative advantages in particular.

The conditions necessary for achieving smooth economic circulation are the matching of supply and demand, coordination between regions as well as between urban and rural areas, and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other. Among these, promoting coordinated regional development is an important foundation for accelerating the fostering of a new development paradigm, which ensures social harmony, political stability and sustainable economic development. During the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016-2020), the PBC adhered to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, resolutely implemented the decisions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, and followed the new development philosophy. Working with other relevant departments, we have improved the regional financial policy system, actively provided financial support for the country's major regional development strategies, and continuously enhanced regional development coordination.

First, we have developed a dialectical approach to thinking and promoted regional economic planning featuring complementary advantages and high-quality development. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized on several occasions that imbalances are common, and we should pursue a relative balance between regions — this is a dialectical approach to coordinated regional development. On one hand, serving the implementation of China's major regional development strategies, the PBC has given full play to the functions of the central bank, and deployed financial vehicles to support coordinated development in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and the Yangtze River Delta, ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River basin, and the construction of the Chengdu-Chongqing Twin City Economic Circle. We have guided financial institutions to improve financial service innovation, and promoted leveraging the role of city clusters in driving growth. On the other hand, we have flexibly tapped into monetary and credit policy tools, made full use of financial technology, and actively carried out pilot programs for the reform and innovation of modern inclusive finance and green finance, built and improved a modern inclusive financial system and green financial system, and guided rural areas and underdeveloped areas to make up for their weaknesses, and promoted green, low-carbon and high-quality economic development.

Second, we have adhered to a problem-oriented approach, formulated differentiated policies tailored to local conditions, and provided category-specific guidance. According to the characteristics and comparative advantages of different regions, targeted pilot regional financial reforms have been carried out. Positive results have been achieved in fields such as inclusive finance, green finance and science and technology finance, giving rise to a set of practices that can be applied in other areas.

Third, we have taken into account both domestic and international dynamics and leveraged these two markets and resources. The pilot free trade zones are pacesetters of reform and opening up in the new era, and testing grounds for a high level of financial openness, which serve as a platform for tapping into both domestic and international resources. Among the 21 pilot free trade zones and Hainan Free Trade Port approved by the State Council, financial liberalization and innovation is one of the highlights, covering important elements such as the facilitation of cross-border investment and financing, the optimization of financial institutional arrangements and the innovation of cross-border financial services.

Next, the PBC will actively implement the guiding principles of the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee and the Central Economic Work Conference. As China enters a new development stage, we will follow a new development philosophy, foster a new development paradigm and pursue higher-quality growth. We will continue to bolster financial support for coordinated regional development, and advance regional financial reforms with distinctive features.

First, we will continue to increase financial support for the country's major regional development strategies. In accordance with local conditions, financial support will continue to be provided to promote the implementation of various strategies, including coordinated development in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and the Yangtze River Delta, ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River basin, and the construction of the Chengdu-Chongqing Twin City Economic Circle. We will enhance the quality and effectiveness of financial services for the real economy and coordinated regional development.

Second, we will continue to make overall planning and work on pilot zones for regional financial reform. Financial reform and innovation with regional characteristics will be strengthened. We will select eligible areas to promote pilot projects covering such areas as technology innovation finance, inclusive finance and green finance, and explore effective ways of providing financial support for high-quality development such as scientific and technological innovation, rural vitalization and green development.

Third, we will continue to promote financial liberalization and innovation in the pilot free trade zones and promote domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other. Starting from serving the real economy and promoting the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment, we will focus on providing financial support for the construction of pilot free trade zones and free trade ports, promote the full implementation of the system combining pre-establishment national treatment and a negative list, and strive to achieve a high level of opening up. Thank you everyone.

Chen Wenjun:

Thank you, Mr. Liu. The floor is now open for questions. Please state the name of your news outlet before asking your questions.

CCTV:

In recent years, PBC has carried out a series of pilot programs on regional financial reforms, – covering key fields such as green finance and inclusive finance – in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the Yangtze River Delta and other hotspot areas. What progresses have been made in these pilot programs? What experience did you gather that can be rolled out across the country? Thank you.

Liu Guiping:

Thanks for your questions. I gave a brief introduction previously, and would like to introduce some details now.

As China's central bank, PBC always follows the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and the major decisions and plans of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. In accordance with the needs of macro-economic development and deployments of regional development strategy, we promote relevant works in accordance with our functions as the central bank.

I have just introduced several major strategies regarding regional development, and perhaps you may have noticed that the order in which I said them is the order of several major strategies deployed by the Party Central Committee and State Council, including the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the integration of the Yangtze River Delta, the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, and the Chengdu-Chongqing Twin City Economic Circle. I'd like to introduce our works on pushing forward regional development from the perspective of the five development philosophies stressed by General Secretary Xi Jinping.

First, we implemented the philosophy of innovative development. We have promoted the reform and innovation of sci-tech innovation finance and actively explored an effective model for finance to support science and technology innovation. For example, we explored six special development models at East Lake High-tech Development Zone in Wuhan city, with the aim of building investment and financing channels to serve the whole life cycle of science and technology enterprises. The development models include institution establishment, operational mechanisms, financial products, information platforms, direct financing and financial supervision. All the experience we learned has been spread across the country.

Second, we implemented the philosophy of coordinated development. We actively promoted and supported major strategies for regional development. For example, we accelerated the building of Shanghai into an international financial center and high-quality and integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta, so as to give full play to the leading role of Shanghai as an international financial center. We made great progresses in streamlining administration, delegating power, improving regulation and upgrading services of the finance industry, coordinating supervision of credit agencies, and sharing economic and financial information. At the same time, when providing financial services for the construction of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, we innovated cooperation models between the Chinese mainland and Hong Kong and Macao, and promoted cross-border mobile payment facilitation, trials of account opening witness service and cross-border purchase of wealth management products by residents in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area – which is now in the process of moving forward. We also upgraded financial services in the area, and achieved positive results in finance related to people's livelihoods, facilitation of cross-border investment and financing, and financial market connectivity.

Third, we implemented the philosophy of green development. We propelled the construction of pilot zones of reform and innovation of green finance in six provinces and regions. The six provinces and regions are Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou and Gansu provinces and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. By the end of last year, the loan balance of green finance in these six provinces and regions reached 236.83 billion yuan, accounting for 15.1% of their total loan balance, and 4.3 percentage points higher than the national average. Bond balance of green finance in these places reached 135 billion yuan, up 66% year-on-year. Ganzhou New Area in Jiangxi province successfully issued the country's first authenticated green municipal special bond. Huadu district in Guangzhou developed several financial products such as carbon emissions rights mortgage and pledge financing.

Fourth, we implemented the philosophy of open development. We advanced financial opening and innovation in free trade zones, and forged a new paradigm of financial innovation. At present, there are 21 free trade zones throughout China. The experience we have spread across the country include more than 10 new businesses of local and foreign currency, such as macro-prudential management of full-diameter cross-border financing with the integration of local and foreign currencies; cross-border two-way RMB capital pool of transnational enterprises and groups; and simplified RMB settlement process for regular and direct investments.

Fifth, we implemented the philosophy of shared development. We promoted reform and innovative trials for inclusive finance and micro-finance, and significantly improved the coverage and accessibility of financial services. Taizhou city in Zhejiang province and Lankao county in Henan province solved issues relating to agriculture, rural areas, and rural people, information asymmetry and difficulties faced by small and micro-businesses in accessing affordable financing by making good use of financial technology. Taizhou has earned experience in financial services for small and micro-enterprises by focusing on real entities, services for small and micro-enterprises, and utilizing an accurate supply and stable operation. Lankao explored a new development model of inclusive finance with digital service platforms as the core. Thank you.

China Financial and Economic News:

Accelerated constructionof Shanghai as an international financial center and the integrated development of the Yangtze River Deltaregion are major development strategies established by the CPC Central Committee. What has the People's Bank of China (PBC) done in this regard? Thank you.

Liu Guiping:

Thank you for your question. Mr. Wang will answer this question.

Wang Xin:

Thank you for your question. Shanghai and the Yangtze River Delta area are the regions with the most dynamic economy, the highest level of development and the highest degree of opening-up in China. Accelerating Shanghai's development as an international financial center and providing sound financial support for the integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta region are important measures in creating a new highland of high-level opening-up. Last February, when Chinese society was hit hard by the epidemic, upon the approval of the State Council, the PBC, along with the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission (CBIRC), China Securities Regulatory Commision (CSRC), State Foreign Exchange Administration (SAFE) and Shanghai Municipal People's Government, released the Opinions on Further Accelerating the Development of Shanghai as an International Financial Center and Providing Financial Support for the Integrated Development of the Yangtze River Delta Region. This is a major document, which lays out 30 specific measures covering all aspects of financial reform and opening-up. Some of the key points and highlights include increasing the green assets allocation of financial institutions, since it is very important at present for these institutions to increase green financial assets, fulfill their social responsibilities, and make sustainable investments. The Opinions also promotes the integrated establishment of green financial service platforms and the integrated development of credit investigation in the Yangtze River Delta region, which as a basic task, is essential for unified economicand financial development in the region. The Opinions also states that an inclusive financial index system and an alternative dispute resolution mechanism for financial consumption disputes should be set up in the region. In addition, Shanghai and the Yangtze River Delta region, with their relatively developed finance and science and technology, lead the country with regard to science and technology innovation. For example, in terms of getting listed on the Science and Technology Innovation Board, or STAR Market, be it the enterprises applying for listing or enterprises finally getting listed on the Market, enterprises from the Yangtze River Delta region account for nearly 50% of the country's total. Such a large proportion shows us the importance of the economy and finance of the region, including Shanghai.

Next, the PBC will continue to promote implementation of the Opinions, and many measures in it need our increased efforts to be carried out more quickly. We will step up efforts to further the development of green finance, integration of credit investigation, and establishment of an inclusive financial index system and an alternative dispute resolution mechanism for financial consumption disputes in the Yangtze River Delta region to promote the region's integrated development. Thank you.

Market News International:

How will the central bank solve the problem of unbalanced distribution of credit resources among different regions? In addition, medium- and long-term loans to enterprises in China continue to rise, while investments in the manufacturing sector remain sluggish. What is the main reason for this and how can the issue be dealt with?

Liu Guiping:

Thank you for your questions. Mr. Zou will answer this question.

Zou Lan:

Thank you for your questions. We have also noticed that investments in manufacturing have been sluggish. Investments in the manufacturing sector fell by 2.2% year-on-year in 2020, for which we think there are many reasons. First, affected by the external economic environment and the COVID-19 pandemic, the liquidity of manufacturing enterprises was strained and so loans were mainly used to meet the liquidity demand. The enterprises' investment ability and confidence need to be restored.

Second, it is related with adjustments to the industrial structure. With the strong support of national policies, investments in high-tech manufacturing industries have grown rapidly, but the proportion of these industries in the whole manufacturing sector remains relatively limited.

Third, as manufacturing enterprises turn to an assets-light strategy, their investment needs have shifted. These enterprises have begun to lease, instead of purchase, plants and equipment, and the new business model of shared manufacturing is making gradual progress, which has caused relatively big changes in the enterprises' investment demands. To support the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry, the PBC, following the arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, has strengthened macro-prudential assessment, enhanced policy coordination and cooperation, and taken multiple measures together with other financial departments in recent years, which have promoted the substantial growth of medium- and long-term loans in the manufacturing industry. At the end of this February, the medium- and long-term loan balance of the manufacturing sector stood at 5.62 trillion yuan, up by 38.8% year-on-year and registering an increasing growth rate for 16 consecutive months, reversing the previous sluggish growth rate. Financial support for the manufacturing industry is paying off, and we believe this can drive investment in manufacturing to some extent.

We have also noticed the problem of unbalanced credit supply in different regions. We are analyzing the relevant issues and will take appropriate measures to solve the issue. Thank you.

Jiemian News:

The fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee proposed establishing a modern central banking system. The modern monetary framework is an important part of modern central banking system. What aspects are the PBC considering for improving the modern monetary framework to support high-quality development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period? Thank you.

Liu Guiping:

Thank you for your question. I'd like to invite Mr. Sun Guofeng to answer this question.

Sun Guofeng:

Thank you for your question. The fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee proposed that the 14th Five-Year Plan set the promotion of high-quality development as its theme. As such, the currency value must be kept stable and a sound monetary and financial environment can be provided for high-quality development. The monetary policy should be in accordance with the ultimate target stipulated by the Law of the People's Bank of China, which is "maintaining the stability of the currency value and thereby promoting economic growth." Keeping the currency value stable has both internal and external meanings. The internal meaning is to maintain price stability and to manage liquidity well. The annual Central Economic Work Conference in 2020 and the Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 clearly state that the intermediate goal of monetary policy is maintaining the growth rate of money supply, and social financing basically matching the nominal economic growth rate, thus specifying the "anchor" of the monetary policy framework. In recent years, the PBC has promoted the quoted interest rate in the loan market, which is the loan prime rate (LPR) reform, and the transmission efficiency of monetary policy has been significantly improved. As the benchmark rate in the credit market, LPR has played an important role in adjusting credit supply and demand, thereby affecting the money supply. Maintaining LPR at a reasonable level is conducive to stabilizing the "anchor" of the money supply. Therefore, LPR is not only an important part of the market-based interest rate formation and transmission mechanism, but also a key component of the money supply control mechanism. LPR is formed based on policy rate quotes. By improving the policy rate system which employs the open market operations (OMOs) rate as the short-term policy rate and employs the medium-term lending facility (MLF) rate as the medium-term policy rate, the PBC has guided the market rate represented by DR007 to hover around the policy rate. The PBC has also improved the market-based interest rate formation and transmission mechanism from policy rate to LPR to the effective interest rate on loans, and by joining with improvements on money supply control mechanism as an organic whole, it has established the modern central banking system.

The external meaning of maintaining currency value stability is to keep the RMB exchange rate basically stable at an appropriate and balanced level. As such, it is necessary to enhance the RMB exchange rate flexibility, strengthen the macro-prudential management of cross-border capital, guide social expectations, and strike a balance between internal and external equilibriums. Thank you.

Hong Kong Economic Herald:

What is the progress of the cross-border digital currency project being jointly promoted by the PBC and the Hong Kong Monetary Authority? During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, what measures will the central bank take to support Hong Kong in consolidating its position as an international financial center? Thank you.

Liu Guiping:

Mr. Wang Xin will answer this question.

Wang Xin:

Thank you for your question. China's digital renminbi (RMB) is mainly designed for domestic retail payments. However, when the conditions are suitable, if there is such a demand in the market, the use of digital RMB for cross-border transactions can also be accomplished. In the early stages, the PBC's digital currency research institute and the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) conducted technical tests on the cross-border use of digital RMB in the mainland and Hong Kong, which was a routine R&D test for the RMB pilot. The digital RMB is being tested in several regions and scenarios across China, including at the Winter Olympic Games. There have been more and more diverse test scenarios for the digital RMB. At the same time, we have also been working with the HKMA to carry out certain technical tests on its cross-border use. Recently, with the support of the Bank for International Settlements' Innovation Hub Hong Kong Centre, the PBC's digital currency research institute and the HKMA, the Bank of Thailand and the United Arab Emirates have jointly initiated a research project on multilateral central banks' digital currency bridges, which aims to explore the use of distributed ledger technology to realize round-the-clock simultaneous settlement in cross-border transactions of central bank digital currency pairs, that is payment-versus-payment (PvP) link. Central bank digital currency has been a hot topic internationally. Many central banks have been conducting research and explorations, and similar cooperation projects have been carried out between different central banks. So, the PBC has also been exploring the feasibility of digital RMB. Thank you.

Yicai: 

From the latest meeting of the Federal Reserve, we can see that their monetary policy seems to be a little bit dovish, but U.S. bond yields continue to climb, and inflation expectations in the U.S. are also very strong. Now many analysts think that the Federal Reserve will raise interest rates or reduce its balance sheet in advance. Some worry that there may be spillover effects. What will be the effects? What's your opinion on that? Thank you.

Liu Guiping:

Thank you for your question. This question draws wide attention nowadays. I will invite Mr. Sun to answer this question.

Sun Guofeng:

Thank you. In 2020, China was the only major economy in the world to register positive growth and one of the few major economies to adopt normal monetary policies, which not only advanced the global economic recovery but also supported the normalization of monetary policies of other major economies. We have noticed that the U.S. treasury yield increased to over 1.75%, which drove the appreciation of the dollar. The U.S. dollar index has risen by 3.6% since the beginning of this year. Affected by that, some emerging economies face rising risks in repaying debts and refinancing. The pressure of currency devaluation amounts. Some economies raise their interest rates and fluctuations occur in the financial market. China has always stuck to normal monetary policies. From February to April last year, we took rather strong measures in response. After May of 2020, the monetary policies returned to normal, which greatly bolstered anti-epidemic prevention and control, and social and economic development, while not resorting to a deluge of excessive stimulus policies. We can see that China's national debt yield has remained stable since the recovery, and the free floating of renminbi exchange rate has become a normality, which serves as an automatic stabilizer for the macro economy and international balance of payment. Therefore both the massive monetary stimulus measures introduced by the Fed last year and future adjustments to monetary policy by the Fed will have relatively little impact on China's financial markets. In fact amidst the recent sharp volatility in global financial markets, especially in emerging economies, China's financial markets are running smoothly, the RMB exchange rate is floating freely and the 10-year Treasury yield is currently around 3.2%, which is still lower than the previous period. The positive effects of China's normal monetary policies have been delivering results. As the next step, the key is to get our own affairs in order. We will adopt stable monetary policies, retain our focus, and cherish the space for normal monetary policy. Meanwhile, we will keep a close eye on changes to the international economic and financial situation, increase the exchange rate's flexibility, coordinate international macro policies in line with China's conditions, and maintain a good macro policy leadership posture. We are pleased to see other economies seeking to return to normal monetary policy, which is beneficial to the long-run sound development of global economy. Thank you.

CNBC:

I have two questions. My first question is regarding real estate debt and the stock market. Which represents the bigger financial challenge and what measures will be taken? The second question is about the digital currency issued in Beijing and Chengdu this year. What achievements have been made and what adjustments are needed? Thank you.

Liu Guiping:

Thank you for your question. The first question concerning challenges and relevant markets goes to Mr. Zou. The second question regarding digital currency goes to Mr. Wang.

Zou Lan:

Thank you for your question. Over the past three years, according to the decisions and arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, under the coordination of the Financial Stability and Development Committee under the State Council, the financial system has fully enforced all tasks and plans in the critical battle to forestall and defuse financial risks, and achieved results in the current stage. On the whole, the risks of the financial system have tended to shrink. China's financial risks are accumulated over many years and caused by systematic, mechanistic, cyclical and behavioral factors. Currently, the macro environment remains complex and severe, and the fluctuations of international capital flow are large due to the uncertainty brought by the epidemic. Shocks overseas cause fluctuations in the domestic financial market. The stock market, bond market, and bulk commodities market are exposed to the risks of oscillation. A small number of large-scale enterprise groups are still in a period of risks being exposed. Middle and low-quality enterprises still have difficulties in financing and the debt default risk is relatively high. The upward pressure on property prices is still large in some popular cities. Potential risks such as debt default among highly-leveraged medium- and small-sized real estate enterprises worth watching.

Facing the risks, in the next stage of normalizing the forestalling and defusing of financial risks, the financial management department will focus on key sectors and resolve existing risks. We will also improve mechanisms and systems, and perfect the financial risk prevention system and early warning system, to increase the activeness and foreseeability in financial risk prevention and control with a holistic view. We will resolutely guard against systemic risks to provide a good financial environment for sustained economic recovery and high-quality development.

Thank you.

Wang Xin:

The market has a great deal of interest in the digital RMB, and there is a great deal of concern. On the one hand, this has to do with the fact that more and more central banks around the world are getting involved in developing their own digital currencies. On the other hand, it may also be related to the jump in the prices of Bitcoin some time ago. The People's Bank of China has steadily promoted research, development and testing of the digital RMB, with more and broader test regions and test scenarios, and accumulated good experience. Generally speaking, the feedback from participating institutions and participating localities has been positive. For instance, the digital RMB red envelope during the Spring Festival was a good example. The digital RMB is getting closer to us, and we need to further enrich relevant scenarios and accumulate more experience. Next, we will further promote the digital RMB pilot programs and gather more experience. Thank you.

Bloomberg:

I have two questions and the first is regarding foreign outflows. As U.S. Treasury yields keep rising, is China worried about capital withdrawals of foreign and domestic investors from China's capital market? And do you have a response plan for this? Secondly, the Chinese government proposed reducing the government's leverage ratio. How does the monetary policy support this goal? Thank you.

Liu Guiping:

For these two questions, I will ask our two directors to answer separately. Regarding considerations about the impact of the reduction in the yields of treasury bonds on our entire market, Mr. Zou Lan, head of the Financial Market Department of the PBC, can you please answer it? Mr. Sun Guofeng from the Monetary Policy Department of the PBC can answer the latter question.

Zou Lan:

With regard to the bond market, we have been paying close attention to the operation of the bond market, including the situation of foreign investors investing in the Chinese bond market, as it continues to open up. Over the past few years, China's bond market has developed relatively quickly, with the balance reaching 118 trillion yuan at the end of February, ranking second in the world in terms of scale. China has a variety of bond varieties and also has complete trading tools, with expanding market depth and scale. Amid furthering opening up to the outside world, we have continuously improved the trading and settlement mechanisms of the bond market while drawing on rules of the international market. This has provided a more friendly and convenient investment environment for overseas investors.

Therefore, based on this situation, we feel that China's bond market still shows strong resilience and certain risk-aversive characteristics. From the data, we also observed that by the end of February, the scale of domestic bonds held by foreign institutions had reached 3.7 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 62%. Overseas investors are mainly mid-to-long-term portfolio investors such as central banks and sovereign funds, so their holdings of Chinese bonds are relatively stable. In addition, the proportion of foreign investors' holdings in the bond market isn't high, and is now 3.1%, which is still relatively low compared with mature international markets.

We think that precisely because of these characteristics, FTSE Russell finally confirmed that China's bonds will be included in the FTSE World Government Bond Index (WGBI) a few days ago. Next, we will actively improve relevant policies and systems, and continue to promote the opening up of the bond market. That's my answer, thank you.

Sun Guofeng:

Let me answer the second question. When I introduced the framework of modern monetary policy, I talked about the 2020 Central Economic Work Conference, the Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035. It is clear that the intermediate goal of monetary policy is to ensure that the growth rate of money supply and the scale of social financing basically tally with the growth rate of the nominal economy. This is an anchor of the monetary policy framework. We should see that trend of the growth rate of money supply and the scale of social financing and the growth rate of debt are basically the same. Therefore, this anchoring method of the monetary policy framework actually embeds the mechanism of stabilizing the macro leverage ratio into the monetary policy framework, which is a manifestation of the cross-cycle policy design concept proposed by the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, and conducive to achieving the long-term balance of stable growth and risk prevention. That is to say, if monetary policy achieves the intermediate goal and keeps the growth rate of the money supply and the scale of social financing basically matching the nominal economic growth rate, the macro leverage ratio can be basically maintained. Thank you.

Red Star News:

Chengdu and Chongqing are currently accelerating the construction of a financial center in western China. In the next step of regional financial reform, will the People's Bank of China make new arrangements for the Chengdu-Chongqing Twin City Economic Circle? Will there be regional financial policy support? At the same time, I have also paid attention to the recent exposures of consumer loan variants such as the "betrothal gift loan" and the "cemetery loan" by small and medium-sized banks. Will the central bank regulate the behavior of small and medium-sized banks and how will they be regulated? Thank you.

Liu Guiping:

In fact, you have also raised two questions. The first question is about the certain considerations on the construction of the Chengdu-Chongqing Twin City Economic Circle. I will invite Mr. Wang Xin to answer it. The latter one is also a recent hot topic, involving some views on the innovation of related credit products. I will ask Mr. Zou Lan to answer it.

Wang Xin:

Thank you for your question. The construction of the Chengdu-Chongqing Twin City Economic Circle is a major strategic deployment made by the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core. It is a major regional development strategy. Deputy Governor Liu also just introduced a number of major regional development strategies, including the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay, the Yangtze River Delta, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, and the Xiong'an New Area. The Chengdu-Chongqing Twin City Economic Circle is another major regional development strategy, that is of great significance for further promoting the development of western China, and accelerating the economic and financial development of the western region. The People's Bank of China has done a lot of work in the building of the Chengdu-Chongqing Twin City Economic Circle. According to the deployment of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, the central bank actively participated in the drafting and compilation of the outline for the construction of the twin-city economic circle in Chengdu-Chongqing region, and the in-depth research on financial-related issues. At the same time, we are now working with relevant departments, as well as those of Sichuan province and Chongqing municipality, to further study the major strategic deployment of financial support for the Chengdu-Chongqing Twin City Economic Circle and support for Chengdu and Chongqing to jointly build a western financial center. Chongqing and Chengdu have different development characteristics, and each has its own characteristics in terms of finance. Therefore, when we research and formulate financial support policies, we will give better play to their respective characteristics on the basis of commonality and integrated development. We will further explore innovative measures for financial reform and opening up, and better promote the development of the Chengdu-Chongqing Twin City Economic Circle. Thank you.

Zou Lan:

I will answer your second question. Loans for "engagement gifts" and "graveyard purchase" have caused a stir. We believe that some banks, under the banner of so-called financial innovation, are challenging social pain points, leading people to over-indebtedness, touching the bottom line of public order and good morals, and detracting from the intended function of finance serving the real economy. These loans are in essence consumer loans, which are advertised to gain customers through the creation of gimmicks. It also reflects the lack of service capabilities of some small and medium-sized banks and some difficulties faced by financial development. Therefore, we should pay attention to the issue, even though it is caused by the behaviors of individual banks. We consider the issue from three aspects.

First, we will continue to supervise financial institutions to optimize their credit structure, focus on micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, and adhere to the duty of serving the real economy. 

Second, the PBC will continue to work with the CBIRC and some other government departments to supervise and guide the financial innovation of small and medium-sized banks and business services access. Under controllable risk and prudent regulation, the PBC will support financial innovations by banks and rectify illegal acts that are against the public order and good morals as well as major guidelines and policies.

Third, the PBC will take multiple measures to improve the abilities of small and medium-sized banks to serve the real economy and ensure that those banks have the capability, willingness and know-how to offer financial loans. This is my answer.

Liu Guiping:

I'd like to also add a few words. I am very grateful to our friends from the media for their supervision and reporting on financial services and innovation. It helps us keep abreast of relevant information to innovate products and provide high quality services for the real economy as well as for urban and rural residents. Thank you.

China Daily:

We are also concerned about financial support for the development of the real economy. Under the background of fostering a new development paradigm with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other, what policies will financial supervision departments introduce to support high-end manufacturing? What new measures will be taken to promote the upgrading of the overall manufacturing level? Thank you.

Liu Guiping:

I will pass the question to Zou Lan, head of the financial market department at the PBC, to explain this for the journalist.

Zou Lan:

Thank you for your question. As we know, the manufacturing industry is the main body of national economy. Improving the strength of the manufacturing industry will lay an important foundation for fostering a "dual circulation" development paradigm. In line with the decisions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, the PBC and other financial supervision departments have taken multiple measures to fuel growth in medium and long-term loans in recent years, and I have just briefly introduced some new data.

The requirement to raise the proportion of loans to the manufacturing sector is clearly stated in this year's government work report. Next, we will carry out this requirement in three aspects:

First, we will urge and guide financial institutions to optimize the credit structure of the manufacturing industry, to clarify the objectives and tasks of "increasing the proportion of loans to manufacturing industries" and "maintaining a reasonable growth rate of medium and long-term loans to high-tech manufacturing industries." We will guide financial institutions to increase credit supply to high-tech manufacturing and strategic emerging industries, while also supporting the equipment renewal and technological upgrading in traditional manufacturing industries.

Second, we will improve financial services for high-tech manufacturing. We will guide financial institutions to develop skills of industry analysis and risk assessment in line with the features of the high-tech manufacturing industry such as light-assets, high intelligence, high-risk and high returns. We will boost their capacity to increase product and service innovation such as investment and loan linkage, intellectual property pledge loans and supply chain finance. We will optimize internal management mechanisms and channel more credit resources into the high-tech manufacturing industry.

Third, we will support financial services for enterprises and industries aiming for breakthroughs in key and core technologies. We will provide financial services for enterprises undertaking major national scientific and technological innovation tasks, while upholding market-oriented and law-based principles. Thank you.

Liu Guiping:

There is actually a big issue in the former part of your question just now. I did not miss it, so I had invited the head of the Financial Market Department to respond to it first. Regarding the PBC's policies on the regional development strategy and possible future ones, I will quickly brief you.

On one hand, we have introduced special financial policies to support regional development together with relevant government departments in accordance with the overall strategic arrangement of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. The policies involve the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the construction of the Xiongan New Area, the integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and the construction of Hainan Free Trade Port. On the other hand, we are working on policies to support the Chengdu-Chongqing Twin City Economic Circle in financial terms and their joint construction of a financial center in western China, together with relevant government departments. Related work is underway.

In short, the PBC will effectively perform its functions as the central bank in light of the country's established regional development strategy, and support and facilitate its implementation, both in accordance with the overall requirements of following a new development philosophy and fostering a new development paradigm to achieve high-quality development as China enters a new development stage. In particular, the PBC will effectively help foster a new development paradigm with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other, to benefit the Chinese people and the world more. Thank you.

CNR:

China has achieved positive results in building a green financial system since the 18th CPC National Congress, and is highly expected to fulfil the goal of peak carbon emissions and eventually achieve carbon neutrality. How will you help achieve that goal by better playing the role of green finance? Thank you.

Liu Guiping:

Thank you for your question. The PBC has always attached great importance to developing green finance and putting into action General Secretary Xi Jinping's thinking on promoting ecological progress and the concept of "lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets." I mentioned some of our explorations in developing green finance when making the overall introduction, especially the pilot zones for green finance reform and innovation in nine localities of six provinces and autonomous regions. Since you asked about it, I would like to generally brief what we have done and what we will do.

Our work so far has mainly focused on the three major functions of finance in supporting green and low-carbon development: resource allocation, risk management, and market pricing. We have formed five pillars of green finance so far: a standard system of green finance, requirements for the supervision and information disclosure of financial institutions, a system of policy incentives and restraints, a system of green finance products and market, and international cooperation in green finance.

As the next step, in line with the peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality targets set by General Secretary Xi Jinping during his participation in a relevant international event in September last year, we are taking the following measures.

First, we are putting in place the work to achieve peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality, and carrying out carbon accounting step by step. One of the core, fundamental and difficult tasks is to explore the establishment of a national carbon accounting system. We have already started this work.

Second, we are strengthening the restraint mechanism based on information disclosure. We already issued a notice to the pilot zones for green finance reform and innovation, encouraging financial institutions to disclose environmental information. We also motivated listed companies, financial institutions, bond issuers, and key emission organizations to share environmental information with each other.

Third, we are playing the role of the market. A very important function of green finance out of the three as mentioned just now is price discovery. To realize this function, it is necessary to build a unified national carbon emission trading market. The market should embody more financial attributes, while finance supports and coordinates with the market.

Fourthly, with energy restructuring as the core, we will create carbon emission reduction policy support tools that directly reach the real economy. Our relevant departments and bureaus have already started to explore and study this area, and we will release relevant information to the public after yielding outcomes.

In addition, the PBC has launched a green financial performance evaluation of financial institutions in order to better promote the development of green finance. We are improving this evaluation system in the hope of establishing a better mechanism to promote financial institutions to support green and low-carbon development in an effective, strong and orderly manner, and to promote the achievement of peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality.

Fifth, we will do a better job of risk prevention and control. We have decided to gradually incorporate climate change-related risks into the macro-prudential policy framework.

Sixth, we are further deepening international collaboration. China once again became the co-chair of the G20 Sustainable Finance Study Group this year. We will play this role and take the lead together with the U.S. Treasury Department to motivate the G20 to do more in sustainable finance. We will strive to work out a common green finance taxonomy together with the EU within the year. We will strictly control investment in new coal power projects overseas by further implementing the Belt and Road green investment principles. As you may have noted, China has the world's largest green loan balance and the world's second largest green bond market, and the quality is good, with not a single case of default so far.

Seventh, we are furthering pushing forward the construction of pilot zones for green finance reform and innovation. Besides those already constructed in nine localities of six provinces and autonomous regions, we will construct pilot zones in more localities to help realize the goal of peak carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality.

There are still many things that need to be done and many issues that need to be explored and studied in green finance. We will further strengthen international collaboration embodied with Chinese characteristics, and further put into action Xi Jinping's thinking on promoting ecological progress and fully implement the concept of "lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets." Thank you.

Chen Wenjun:

Thanks to all our speakers and friends from the media. Today's press conference ends here.

Translated and edited by Xu Xiaoxuan, Zhou Jing, Yan Xiaoqing, Li Huiru, Liu Jianing, Fan Junmei, Wang Mengru, Liu Qiang, He Shan, Zhang Rui, Wang Qian, Zhang Jiaqi, Wang Wei, Wang Yiming, Yang Xi, Lin Liyao, David Ball, Jay Birbeck, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speakers:

Zhang Jianhua, administrator of the National Energy Administration (NEA)

Li Chuangjun, director of the New Energy and Renewable Energy Sources Department of the NEA

Li Fulong, director of the Development and Planning Department and spokesperson of the NEA

Huang Xuenong, director of the Electric Power Department of the NEA

Chairperson:

Xing Huina, deputy head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office (SCIO) and SCIO spokesperson

Date:

March 30, 2021

Xing Huina:

Friends from the media, good morning. Welcome to this briefing held by the State Council Information Office. Today, we have invited Mr. Zhang Jianhua, administrator of the National Energy Administration (NEA) to brief you about China's renewable energy development and take your questions. We also have with us Mr. Li Chuangjun, director of the New Energy and Renewable Energy Sources Department of the NEA; Mr. Li Fulong, director of the Development and Planning Department and spokesperson of the NEA; and Mr. Huang Xuenong, director of the Electric Power Department of the NEA.

Next, I will give the floor to Mr. Zhang.

Zhang Jianhua:

Ladies and gentlemen, friends from the media, good morning.

It is my pleasure to meet you here and brief you on China's renewable energy development. First of all, on behalf of the NEA, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to our friends from the media who have shown understanding and support for China's energy industry.

Renewable energy is a green, low-carbon energy source and constitutes an essential part of our diversified energy supply system. It plays an important role in improving the energy structure, protecting the environment, addressing climate change, and promoting sustainable development.

China's renewable energy industry has gone through an extraordinary development process since the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, by starting from scratch and becoming stronger and stronger. This is thanks to the attention shown by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the State Council, as well as the function of Renewable Energy Law. In recent years, especially since the 18th CPC National Congress, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee, the energy industry has thoroughly implemented Xi Jinping thought on eco-civilization and a new energy security strategy featuring "Four Reforms and One Cooperation" (one reform to improve the energy consumption structure by containing unnecessary consumption; one reform to build a more diversified energy supply structure; one reform to improve energy technologies to upgrade the industry; one reform to optimize the energy system for faster growth of the energy sector; comprehensive cooperation with other countries to realize energy security in an open environment). It has acted with unity, tackled difficulties, and taken vigorous measures to achieve the leapfrog development of renewable energy, thus scoring remarkable accomplishments.

First, China has topped the world in renewable energy production and utilization, providing robust support for the transition to green and low-carbon energy. The installed capacity of power generation has grown rapidly. By the end of 2020, the total national installed capacity of renewable energy generation reached 930 million kW, accounting for 42.4% of the total installed capacity, an increase of 14.6 percentage points compared with that of 2012. Of this, the installed capacity of hydropower reached 370 million kW, wind power reached 280 million kW, solar photovoltaic (PV) power reached 250 million kW, and biomass power reached 29.52 million kW, ranking first in the world for 16, 11, six and three consecutive years respectively.

The utilization level has continued to improve. In 2020, China's renewable energy generation hit 2.2 trillion kWh, accounting for 29.5% of the total electricity consumption of the whole society, up by 9.5 percentage points from 2012. On this basis, non-fossil energy accounted for 15.9% of the total primary energy consumption, and China honored its commitment for non-fossil energy to account for 15% of its total primary energy consumption by 2020. Currently, renewable energy accounts for around 40% of the total installed capacity, and 30% of power generation. China boasts the world's highest installed capacity of renewable energy.

Second, technology and equipment has been significantly upgraded, injecting powerful impetus into the development of renewable energy. We have established a relatively complete industry system of renewable energy technology. 

China is now able to independently design and manufacture the world's largest one-million-kW hydroelectric turbine, and the country leads the world in the design and construction of ultra-high dams and large underground caverns. Our low-speed wind power technology is among the world's most advanced; more than 90% of China's installed wind power generating capacity relies on domestically manufactured wind turbines; and the country has started trial operations of an offshore wind turbine with a capacity of 10 MW. 

Our PV power technology has developed rapidly, and China continues to establish new world bests in the conversion efficiency of solar PV cells. China dominates the global PV power industry. Seven of the world's top 10 PV module manufacturers are Chinese companies. Integrated manufacturing across the whole industrial chain has driven a continuous decline in the costs of electricity from wind and solar PV. In the past decade, the average cost of electricity per kWh generated in onshore wind power and solar PV power projects reduced by 30% and 75% respectively. 

The renewable energy technology sector has become more competitive, creating a strong momentum in the development of new models and new forms of business related to renewable energy.

Third, remarkable achievements have been made in reducing pollution and carbon emission, consolidating the foundation for the development of an eco-civilization. In 2020, the scale of renewable energy development and utilization in China reached 680 million tonnes of standard coal, equivalent to replacing nearly 1 billion tonnes of coal, reducing carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions by about 1.79 billion tonnes, 864,000 tonnes and 798,000 tonnes respectively. This has provided a solid guarantee for winning the fight against air pollution. Meanwhile, China has actively promoted the clean use of biomass energy such as organic waste in urban and rural areas to improve the living environment. Also, China has actively explored efforts to integrate the control of desertification, the photovoltaic power generation and the agricultural development. By integrating photovoltaic power generation and ecological restoration, China has successfully coordinated the development and utilization of renewable energy with eco-civilization development. 

Fourth, renewable energy development has delivered great benefits to the people, contributing to poverty reduction. While extending power grids to areas without electricity, China has also actively launched independent renewable energy supply projects, bringing green electricity to over one million people previously without access to electricity. Since 2012, 31 large hydropower stations with a combined capacity of 64.78 million kilowatt have broken ground to support local economic development and facilitate poverty reduction for relocated residents. China has also launched an innovative scheme to develop photovoltage projects for poverty alleviation. Under the scheme, photovoltaic power stations with an installed capacity of 26.36 million kilowatt have been completed, benefiting nearly 60,000 poor villages and 4.15 million poor households. Economic benefits from these projects amounted to 18 billion yuan each year. This has resulted in the creation of 1.25 million welfare jobs. The scheme has now become a quality example of poverty alleviation through business development and one of China's ten finest projects for targeted poverty alleviation. 

Fifth, international cooperation continues to expand, making China's contribution to join hands to address climate change. As the world's largest renewable energy market and equipment manufacturer, China has continued to deepen international cooperation in the field of renewable energy. Our domestic hydropower business has spread to many countries and regions around the world, and the photovoltaic industry has supplied more than 70 percent of the components for the global market. The wide use of renewable energy in the Chinese market has brought down the cost of renewable energy at a faster speed and thus further driven renewable energy development and utilization in other countries. In this way, the world's transition to green energy has accelerated. Besides, in recent years, China has continuously increased renewable energy investment in countries and regions along the Belt and Road to help less developed countries and regions adopt advanced green energy technologies and contribute China's wisdom and strength to the high-quality joint building of a green "Belt and Road."

Ladies and gentlemen, journalists from the media, 

In his important speeches recently, General Secretary Xi Jinping has made it clear that China will strive to peak carbon dioxide emissions by 2030, achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 25 percent, and bring its total installed capacity of wind and solar power to over 1.2 billion kilowatts by 2030. This has further clarified the strategic direction for China's energy transformation and reform and set a new aim for China's renewable energy development. Next, the NEA will step up the implementation of carbon peaking actions in the energy field and set more proactive goals for new energy development. We will vigorously advance renewable energy development in the new era, expanding its scale, increasing its share, improving its quality and making it more market-based. We will accelerate efforts to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy and improve the capacity to absorb and store new energy. We will actively build a new type of electricity system dominated with new energy and make mechanisms and policies more favorable for the whole society to jointly develop and utilize renewable energy. We will vigorously develop renewable energy to turn it from a fresh force in the transition to green and low carbon energy to the main force in achieving peak carbon emissions and neutrality, providing a solid guarantee for building a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system.

Next, my colleagues and I will answer your questions.

Xing Huina:

Now you can raise your hands and ask questions. 

National Business Daily:

The goal of carbon neutrality will promote the large-scale development and utilization of renewable energy. The growing scale of renewable energy installations and electricity generating capacity has highlighted concern over how to avoid wastage of wind and solar power capacities. How will the NEA ensure the safeguard mechanism for electricity consumption? Thank you.

Zhang Jianhua:

Mr. Huang Xuenong will take the question.

Huang Xuenong:

This is a very good question. We are promoting renewable energy under the carbon peak and neutrality strategy. However, the huge waste from wind and solar power generation capacities cannot be ignored. For this reason, people from all sectors of society are very concerned about the consumption of renewable energy. In recent years, the mismatch between the development of new energy and the consumption capacity of the power system gave rise to prominent waste problems from wind and solar power. Starting in 2018, the NEA formulated a three-year action plan for clean energy consumption. From 2018 to 2020, the waste from wind and solar power has declined year by year, and the utilization rate of wind and photovoltaic power has increased significantly. By 2020, the wind power utilization rate had reached 97%, and solar power stood at 98%. When compared with other countries around the world, these are globally leading rates. 

Next, we will promote new energy as the main source of electricity supply to realize the objectives of the carbon peak and neutrality strategy. We will develop new electricity systems and take various measures to ensure high-levels of renewable energy consumption. The NEA will take the following three measures:

First, we will coordinate and improve the layout of new energy development. While meeting the demands for carbon peak and neutrality, taking into account local conditions of new energy resources in different regions, including land construction conditions, and especially making full use of the relatively large consumption capacity for new energy in central and eastern regions, we will step up efforts to boost local development and the utilization of new energy. In western and northern regions, where new energy resources are concentrated, we should scientifically plan and establish a group of power supply bases and power transmission channels that are dominated by new energy so as to realize the optimal overall configuration of new energy power.

Second, we should enhance the flexible adjustment capacity of the electric power system, which connects power generation and electricity users. In the past, our power generation facilities would adjust to meet customer demand, with power generation, electricity transmission and utilization all done simultaneously. The situation changed after large-scale new energy was connected to the grid. New energy generation is dependent on the weather, while users need reliable electricity supply. Integrating and connecting these two sides requires construction of a new type of power system to provide the ability for flexible adjustment to allow better consumption of new energy. In terms of power generation, we will increase efforts to enhance the flexibility of thermal power generation, including the construction of pumped storage power stations and peak-regulating natural gas power stations. Regarding power grids, we will step up infrastructure construction and enhance our ability to optimize resource allocation, and in particular give full play to the complementarity between large power grid s. In terms of users, we will promote terminal power replacement, especially green power replacement, to improve the response capacity on the demand side. In addition, we will accelerate the large-scale development of energy storage, promote overall digitalization of the power system and formulate an efficient and intelligent scheduling and operation system. For example, electric vehicles need to be charged via the electric power system, which seems to be a power supply task, but they can help improve system capacity through technological developments, including taking economic measures. When the demand for electricity is low, the power system will charge electric vehicles; when demand is high, the vehicles will discharge electricity into the power system. An electric car could become a power storage device in the power system. If there are thousands of electric vehicles, it will be beneficial for the power system. Therefore, we should accelerate the construction of charging infrastructure. On one hand, this will promote the development of new-energy vehicles, and on the other, it will also facilitate the construction of a new-type power system. This is a very good thing.

Third, we will formulate a long-term mechanism for new energy consumption. I'll outline the considerations from three aspects: First, while ensuring the consumption of the power grid, various market players including power supply, power grid, users and energy storage share the responsibility of clean energy consumption through the integration and multi-energy complementation of energy resources, power grid, electricity load and storage. Second, we should coordinate the resources of electricity load, power supply and power grid, and improve the new energy scheduling mechanism and adjusting ability of the power system from multiple dimensions so as to ensure matching of the adjusting ability with the developing and utilizing scale of new energy. Third, we should set a scientific target for the rational utilization rate of new energy. A dynamic adjustment mechanism must be formed to facilitate the development of new energy and overall improvement of the new-type power system. Wind and solar power resources, grid loads and grid structures all vary in different places. We should set regional targets in line with local conditions, make full use of the system's consumption capacity, and boost the development potentials of new energy. That's all from me. Thank you.

Phoenix TV:

The Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan and the Long-Range Objectives through the Year 2035 have formulated that the development of renewable energy resources will be accelerated. Under the guidance of the outline, what new features do you think China's renewable energy landscape will present in the future? Thank you. 

Zhang Jianhua:

Mr. Li Chuangjun, head of the new energy department, will answer this question.

Li Chuangjun:

Thank you for your question. General Secretary Xi Jinping recently said that China's carbon dioxide emissions will peak before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. He also set forth the requirements for the development of renewable energy. Moreover, the Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan and the Long-Range Objectives through the Year 2035, which was recently released at the "two sessions," have set clear tasks for renewable energy development. Overall, the development of renewable energy will face new situation and new tasks during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. There will be a series of significant changes in its development in terms of boundary conditions, logic and mechanisms. All in all, the development of renewable energy during the 14th Five-Year Plan period will enter a new stage with features as follows: 

First, renewable energy will be developed on a large scale. Given the achievements during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, the average annual installed capacity for renewables will witness a substantial increase during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, and the total installed capacity will be further increased. The installed capacity using new energy will make up over 50% of the country's total by the end of the 14th Five-Year Plan period.

Second, renewable energy will grow to a significant proportion. The ratio of renewable energy to energy consumption will continue to increase. By the end of the 14th Five-Year Plan period, renewable energy is expected to account for around two-thirds of the increase in electricity consumption throughout society, and will account for more than half of the country's primary energy consumption. Renewable energy will become a principal part of, rather than a supplement to, the increase in energy and electricity consumption.

Third, the development will be marketized. The market will further play a decisive role in allocating renewable energy resources. This year, wind power and solar PV power will start to deliver electricity at a price comparable to that of conventional electricity generation methods. There will be no subsidies, and their development will be market- and competition-oriented. 

Fourth, the development will be of high quality. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, we will step up efforts to establish a new-type power system that makes clean energy a central focus, thus to improve our consumption and storage capacities for renewable energy. We will achieve large-scale development in renewable energy, and realize high-level consumption and utilization of these energy resources, so as to ensure reliable and stable power supply, and to achieve a high-quality leapfrog development.

Going forward, we will strive for the targets of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality, and fully utilize our advantages in renewable energy and relevant technologies, so as to leverage our strengths and shore up our weaknesses. We will consolidate and strengthen the overall core competitiveness and competitive advantages of renewable energy. We will give continued priority to the development of renewable energy. We will pursue high-quality leapfrog development, and improve quality and efficiency through reforms and innovation. We will promote renewable energy development by optimizing regional planning, building major bases, supporting pilot projects and carrying out action plans. We will accelerate the implementation of renewable energy substitution projects, and promote a high-proportion, high-quality, low-cost and market-oriented development of renewable energy. By doing so, we will make a greater contribution to the efforts of ensuring energy supply, promoting low-carbon green development, and achieving the targets of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality. Thank you.  

CCTV:

The 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-2025) is a crucial and best time for China to peak its carbon dioxide emissions. What measures will the NEA take to realize the goal of peaking emissions? 

Zhang Jianhua:

On March 15, at the ninth meeting of the Central Committee for Financial and Economic Affairs, General Secretary Xi Jinping underscored that for carbon emissions to peak and to achieve carbon neutrality requires an extensive and profound systemic reform of the economy and society, and should be incorporated into the overall task of promoting ecological progress. He called for a spirit of perseverance in achieving the goals of peaking carbon emissions by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. There are 10 years between now and 2030. The first five years, which is also the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-2025), is a crucial stage for low-carbon energy transformation. We will take measures in three aspects to ensure solid progress in peaking carbon emissions. 

First, we will fully develop non-fossil fuel energy. The share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption will reach around 25% and China's total installed capacity of wind and solar power will exceed 1.2 billion kilowatts by 2030. General Secretary Xi Jinping made commitments to these two goals, which outline what we must achieve. We will make more active new energy development goals and accelerate the development of wind and solar power. Meanwhile, we will exploit hydropower according to local conditions and develop nuclear power in an active and orderly way under the premise of ensuring safety. We will also quicken the construction of adjustable energy supplies such as pumped power storage and new-type power storage, to increase the flexibility of electricity systems and improve new energy consumption levels. Mr. Huang also just now mentioned the consumption of new energy, which is a pressing task. 

Second, we will greatly advance the green energy use model. In order to peak carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutrality, we should take the lead in the green transformation of social and economic development across the board and promote a green energy use model in key sectors and even across the whole society. We will adopt stricter energy consumption standards and support the replacement of fossil fuel energy and reform the ways energy is consumed in key sectors such as industry, architecture, and transportation. We will push forward the development of photovoltaic integration and the green energy use model via new energy vehicles and accelerate the replacement of electric energy in heating and cooking to improve the level of electrification across the whole of society. By 2025, the energy consumption per unit of GDP and its carbon dioxide emissions will decrease by 13.5% and 18%, respectively, compared to 2020. These two goals have already been included in the 14th Five-Year Plan. 

Third, we will make and implement more effective policies and measures. According to the general arrangements of the CPC central committee and the State Council, and sincerely carrying out the guiding principles of the ninth meeting of the Central Committee for Financial and Economic Affairs, the NEA is studying various paths, targets, and measures to realize the peak in carbon emissions and carbon neutrality. We will make supporting policies and measures for key targets to bolster low-carbon energy-smart transformation, the high-quality development of new energy, the building of new types of electrical systems, and the development of new types of energy storage. At the same time, we will well connect energy planning at national and provincial levels during the 14th Five-Year Plan period and integrate those targets into the plan such as responsibilities relating to power consumption, energy-saving, and emissions reduction to peak carbon emissions. We will give full play to the guiding role of planning, define clear responsibilities for all regions and localities to reduce carbon emissions, and support regions where the conditions permit to take the lead in realizing a peak in carbon emissions. We are about to buckle down to the job now. Thank you. 

The Paper:

With the arrival of the grid-parity era, sectors involved in renewable energy no longer need subsidies but many ongoing renewable energy projects face delayed subsidy payment, resulting in operation difficulties among some companies. How will you deal with the subsidy payment backlog? Meanwhile, how can Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) play a greater role? Thank you.

Zhang Jianhua:

Thank you for your question. It is indeed a crucial and tricky issue. We will invite Mr. Li to answer the question.

Li Chuangjun:

Thank you for your question. China has made remarkable achievements in renewable energy development over the years but there are indeed problems in the development process. These include insufficient subsidy funds and the delayed payment of renewable energy subsidies like you mentioned. China has attached great importance to solving these problems. Working with relevant departments, the NEA has actively explored various means to solve the problem of overdue subsidies. Recently, the NDRC, MOF, PBOC, CBIRC, and NEA jointly issued a notice on guidance of increasing financial support to promote the healthy and orderly development of wind power and photovoltaic power industries. The notice provides solutions for liquidity risks experienced by relevant companies that are resulted either from overdue subsidies of renewable energy or delayed payment of the subsidies. The main measures are as follows:

First, financial institutions are encouraged to negotiate with renewable energy enterprises to extend or renew loans per commercial principles. At present, some renewable energy enterprises face a relatively tight cash flow due to delays in subsidy payments, yet these subsidies do exist and are guaranteed via government credit. Therefore, we require financial institutions to extend or renew loans or adjust repayment schedules or terms according to the project's progress and cash flow based on negotiation between the banks and companies. This is to ensure liquidity to in the companies.

Second, financial institutions are encouraged to issue loans for confirmed projects that are included on the subsidy list. Earlier, the MOF and several other departments vetted the qualifications of companies on the subsidy list. For those qualified but have yet to receive a subsidy from the government, the financial institutions can determine the loan size based on subsidy certification and other credit limit increase measures, as determined by the principles of marketization and rule of law.

Third, companies are encouraged to ease interest payment burdens via the trading of RECs. Together with other relevant departments, we are studying the possibility of issuing RECs to companies based on loan contracts and other documents filed by companies. This will allow them to trade RECs to reduce the pressure of paying interest, which is also an effective means for companies to reduce their burden.

Fourth, we will work to ensure the collection of all receivables related to renewable energy surcharges. The current levy rate on renewable energy surcharges has not reached 100%. We hope to levy all receivable surcharges in the front end to expand the source and scale of subsidy incomes.

Fifth, we will optimize the management of subsidy funds. Priority will be given to granting subsidies to projects and companies that voluntarily switch to achieve grid price parity, and will simultaneously increase credit support for said projects and companies.

The above are several methods to deal with the overdue subsidies. For the next step, we will work with relevant departments to further implement various policies to gradually alleviate and finally solve the problem of new energy subsidy arrears. Thank you. 

China Electric Power News:

The construction of a new type of power system with new energy as the mainstay was initially proposed at the ninth meeting of the Central Committee for Financial and Economic Affairs. What problems will the new system mainly target? The large-scale integration of new energy into the power grid has demonstrated randomness, discontinuity and fluctuation, making it not easy to keep the real-time balance of the system. So how will you ensure the stable supply of electricity and the safety of energy? Thank you. 

Zhang Jianhua:

Thank you for your questions. Huang Xuenong, director of the Department of Electricity, will answer your questions. 

Huang Xuenong:

To achieve the goals of peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality, we regard energy as the main battle field and electricity as the main force. The construction of a new power system proposed at the ninth meeting of the Central Committee for Financial and Economic Affairs was an inevitable decision we made to achieve peak carbon emissions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. As is the core feature of the new system, new energy will become the main source of power supply. We have to face up to the fluctuation and discontinuity of new energy which you just mentioned. In a bid to make the power system clean and low-carbon, safe and reliable, smart and flexible, and cost-effective and efficient, we will innovate in equipment technology as well as systems and mechanisms, make sure various forms of energy are interconnected and complement each other, and promote the deep integration of power generation, the grid, load and storage. Next, I will introduce the measures in five aspects. 

First, we are striving to build a power generation, supply, storage and sales system in line with the large-scale development of new energy to ensure the safety and reliability of electricity. As for how to ensure the safe supply, that is a good question. The safe supply of electricity is the bottom line for building the new power system as well as a significant task for us. Here are some measures: First, we will give play to the power grid as a platform for allocating resources. Second, we will promote the construction of the power grid at a regional level. Third, we will rationally promote the construction of supporting and fundamental power sources. Fourth, we will build a multi-layered, properly scaled, safe and reliable power system, strengthen electricity security and its capacity for resisting disasters, and steadily enhance the intrinsic safety of the electricity industry.

Second, we are concentrating efforts to improve the flexible adjustment ability of the power system. Mr. Zhang made a detailed introduction just now. When addressing the issue of idle capacity in wind and solar power, I mentioned that we will improve the flexible adjustment ability of the power system from various aspects including power supply, the grid, demand and energy storage to meet the requirements for the large-scale integration of new energy into the power grid. After the integration, wind and solar power should not lie idle in large amounts, nor the shortage of power should be allowed. We will ensure the safety of power supply. In spite of the fluctuation and discontinuity of new energy, the new system, based on its flexible adjustments, can be turned into one that is user-friendly and ensures the supply. 

Third, we are putting forth efforts to promote the interconnection and integration of power generation, the grid, load and storage, and improve the system efficiency to meet the diversified needs of various types of users. We will guide new patterns and forms of business in the electricity sector toward sustainable and sound development. Regarding the supply side, we will make various energy sources complement each other and keep them optimized. Regarding the consumption side, we will promote the deep integration of electric heating and air conditioning. We will continue to improve the service of electricity, and realize the full utilization of a high proportion of new energy and the harmonious coexistence of multiple kinds of energy sources. We will promote the interconnection between the power system and advanced information and communications technologies, develop new business patterns and improve comprehensive energy services. 

Fourth, we are striving to make technological breakthroughs in key technologies of the new power system, carry out experiments and demonstrations, and promote their application. We will promote the deep integration of electrical technology with advanced information and communications technologies including artificial intelligence, big data, and the Internet of Things to form a key technology system with our own independent intellectual property rights. We will concentrate on tackling bottlenecks in key technologies, accelerate their research, development and application, and launch innovative demonstration projects featuring the new power system. 

Another key factor is to push ahead with the establishment of the electricity market, promote innovations in systems and mechanisms, and build a market system for the new power system. We will let the market play the decisive role in allocating resources and let the government play its role better. We will accelerate the establishment of the electricity market system featuring unification, openness and orderly competition through the constant improvements of the electricity market mechanism, operating mechanism and price mechanism. That's all. Thank you. 

Beijing Daily:

The replacement of fossil energy by non-fossil energy is an important measure in promoting the low-carbon energy transition. How will the NEA accelerate the development of non-fossil energy during the 14th Five-Year Plan period? Thank you.

Zhang Jianhua:

I'll let Mr. Li Fulong answer this question.

Li Fulong:

This question is very important. Vigorously developing non-fossil energy is an important measure in promoting the transition to low-carbon energy. Just now, Mr. Zhang Jianhua gave a very clear and detailed explanation of major measures, actions and policies related to achieving peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality in the energy sector. During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, the proportion of non-fossil energy consumption in China increased from 12.1% to 15.9%, representing an average annual increase of 0.76 percentage points.

By 2030, the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption will reach around 25%. Over the next 10 years, this should increase by 0.9 percentage points per year on average, which is equal to an average annual increase of non-fossil energy of around 70 million metric tons of standard coal. The task is indeed very arduous. The NEA is currently conducting in-depth studies and formulating relevant policies and measures to strengthen its efforts in four aspects to promote the accelerated and high-quality development of non-fossil energy.

First, we will make plans, provide guidance, and carry out regulation. We are studying and drawing up modern energy system plans and sector-specific energy plans for the 14th Five-Year Plan period, which emphasize the development of non-fossil energy and the promotion of low-carbon energy transition. Our preliminary estimates show that clean energy will account for 80% of the increase in energy consumption during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, which is 20 percentage points higher than the 13th Five-Year Plan period. Non-fossil energy will make up the majority of the increase in energy consumption. This will lay a solid foundation for achieving the target of obtaining 25% of energy consumption from non-fossil energy. At the same time, we will ensure the national and provincial energy plans are linked together to accomplish the goals and tasks of promoting low-carbon transition.

Second, we will develop non-fossil energy in diversified ways. Under the condition of ensuring safety, we will take active and orderly measures to promote the construction of coastal nuclear power stations; continue to prioritize ecological conservation; develop and construct hydropower stations mainly on key river basins such as those in southwest China and the upper reaches of the Yellow River, with the firm goal of generating over 1.2 billion kW in 2030; and vigorously develop wind and solar power generation. At the same time, it is necessary to promote the development and utilization of other renewable energy sources such as biomass and geothermal energy according to local conditions.

Third, we will optimize the layout of new energy development. On one hand, we will continue to strengthen accommodation of power generated from new energy and cross-regional transmission capacity, promote the centralized development of wind and PV power generation in an orderly fashion, and actively promote the construction of clean energy bases featuring complementary use of diverse energy sources. On the other hand, it is necessary to increase the on-site development and utilization of new energy, and actively develop distributed energy resources, in particular promote the development of distributed PV power generation and decentralized wind power in China's central and eastern regions.

Fourth, we will strengthen the flexibility and adjustment capacity of the power system. We will continue to implement the flexible transformation of thermal power. Under the condition that gas sources are guaranteed, we will develop peak-shaving natural gas power stations according to local conditions, and accelerate the construction of pumped-storage power stations as well as R&D and application of new energy storage. We must adapt to the large-scale and high-proportion development of new energy, and accelerate the construction of a new, safe and efficient power system with new energy as the mainstay. As Mr. Huang Xuenong explained, this is key to ensuring the stable operation of the power system and promoting the high-quality development of new energy. Thank you.

Kyodo News Service:

Just now Mr. Zhang talked about international cooperation, so could you make an introduction to international cooperation on nuclear power, including Hualong One? Besides, with regards to Myanmar, the China-Myanmar oil and gas pipelines are a crucial channel for China's energy imports, and some analysts believe that Myanmar's domestic economy will affect energy cooperation between the two countries, so how do you view Myanmar's situation?

Zhang Jianhua:

The technology for China's Hualong One reactor is very mature. We are cooperating with many countries, and are also vigorously promoting the technology and design in China. We want to share China's good technology and equipment with our friends around the world, and contribute to the environmental protection of the planet. China's Hualong One technology has "gone global" in a very smooth manner.

Regarding cooperation between China and Myanmar, we have paid high attention to the situation in Myanmar -- China's friendly neighbor. As for the energy industry, China and Myanmar have carried out good cooperation in this regard -- China has two pipelines in Myanmar, one natural gas line and one crude oil line. Both lines are currently in safe and stable condition. Here I'd also thank our media friends for your attention.

Hong Kong Economic Herald:

We noted that the report on renewables published by International Energy Agency in 2020 showed China was one of the main forces driving the capacity growth of the global renewable energy last year. How do you view China's contribution to world renewable energy development? Thank you.

Zhang Jianhua:

Thank you for your question. I have just mentioned that China, as the world's largest renewable energy market and equipment manufacturer, has always been committed to strengthening cooperation with other countries in the field of renewable energy, providing Chinese products, contributing Chinese wisdom and strength to the global energy transformation and green development.

We have actively taken part in global cooperation, promoting our renewable energy products, equipment and services to "go global." China has provided hydropower services for a large number of countries and regions. For example, 70% of the world's construction of hydropower stations are conducted by Chinese enterprises. We would say that Chinese workers can be seen almost at every construction site of hydropower station around the world. China's photovoltaic industry has supplied 58% of polysilicon, 93% of silicon chips, 75% of battery chips and 73% of the components for the global market. Meanwhile, China is also the world's largest manufacturer of wind turbines, as its output accounts for half of the world's total. All the above data demonstrates that China is a key player in new energy market, and, without exaggeration, it ranks first in the world.

New forms and models of business are emerging in China as the renewable energy sector scales up. We blazed a new path of poverty alleviation efforts by developing photovoltage (PV) projects in poor areas, thus providing successful experience for global poverty reduction. We have explored new patterns for controlling desertification with photovoltaic technology, and succeeded in the coordinated development of renewable energy and ecological protection. We have also promoted new business models which combines PV power generation and agriculture, fishery as well as animal husbandry. Now, we are accelerating the integrated development of renewable energy with traditional industrial sectors such as construction, transportation and industry, striving to contribute China's wisdom to innovative global renewable energy development.

Especially in recent years, China has vigorously promoted the rapid and large-scale development of renewable energy by providing legal guarantees, planning and guidance, and financial support, etc., making outstanding contributions to the global transition toward renewable energy. By the end of 2020, China's cumulative installed capacity for renewable energy had reached 934 million kilowatts, accounting for one-third of the world's total. In particular, China's newly installed capacities for wind power and solar photovoltaic (PV) power stood at about 120 million kilowatts by the end of last year, accounting for more than half of the world's newly installed capacities for both. This positions the country as a strong force for the development of global renewable energy. The large-scale development of China's renewable energy sector has also strongly promoted the rapid progress of renewable energy technologies, especially those new energy sectors represented by wind power and PV power. With costs falling fast, economic efficiency rising rapidly, and competitiveness increasing swiftly, accelerating the growth of renewable energy—especially wind power and PV power—into the world's new main energy sources is becoming reality. It is fair to say that the rapid booming of global renewable energy would not have been possible without the large-scale development of the renewable energy sector in China, and that China has made contributions to the global transition to renewable energy and climate change response. Thank you.

South China Morning Post:

Data shows a 40% year-on-year drop in China's coal imports throughout January and February earlier this year, and it is said that China has imposed a ban on imports of Australian coal. Under such circumstances, will there be uncertainties about China's coal supply this year? Thank you.

Zhang Jianhua:

Mr. Li will answer this question.

Li Fulong:

This is a very important question. First, China has been part of the economic globalization system for many years, and its economy and energy sector have been increasingly integrated into the world trade system. China follows international practices and rules regarding the import and export of important products, including coal, oil, and natural gas. Second, in terms of market demand, energy supplies must meet the needs of China's economic development and people's livelihoods. We have always adhered to open, mutually beneficial, and win-win principles of international cooperation, including the field of international coal trade you just mentioned. These guidelines and benchmarks have always been upheld and unchanging for a long time. Third, market fluctuations and changes in demand are normal phenomena. As countries around the world gradually resume production, it is normal to see changes in energy supply and demand following the effects of the COVID-19 epidemic—not only in China but also around the world. That's my brief answer.

Zhang Jianhua:

Thank you, Mr. Li, and thank you for your attention, friend from the South China Morning Post. The NEA has a very important task, which is to ensure the security of the country's energy supply. Therefore, no matter the circumstances, with the support of local governments at all levels and close cooperation with enterprises, we can effectively guarantee the safety of energy supplies. This year, there are no obvious shortfalls and we have great confidence that national energy demands in all aspects will be satisfied.

Xing Huina:

Thank you, all the speakers and friends from the media. Today's press conference is hereby concluded. Goodbye!

Translated and edited by Yuan Fang, Zhou Jing, Duan Yaying, Liu Qiang, Gong Yingchun, Chen Xia, Wang Yiming, Li Huiru, Zhang Rui, Zhang Liying, Zhang Tingting, Huang Shan, He Shan, Liu Jianing, Wang Qian, Wang Wei, Qin Qi, Yang Xi, Xu Xiaoxuan, David Ball, Jay Birbeck, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speakers:

Yang Xiaowei, vice minister of the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC)

Guo Ningning, vice governor of Fujian province

You Mengjun, mayor of Fuzhou Municipal People's Government

Sun Wei, a person in charge of the Department of High-Tech Industry of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)

Yang Yuyan, a person in charge of the Department of Information Technology Development of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT)

Gou Ping, head of the Bureau of Sci-Tech Innovation and Social Responsibility of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC)

Chairperson:

Chen Wenjun, head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office (SCIO) and spokesperson of the SCIO

Date:

March 19, 2021

Chen Wenjun:

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning! The 4th Digital China Summit will take place in Fuzhou, Fujian province from April 25 to 26. As in previous years, the State Council Information Office (SCIO) is holding a press conference to brief you on preparations for this summit and other related issues and field your questions.

Today we have with us: Yang Xiaowei, vice minister of the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC); Guo Ningning, vice governor of Fujian province, You Mengjun, mayor of Fuzhou Municipal People's Government; Sun Wei, a person in charge of the Department of High-Tech Industry of the National Development and Reform Commission (NCRC); Yang Yuyan, a person in charge of the Department of Information Technology Development of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT); and Gou Ping, head of the Bureau of Sci-Tech Innovation and Social Responsibility of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC). Next, I will give the floor to Mr. Yang.

Yang Xiaowei:

Ladies and gentlemen, friends from the media, good morning! It is a great pleasure to meet with you all again at this press conference regarding the Digital China Summit. I would like to thank all the reporters paying attention to the 4th Digital China Summit. The summit has been held successfully three times and has played a significant leading role in promoting both the application of information technology in China and digital development in Fujian.

At present, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core and with the joint efforts of people across the nation, China has made strategic achievement in its nationwide epidemic control. Also, China has scored a complete victory in its fight against poverty and attained decisive achievements in securing a victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. With the approval of the CPC Central Committee, the 4th Digital China Summit will be held in in Fuzhou, Fujian province from April 25 to 26 this year. The summit is co-organized by the CAC, NDRC, MIIT, SASAC and Fujian Provincial People's Government; and will be hosted by the Fuzhou Municipal People's Government and relevant institutions.

The CPC Central Committee and the State Council attach great importance to the construction of Digital China. The county has specified tasks to speed up digital development and build Digital China in the Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035, adopted at the fourth session of the 13th National People's Congress a few days ago. At a time when China has made important strategic progress in the battle to contain the virus, and achieved positive results in coordinating the fight against the virus with economic and social development, especially in the year which marks the beginning of the 14th Five-Year Plan and the 100th anniversary of the founding of the CPC, it is of crucial significance to hold the 4th Digital China Summit. It will further encourage all sectors to actively participate in the new journey of building Digital China with enthusiasm and creativity.

The summit, themed "New Potential for Data and New Journey of Digital China," aims to serve as a platform for releasing information development policies; showcasing the latest achievements of Digital China; boosting communication regarding theories, experiences and practices of e-governance and the digital economy; and promoting cooperation with global partners in the development of Digital China and the Digital Silk Road. The summit will consist of seven sessions: the opening ceremony, the main forum, sub-forums, an achievement expo, an innovation contest, policy release, and a signing ceremony for projects. In the meantime, discussions such as "Outlook for Fuzhou" and "Minjiang Dialogue" will be held. The summit will set up a "Cloud Summit" platform, and host both online and offline events. Important guests who can't attend the main forum and sub-forums in-person will be invited to address the summit, deliver keynote speeches, or participate in dialogue via video link or pre-recorded videos. The Digital China Innovation Contest will be run online with online entry and online judging, but the prize will be awarded offline at the summit. A virtual exhibition hall will also be set up along with the achievement expo. Media outlets will be invited to live-stream or record important events at the summit. 

The 4th Digital China Summit will commence in less than a month, with preparations for the event progressing in an orderly manner. The organizing committee will strictly observe the central Party leadership's eight-point decision on improving work conduct, implement regular prevention and control measures, and adhere to the principles of frugality, efficiency and safety in organizing the summit. People from all sectors are very much welcome to participate. We look forward to the successful convening of the 4th Digital China Summit. Thank you.

Chen Wenjun:

Next, the floor is given to Ms. Guo.

Guo Ningning:

Friends from the media, good morning! I would like to thank the SCIO for organizing the press conference on this summit, and also our friends from the media and all sectors for your attention and support for the Digital China Summit. It's my pleasure to brief you on the preparations for the event. 

With three consecutive sessions successfully held in Fujian province, the summit has become an important platform for the construction and development of Digital China, and has produced positive outcomes in displaying digital innovations, communicating and implementing digital projects, and developing digital industries. Its fourth session will kick off in Fuzhou on April 25, to which the Fujian Provincial Party Committee and government have attached great importance. We will always follow the major strategy and innovative practices of Digital Fujian proposed by General Secretary Xi Jinping in 2000, and keep in mind his generous care and earnest expectations for Fujian's development, especially for Digital Fujian, and his ardent remarks on benefiting society and people with information and digital technologies. We will fully implement the spirit of the congratulatory messages from the General Secretary to the two previous sessions, and prepare for the fourth session with devotion under the thorough guidance and strong support of the CAC, the NDRC, the MIIT, and the SASAC. Preparations have now entered the final stretch, and as the host, we will present a splendid digital event by further improving our services.

The theme of the fourth session is "New Potential for Data and New Journey of Digital China." We will highlight its features and host it both offline and online over an optimized Cloud Summit platform, to provide guests and friends unable to attend with an immersive experience of participation. The Digital China Innovation Contest will add up to eight competition categories, in which many leading digital companies and well-known universities and colleges will take part. We have invited three sister provinces — Sichuan, Anhui, and Guangxi — to be its guests of honor to showcase their digital construction achievements and industrial development. We will enrich and improve the session from the following four aspects based on the sound experience of the previous three sessions.

First, we will make it an event for displaying new digital applications. We will build a cloud exhibition hall with dedication, incorporate more interactive experiences with virtual products, and demonstrate 5G+8K ultra-high-definition videos and technologies like holographic projection, to endow the cloud platform with new features. We will adopt technologies such as contactless face recognition and one-code access, to offer smart services throughout the event. We will also open online and offline exhibition halls for daily displays of the event's highlights and outcomes, as well as the latest and most cutting-edge digital technologies, to present a summit that never ends.

Second, we will make it an event for experiencing new ideas with digital activities. This year's session will comprise a main forum and 20 sub-forums. The number of sub-forums will hit a new high. For the first time, China's ministries and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) will host multiple sub-forums on digital villages, the Digital Silk Road, new urban infrastructure, the digital transformation of SOEs, cybersecurity and information security, and more. Leading digital companies will hold over 20 activities such as "Outlook for Fuzhou" on the city's Sanfang Qixiang historical and cultural street to highlight the interactions between traditional culture and modern digital technology. There will also be a "Minjiang Dialogue," an academician and expert trip, and a digital village seminar, at which an innovative development path for a Digital China will be discussed.

Third, we will make it an event for seizing new opportunities empowered by digital development. The summit will contribute to building a Digital China with its spillover effect. The national-level pilot zone for innovation and development of the digital economy, the innovation center launched by BRICS countries in Xiamen, and the Maritime Silk Road Satellite Data Service Center have brought along new opportunities for high-quality development. This session will continue pooling experts in the digital field, showcasing digital application scenarios, releasing digital development policies, matchmaking digital industry projects, and actively serve the new development paradigm as a platform for cooperation in the digital economy industry across the country.

Fourth, we will make it an event for experiencing the new life amid digital transformation. More government organizations, companies, and public institutions will bring innovations in digital government, digital society, digital culture, smart cities, and digital villages, especially focusing on the scenarios of developing and using big data resources, and displaying brand new practices of smart life in the digital age. I believe you are bound to have a more dazzling and cooler new experience.

Fujian is now working on a plan specially for Digital Fujian during the 14th Five-Year Plan period at a high starting point with the benefits brought by digital transformation. We are accelerating the construction of a national-level pilot zone for the innovation and development of the digital economy and plan to be the No. 1 province for digital applications. We are deepening cooperation along the Digital Silk Road, and promoting all-round high-quality development on a new journey of building Digital Fujian.

We sincerely invite friends, both old and new, to visit Fujian and Fuzhou and attend the grand event to pursue a better future together.

Thank you.

Chen Wenjun:

The floor is now open for questions. Please name the news outlet you work for before asking questions. 

CCTV:

We noticed that the Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 proposed to accelerate digital development and build a Digital China. Can you brief us on building a Digital China during the 13th Five-Year Plan period and the new measures to be taken during the 14th Five-Year Plan period? Thank you.

Yang Xiaowei:

Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has laid great emphasis on building China into a cyber power and a digital country. After the release of the Outline for National IT Application Development and the National IT Application Plan during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, China's Cyberspace Administration and related departments have implemented the strategic plan and continuously conducted monitoring and assessment of the work on building a Digital China. During past years, we have released the Report on the Development Process of Building a Digital China in succession and achieved great progress in building a Digital China. The achievements are mainly as follows:

First, we are now global leaders in information infrastructure construction. Our country has built the world's largest fiber-optic network and 4G network. The netizen population increased from 688 million by the end of 2015 to 989 million by the end of 2020. During the same period, the internet service popularization rate increased from 50.3% to 70.4%. The commercialization of 5G has picked up speed, with nearly 720,000 5G base stations completed and more than 200 million 5G terminals connected. The large-scale deployment of IPV6 in China has also been very effective.

Second, the innovation capacity of information technology continues to improve. Significant progress has been made in the research and development of some of our basic and general technologies, and the development of integrated circuit manufacturing, equipment and materials has been accelerated. 5G artificial intelligence (AI), as well as domestic high-performance computing and quantum computing, have made significant scientific research achievements. China's Innovation Index jumped from 29th place in 2015 to 14th place at the end of last year.

Third, the vitality of the development of the digital economy continues to increase. The digital economy continues to grow rapidly, and the quality and effectiveness of our digital economy development has been significantly enhanced. New formats and models keep emerging, and by the end of last year, the value added of the core capacity of the digital economy accounted for 7.8% of the GDP.

Fourth, the efficiency of e-government services has significantly improved. E-government has strongly supported the modernization of China's governance system and governance capacity, and the level of public services has continued to improve. As you know, in the last year, China's e-government development index improved its global ranking by 20 places compared to 2018. China's online service index has climbed to the 9th place globally, reaching a very high level.

Fifth, we accelerated IT popularization to bring convenience and benefits to the people. By the end of last year, the internet access rate in primary and middle schools across China had reached 100% and the long-distance medical collaboration network had covered 24,000 medical institutions. All the targets of internet access in relation to poverty alleviation were completed by the end of last year. Steady progress was made in the building of "digital villages", injecting new digitalized and IT application impetus to rural vitalization.  

Sixth, international cooperation in regards to cyberspace was deepened. China proposed and launched the G20 Digital Economy Development and Cooperation Initiative, the Initiative on Belt and Road Digital Economy Cooperation, the Global Data Security Initiative and so on, thus contributing Chinese strength and plans to global digital economic development and cyberspace governance.

Yang Xiaowei:

The reporter just mentioned the 14th Five-Year Plan. In the next stage we will implement the decisions and deployments of the CPC Central Committee and carry out the Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035. Right now, we are compiling the National IT Application Plan during the 14th Five-Year Plan period and we plan to make efforts in nine aspects as follows:

First, we will accelerate the optimization and upgrading of information infrastructure and the deployment of the 5G network on a large scale; make layouts for 6G network technology reserves in advance; and promote the deployment of IPV6 application on a large scale.

Second, we will invigorate the vitality of digital elements; and accelerate the formulation of fundamental systems, norms and rules of digital resource circulation, cross-border transmission and security protection.

Third, we will set up innovation systems to unleash digital productivity; accelerate the innovative application of digital technologies; and improve systems and mechanisms regarding scientific and technological innovation.

Fourth, we will accelerate digital industrialization and industrialized digitalization. We will promote the integration of digital technologies in the real economy, thus forging new competitiveness in the digital economy across China.

Fifth, we will accelerate the pace of building a digital society, promote the construction of new-type smart cities and "digital villages" and build a digital lifestyle that can be enjoyed by all.

Sixth, we will increase the digitalization level of the government, improve the national administrative system, give full play to the function of the government and significantly boost administrative efficiency and public trust.

Seventh, we will develop convenient digitalized services to benefit all people, and enhance multi-layer social security systems to strengthen people's sense of gain continuously.

Eighth, we will advance mutually beneficial and win-win international cooperation in the digital field and jointly build a community with a shared future in cyberspace. 

Ninth, we will establish inclusive and prudent digitalized development governance systems, and create a favorable digital development environment. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, we will make efforts in the above-mentioned nine aspects. Thank you for your question.

Bauhinia Magazine:

The Digital China Summit has been held in Fuzhou for three years. How effective has Fuzhou been in developing the digital economy in recent years, and what are the plans and considerations for further promoting Fuzhou's digital economy in the future? Thank you.

You Mengjun:

Thank you for your question and your concern about Fuzhou. As early as 2000, General Secretary Xi Jinping, then-governor of Fujian province, put forward the strategic concept of building a Digital Fujian. During the past few years, following the instructions of General Secretary Xi and the deployments of the CPC Fujian Provincial Committee and the Fujian provincial government, Fuzhou has concentrated on developing its digital economy and has grasped the Digital China Summit as an opportunity. Thanks to all these efforts, the volume of the city's digital economy increased to 460 billion yuan in 2020 from 280 billion yuan in 2018 with the average annual growth rate surpassing 25%. The proportion of the digital economy in local GDP has been raised to over 45% from 36%. At present, there are 37 listed enterprises in the digital economy located in Fuzhou. We have focused on the following five areas:

First, we have carried out two special programs. One is a three-year initiative on building "Digital Fuzhou," which consists of 137 key projects in the areas of e-government service and data resources. The other one is a three-year action plan for new infrastructure, which includes 175 key projects of information infrastructure with the total investment valuing more than 230 billion yuan.

Second, we have established five industrial bases, focusing on big data, the Internet of Things, software, displays and photoelectricity. Many excellent enterprises in the digital economy such as BOE, Inspur, NetDragon, Bitmain and Guomai Tech have settled in the city, earning Fuzhou the title of "China's famous software city."

Third, we have accelerated the empowerment of digital technology. In traditional industry, more than 2000 companies have taken part in cloud-based platforms. We have fostered eight province-level industrial internet demonstration platforms including Morewis Cloud and Histron Cloud, 24 application benchmarking companies, and 188 provincial-level "Internet Plus" manufacturing projects. In the emerging industrial field, we have 360 AI-related companies and 523 blockchain-related companies. The Kunpeng Industrial Ecosystem is being applied first in Fuzhou.

Fourth, we have set up public service platforms for the digital economy. Basic supporting platforms including China-Fuzhou Internet of Things Open Lab, National Internet backbone access points and two major projects for the Digital Fujian Cloud Computing Center have been established. Sci-tech innovation platforms focusing on large-scale supercomputers, AI and optoelectronic information science and technology have been built. Industry-university-research cooperation platforms including the Tsinghua-Fuzhou Institute of Data Technology and the Southeast Research Institute of Express Big Data of the State Post Bureau have been introduced in Fuzhou.

The fifth thing is to build Fuzhou into a number one digital application city. In the aspect of e-government applications, we provide immediate and one-stop services based on the "Internet Plus Government Services" model to ensure that people can get things done through apps or through single visits to any related department within the city. At present, Fuzhou ranks 28th among Chinese cities for its business convenience, and stands at 4th place in the ranking of digital government development among provincial capital cities in China. In terms of urban management, we have built an intelligent drainage-water system and coordination center around the "city brain" and launched the country's first city-level public service platform for facial recognition. Fuzhou has been awarded the "China's Leading Smart City Award" for five consecutive years. In the aspect of services related to people's livelihoods, we have created "e-Fuzhou" public service model which provides transportation, educational, medical, community and other services. We are gradually enabling our citizens to experience new services and new lifestyles with the application of information technology.

After years of accumulation, Fuzhou's digital economy has already gained a solid foundation. Next, we will continue to implement General Secretary Xi Jinping's strategic thought on building a digital China in earnest with special gratitude and responsibility. In the future, "Digital Fuzhou" will remain our main direction of economic development. Becoming the number one city for digital applications will continue to be our working strategy, and building Fuzhou into a digital demonstration city in China will always be our goal. We will enhance our efforts in the following three areas. First, we will concentrate on cloud computing, big data, Internet of Things, AI and blockchain, and promote digital industrialization and industry digitalization in traditional industries such as textiles, chemical fibers, machinery manufacturing, metallurgical and building materials. Second, we will accelerate construction of information infrastructure, including supercomputing, storage and digital centers. Third, we will provide more and better applications for digital education, digital culture and tourism, and digital health care.

In short, we will continue to expand the platform effect of the Digital China Summit, make all-out efforts to develop the digital economy, and promote all-round and high-quality development in Fuzhou. Thank you.

Guangming Daily:

Many aspects of Fujian's digital economy such as 5G, blockchain, AI, and big data have been well developed. What are the specialties of Fujian's digital economy? What industries will you focus on supporting next? 

Guo Ningning:

Thank you for your question. In 2019, Fujian became one of the six national-level pilot zones for innovation and development of the digital economy. We have carefully studied and made action plans for the pilot zone to speed up the development of digital infrastructure, digital industries, digital trade, and digital consumption, striving to contribute Fujian's experience and plans to China's digital economic development. The advantages of Fujian to develop its digital economy can be summarized into the following six aspects.

First, through the construction of platforms. Fujian is located in a core maritime silk road area and boasts several national-level platforms such as the Fujian Pilot Free Trade Zone, the Xiamen BRICS innovation base, the digital service export base, and the comprehensive cross-border e-commerce pilot zone. The various advantages of multiple platforms have greatly supported the innovative development of the digital economy. 

Second, through the development of industries. The output values of Fujian's key industries such as the Internet of Things and AI have all exceeded 100 billion yuan. Key digital parks such as the Digital Fujian Industrial Park, the Fuzhou Software Park, and the Xiamen Software Park have become large industry clusters and hubs for the innovative development of digital industries. 

Third, we have created channels. Fujian has opened several international logistics routes, such as Silk Road Sea Transport and Silk Road Air Transport as well as the China-Europe Railway Express, becoming an important link connecting the land and maritime silk roads. Domestically, we have built a "two verticals and three horizontals" comprehensive transportation system and several "information highways" such as the Cross-Straits Optical Fiber Cable No. 1 and the national-level internet backbone direct connection point.

Fourth, we have built infrastructure. Fujian has planned new infrastructure early on and its new infrastructure index ranks within the top five nationally. The Digital Fujian Cloud Computing Center and Super Computing Center have been completed. 5G base stations cover all areas above county level, including major villages and towns. All cities have met standards for the high-level optical network cities.

Fifth, we have made supportive policies. To support digital economic development, Fujian has gradually rolled out a slew of policies concerning the industrial internet, satellite application, digital silk roads, intelligent manufacturing, and new infrastructure to improve the environment for advancing the digital economy. 

Sixth, we have fostered further potential. Fujian's digital economy has constantly accelerated the pace of development, transformation and upgrading. The provincial digital economy in 2020 reached 2 trillion yuan, an increase of 15%. It accounted for 45% of the provincial GDP. It is estimated that by the end of the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2025), the added value of the digital economy will exceed 4 trillion yuan, accounting for nearly 60% of the provincial GDP, a significant increase. It is therefore a crucial engine for the high-quality development of Fujian's economy. 

In the future, we will further advance the development of the digital economy and focus on implementing the following six measures. First, we will achieve breakthroughs in a batch of core technologies such as cutting-edge chips, core electronic components, and basic materials. We plan to build more than 100 high-level digital innovation platforms, with an emphasis on digital transformation of key industries. Second, a batch of digital innovation application scenarios will be generated. We will speed up the applications of AI, blockchain and 5G technologies, promote commercialized demonstrations and applications and build ourselves into the "No. 1 province in digital applications." Third, we will promote a batch of featured digital industries. Digital industry clusters regarding the building of "Smart Ocean," satellite applications, and ultra-high-definition videos will see accelerated development in a bid to advance digital industrialization and the high-quality development of digital industries. Fourth, we will foster a batch of pioneering digital companies. We have implemented a dedicated campaign for the cultivation of digital innovative companies and plan to foster more than 3,000 pioneering companies and digital innovative companies by 2022. Fifth, we will establish a batch of demonstration areas as pacesetters for digital development, launch actions to improve digital economic zones, and establish core areas for opening-up and cooperation in building "digital silk road." Sixth, we will explore a batch of digital innovative mechanisms to ease access to the digital economic market and advance legislative procedures regarding Fujian province's big data regulations. We plan to establish big data companies and effective allocation mechanism for the production factor of data to improve the digital economic environment and inject new momentum into the all-round and high-quality development of Fujian. Thank you. 

Beijing Daily:

The 14th Five-Year Plan has dedicated a whole chapter to digital development. What will the relevant departments do to advance digital economic development and the building of "Digital China" ? Thank you. 

Yang Yuyan: 

Thank you for your question. As you said, the 14th Five-Year Plan has dedicated a whole chapter to speeding up digitalization and building a digital China, and has set specific targets and requirements that show that the CPC Central Committee and the State Council have attached great importance to building a digital China. In recent years, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, the MIIT has markedly boosted digital economic development. During the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016-2020), China's digital economy registered a growth rate of 16.6%, laying a solid foundation to build a digital China. 

First, industrial foundation has been improved. As Mr. Yang mentioned, we have built the largest optical cable network and 4G network in the world. The number of terminal devices connected to the 5G network has exceeded 200 million. Fast development has been witnessed in areas such as the software and IT service sector, the electronic information manufacturing sector, and the communication service sector. Taking software as an example, the sector raked in an accumulated revenue of 8.16 trillion yuan in 2020, an increase of 13.3% year on year. 

Second, the pace of digital transformation continues to accelerate. In terms of manufacturing, we have vigorously promoted the construction of the industrial internet. Currently, there are more than 80 industrial internet platforms with various influences in the country, and the number of industrial apps exceeds 350,000, which strongly supports the industry's improvement in quality, cost reduction, and efficiency. In terms of information consumption, we are actively cultivating and promoting new data-driven models and business forms. Especially during the period of COVID-19 pandemic prevention and control, online education, telecommuting, and online shopping, among others, have all played a very important role.

Third, we continue to optimize China's environment for development. We have pushed to issue a series of documents, such as the "Several Policies to Promote High-quality Development of Integrated Circuit Industry and Software Industry in the New Era," as well as formulated a batch of national standards, such as the data management capability maturity assessment model. Additionally, we have guided local governments to promote national comprehensive experimental zones for big data, and promote the construction of landmark software industry cities, accelerating the agglomeration and development of the digital industry.

In the next step, under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, the MIIT will follow the trends of digitalization, networking, and intelligent development, and accelerate the construction of a digital China. Focus will be put on the following three aspects.

The first is to promote the digital industry to become bigger and stronger. We will focus on the seven key digital industries and ten digital application scenarios listed in the outline for the 14th Five-Year Plan. We will use applications as the driving force to promote the development of emerging strategic industries, such as big data, AI, and blockchain. We will also focus on cultivating an ecosystem for open-source software, and create an internationally competitive digital industry cluster.

The second is to promote the deepening and solid implementation of digital transformation. We will more deeply embed next-generation IT into the manufacturing sector, and use digitalization to drive changes in production methods. We will expand and upgrade information consumption, speed up the construction of information accessibility, and drive lifestyle changes with digitization to benefit people's life and work.

The third measure is to gradually improve the digital ecosystem. We will continue to improve the data management capabilities of enterprises and public institutions, and consolidate the foundations for data processing. We will cultivate big data trading platforms, explore various forms of data transaction models, and promote data circulation. We will effectively collect, manage, and use data, and activate the value of data elements.

At the upcoming Digital China Summit, the MIIT will host five sub-forums across topics such as big data, digital technology innovation, open-source software ecosystem, the industrial internet, and digital society. Here, I also sincerely invite everyone to actively participate in these sub-forums, have in-depth exchanges, and jointly contribute to the construction of digital China. Thank you.

New York Times:

Fuzhou was one of the first cities in China to develop close ties with the United States. Back in the 1800s, many American families, including my mother's family, moved to Fuzhou to do volunteer work in education and medicine as American missionaries. How has Fuzhou's history in education and in having international ties made a difference today in its economic development and in its digital development? Thank you. 

You Mengjun:

Thank you very much for your question. Fuzhou has a relatively long history of foreign exchanges. Since the middle of the 19th century, it has established contacts with many countries, including the United States. Especially after the reform and opening up, Fuzhou has continued to strengthen exchanges with cities from all over the world in the fields of economy, trade, and culture, realizing close cooperation, mutual benefit, and a win-win situation among all parties. With China opening its door wider and wider, Fuzhou very much hopes to continue to strengthen exchanges with countries and regions around the world, and to serve as a bridge to help form friendships between various peoples.

Regarding the impact of the Digital China Summit on the economy and society of Fuzhou, I think it will be extensive, profound, and everlasting. The Digital China Summit allows us to firmly position digitalization as a leading force in Fuzhou's industrial development, make us more determined and confident in the development of the digital economy, and make our industrial transformation and upgrading faster and faster so that our citizens can also enjoy increasingly convenient public services. We believe that with more summits to be held in the future, more new opportunities and changes will be brought to Fuzhou, and will help Fuzhou achieve faster and better development. Thank you again for your question.

The Poster News APP:

From the "Two Sessions" to the March 15 Consumer Day Gala, issues of data privacy and security have been consistently raised. With the advent of the digital economy era, data has become a new type of production factor and social wealth, and will be continuously shared, analyzed, and utilized. But it also means that personal privacy has become a primary concern in digital societies. In the future, what considerations will be taken to improve data security and privacy protection in the big data environment? Thank you.

Yang Xiaowei:

The CPC and the central government attach great importance to data security, personal information protection, and digital privacy. Over the past few years, we have continued to strengthen data security and personal privacy protections amid the rapid development of big data. We have implemented several important measures:

First, we continued to implement the Cybersecurity Law nationwide. We further strengthened coordination in policies, laws, and supervisions. We are stepping up efforts to formulate a data security law and a personal information protection law to ensure data security and individual privacy protection from a lawful perspective.

Second, we continued to enhance protection capabilities for the nation's critical information infrastructure, strengthened data security early warning and traceability systems, and comprehensively improved the data security protection of key information in key national sectors.

Third, we are stepping up efforts to formulate relevant regulations and criteria to establish systems for the confirmation, opening, circulation, and trading of data resources to further improve data property rights protection in terms of these operating mechanisms. This will provide institutional support for data security and the protection of individual privacy and personal information.

Fourth, we intensified efforts to enforce data security and personal information protection. In recent years, as you have seen and reported, we worked with relevant departments to step up efforts to protect technical patents, data copyright, individual data privacy, and continued rectification.

Fifth, we enhanced the publicity of data security. The Cyberspace Security Publicity Week, approved by the CPC Central Committee to take place every September, have given rise to an understanding throughout society about data security, protection of personal information, and individual privacy, and has safeguarded the vital interests of the people. Thank you.

Economic Daily:

SOEs are an important pillar of the national economy, and their digital transformation has attracted much attention. Could you brief us on what important measures will be taken next? Thank you.

Gou Ping:

Thank you for your question and concern about the digital transformation of SOEs. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council attach great importance to digital development. General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly made important instructions on how to build China's strength in cyberspace, develop a digital China, and boost the integration of the digital economy and the real economy. At the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee and the recently concluded Two Sessions, China made systematic arrangements for accelerating digital development. The SASAC will fully implement the policy decisions and plans of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, and advance the digital transformation of SOEs.

First, we will strengthen top-level design. The Notice on Accelerating the Digital Transformation of State-owned Enterprises was issued to clarify the significance, main tasks, and safeguards of the digital transformation of SOEs.

Second, we will step up efforts to make this transformation. We have made digital transformation a key task in the reform and development of central SOEs, invited heads of SOEs to give lectures on digital transformation, and held promotional activities. Additionally, we have set up a collaborative innovation platform for central SOEs involved in BeiDou, blockchain, digital, and e-commerce development.

Third, we will set up demonstrative models to play a leading role. We have selected and published 100 typical cases in eight categories from SOEs, including product and service innovation and intelligent production and operation, to promote mutual learning.

SOEs have responded positively. Overall, the digital transformation of SOEs has made positive progress, which can be summed up in the following three aspects. First, we have accelerated the construction of a new digital infrastructure, in which SOEs can give full play to their role as the main force in new infrastructure construction. We sped up the construction of new digital infrastructure such as 5G, big data centers, and the industrial internet. The application of the BeiDou system in the industry has been enriched. More than 80 central SOEs have built group-level data centers and established more than 60 industrial internet platforms represented by the CASICloud and CEC Industrial Internet. Three central telecom SOEs have built more than 700,000 5G base stations, and COMAC has built China's first plant with full 5G coverage.

Second, we will accelerate the digital transformation of industries. SOEs have deepened the integration of digital technology and production, making major headway in digital product innovation, intelligent production, smart user services, and industrial ecology. Two thirds of the R&D institutes of the central SOEs have achieved work in 3D digital modeling and simulation, and more than half have built collaborative digital ecological platforms for the industrial chain. China State Shipbuilding Group has designed and built the world's first smart ship certified by classification societies (China Classification Society and Lloyd's Register). China Baowu has built an unmanned factory to achieve quasi-unmanned crane operations. Meanwhile, the State Grid has built a new energy cloud platform to promote the coordinated development of more than 3,000 upstream and downstream enterprises.

Third, we will boost the industrial application of digital technologies. SOEs have focused on core electronic components, high-end chips, industrial software, among other key areas to strengthen target research, and made breakthroughs in CPU, FPGA, operating systems, and EDA. SOEs have fostered a digital industry with a focus on cloud computing, big data, the Internet of Things, AI, and blockchain. Nearly 60 central SOEs have set up digital industry companies and more than 70 central SOEs have registered an annual transaction volume of more than six trillion yuan in e-commerce business. A group of influential enterprises have been developed, including State Grid Information & Telecommunication Group, Shanghai Baosight Software, and Richfit.

Next, we will enhance communication and cooperation with relevant state departments and local governments. We will make joint efforts to organize the implementation of special action plans for SOE digital transformation, coordinate the progress of digital transformation of industries and the industrial application of digital technologies, and break through core technologies to foster digital application scenarios, build models for industrial transformation, and make new progress in the digital transformation of SOEs. Thank you.

Cover News:

The SASAC recently issued a circular on speeding up efforts to promote the digital transformation of SOEs. The circular notes that China will intensify efforts to solve major R&D difficulties in the areas of core electronic components, high-end chips, and key software production. What are the specific plans? How will SOEs give full play to their advantages in this regard? Thank you.

Gou Ping:

Thank you for your questions. As you said and as I mentioned earlier, China is indeed weak in fields such as core electronic components, high-end chips, and key software production. The central SOEs have fully put into practice General Secretary Xi Jinping's important instructions on speeding up efforts to achieve breakthroughs in core technologies in key areas while acting in accordance with the decision and deployments made by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. The central SOEs have focused on the key weaknesses, given full play to their advantages, and pooled great strength into further development. They have spared no efforts to expedite R&D activities and made positive progress. The SASAC has tried its best to help the central SOEs speed up efforts to make breakthroughs. In terms of strengthening guidance for assessment, increasing support for income distribution, establishing incentive mechanisms, and increasing capital support, we have strengthened policy support and provided guidance for enterprises to increase investment on R&D fronts. We have brought together factors for innovation and stimulated the drive for innovation to accelerate the pace of R&D breakthroughs. Meanwhile, we are also supporting professional mergers and acquisitions and corporate reorganization in the fields of core technologies with key links to be carried out in line with market principles. This will hopefully strengthen enterprises in the industrial and supply chain and improve the support capacity of our supply chain and the resilience of our industrial system. We also give full play to our institutional strength, which is to mobilize resources to accomplish major initiatives as well as the overall advantages of the central SOEs. We support central SOEs to take the lead and establish systemic, task-oriented innovation consortiums as well as industrial and technological innovation alliances in a bid to undertake major national sci-tech projects; promote further integration between enterprises, universities, research institutions, and consumers; and foster innovation along the industrial chain and among all sizes of enterprises. In particular, we encourage the central SOEs to harness their platform and application strengths to help all innovators in their R&D efforts and market applications and to promote the application of new technologies and products. The central SOEs already have some experience in this area and have made progress in collaborative innovation.

Next, the SASAC will focus on high-quality development and work to establish a new development paradigm. We will make sci-tech innovation a top priority and pool the resource and strength advantages of central SOEs to establish key areas for sci-tech breakthroughs, areas of development for original technologies, major hubs for sci-tech talents, and "special zones" for sci-tech innovation. We will make central SOEs a strategic strong point for national sci-tech industry and let them better play their part in speeding up efforts to make China a country of innovators in an effort to achieve self-reliance in science and technology. 

Beijing Youth Daily:

As China accelerates its efforts to build a digital society, the issue of the digital divide has become increasingly severe for the elderly. The MIIT said that a special campaign will be launched to help the elderly better adapt to online applications. What is the current status? Thank you.

Yang Yuyan:

Thank you for your question. This January, the MIIT launched a campaign to make online applications more elderly-friendly and barrier-free. The deployment work was recently finished and the campaign has been put into practice.

Next, we will follow the schedule and arrangement and focus on the actual needs of the elderly people; organize relevant parties to speed up the elderly-friendly and barrier-free adaptation work for websites and mobile applications; and establish an evaluation system to test the efficiency. It is estimated that by the end of this year, the first batch of qualified, barrier-free websites and mobile applications will be selected and released to the public. Thank you.

Guangming Online:

The outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan mentions that China will speed up efforts to build its digital economy. What are the policy considerations behind developing the digital economy? Thank you.

Sun Wei:

Thank you for your question. I also want to thank our friends from the media for your long-term interest in and support for the development of the digital economy. General Secretary Xi Jinping has attached great importance to the development of the digital economy, proposing to build a digital economy with data as a key element, and promoting and integrating the digital and real economies.

In recent years, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council have carried out a series of strategic measures such as building China's cyberspace strength, developing mechanisms for big data, and advancing Internet Plus initiatives, which have laid a solid foundation for the development of the digital economy. The just-concluded fourth session of the 13th National People's Congress has reviewed and adopted the outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan. It proposes accelerating digital development to build a digital China, making deployments for the development of the digital economy in the new era. The NDRC will fully implement the arrangements made by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council and work with relevant parties to put into practice the outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan and speed up the development of the digital economy. Our efforts in this regard will be made in the following six aspects.

First, the top-level design of the digital economy will be further strengthened. We will formulate special 14th five-year plans for the digital economy, strengthen the innovation and application of key digital technologies, accelerate digital industrialization and industrial digitalization, improve the digital governance system, and upgrade digital services. We will drive overall reforms in the ways of work, life, and governance through digital transformation and promote high-quality development.

Second, the construction of new types of infrastructure will be actively promoted to consolidate the development foundation of the digital economy. We will devise and introduce the 14th five-year plans for new infrastructure construction, enhance overall planning and coordination, refine the policy environment, and increase support. We will speed up the establishment of a collaborative innovation system for national integrated big data centers and promote high-quality and green development of data centers and 5G.

Third, the cultivation of the data factor market will be accelerated. We will give play to the key role of factors of data production, activate the potential for data production, and further improve the data ecology. We will work out and release guiding documents to develop the data factor market and build and improve the systems, standards, and norms in this field, including in areas of property rights, transaction and circulation, cross-border transmission, and security protection of data resources.

Fourth, the deep integration of digital technology and the real economy will be further advanced. We will foster new strengths in the digital economy, build new drivers for its development, and generate new industries as well as new forms and models of business. We will continue to implement the "Digital Transformation Partnership Initiative" to facilitate the digital and intelligent upgrading of conventional enterprises.

Fifth, guidance for regional pilot and demonstration programs will be intensified. We will implement major regional strategies and steadily advance the development of pilot zones for the national digital economy's innovation and development. We will speed up efforts to guide pilot zones to conduct preliminary trials in light of local conditions and reduce systemic and institutional barriers for development to give full play to their driving and demonstrating roles.

Sixth, a standardized and orderly policy environment will be fostered. We will build a policy and regulatory system that is compatible with the development of the digital economy, attach equal importance to both development and regulation, support the innovative development of platform companies, and enhance their international competitiveness. We will tighten supervision over online platform economy in accordance with laws and regulations, and strengthen the building of dynamic and innovative institutions in order to vigorously support the development of the digital economy.

Thank you again for your question. The NDRC will hold a sub-forum on the digital economy at this Summit (the 4th Digital China Summit). We welcome your input and participation.

Red Star News:

This year's summit includes eight competitions, adding, for example, events related to big data and robots. What were the considerations for doing so? How do we encourage teenagers to participate in these competitions?

You Mengjun:

This a very good question. General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly stressed that to seek innovation is to seek the future. As an important part of the summit, the Innovation Contest has now been a success across two sessions, attracting the participation of a large number of outstanding teams and teenagers from home and abroad. The last session of the contest witnessed the involvement of nearly 10,000 teams and more than 20,000 contestants. The contest is becoming more and more professional and its reputation is growing across the industry.

This year's event will see eight competitions held simultaneously, including digital Party building, digital government, big data, smart healthcare, Kunpeng computing, cybersecurity, integrated circuits, and youth AI robots. Organizing competitions in these fields is mainly to dovetail areas of interest in the development of digital technology and various points of industry focus. For example, this year marks the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, so we added a new competition event titled digital Party building.

You mentioned another two new competition events just now — big data and robots — for which we had the following considerations:

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that data is also a factor of production and big data is an important productive force. By holding the big data competition, we aim to focus on the theme of this year's summit, pooling intellectual resources of enterprises, colleges, and universities, and scientific research institutions to accelerate the technological innovation and industrial application of various data. We also seek to explore new models and scenarios for data sharing, opening-up, development, and utilization and develop a group of big data application projects to facilitate industrial transformation, social governance, and public services in a targeted manner.

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that the cultivation of scientific and technological personnel should begin with children. The Digital China Summit also attaches great importance to the fostering of innovation among teenagers. During the third session of the summit last year, we held a contest for primary and middle school students. After an extensive selection process, nearly 1,000 students took part in the competition, which highlighted the innovative potential of many young people. This year, we changed the contest for primary and middle school students into a youth-built AI robot competition, whose aim is to "popularize AI education and cultivate scientific and technological personnel for the future." By doing so, we want to highlight the important position of AI in the application of digital technology and guide teenagers to study AI knowledge systematically through interesting and challenging competitions with the goal of cultivating scientific professionals for the future.

In order to encourage youngsters to participate in the AI robot competition, we worked with the Fujian Association of Science and Technology and other institutions to carry out promotional activities at primary and middle schools across the province. It is hoped that the competition will attract a new generation of students to study and take interest in information technology. As far as we know, students are so far very interested in the competition and schools are organizing registration. The competition is expected to stimulate primary and middle school students' interest in digital technology innovation and help cultivate young innovative talents who will make contributions to the development of Digital China. Thank you for the questions.

Chen Wenjun:

The last question.

Yicai:

Digital rural development is an important strategic direction for rural vitalization and an essential part of building a Digital China. What progress has been made in promoting digital rural development? What new measures will be taken? Thank you.

Yang Xiaowei:

In accordance with the decisions and plans of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, the CAC has deeply implemented the Outline of the Digital Rural Development Strategy. We have enhanced policy coordination and interaction at different levels with relevant departments, including the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the NDRC, and the MIIT. Together, we have identified and focused on the key tasks of digital rural development in 2020 with coordinated actions. In the past year, with COVID-19 control as a "new normal," digital rural development played a big role in various aspects: in the support of COVID-19 control and work resumption in rural areas; advancing poverty alleviation; promoting agricultural and rural modernization; improving information services for agriculture, rural areas, and rural people; and bridging the digital divide between urban and rural areas.

First, all targets for digital rural development in 2020 were achieved on schedule. Thanks to the efforts by the MIIT, the SASAC, China's three major telecom operators (China Mobile, China Unicom, and China Telecom), and China Tower, information infrastructure in rural areas was further improved. More than 98% of administrative villages had access to fiber-optic cables and 4G services. Some 309 million rural people accessed the internet, and the internet penetration rate in rural areas was 55.9% by the end of last year. Total online retail sales across China's 832 national-level poverty-stricken counties jumped 26% year on year to more than 301.4 billion yuan ($46.3 billion).

Second, internet infrastructure in rural areas was further improved. The MIIT and the Ministry of Finance (MOF) organized the provision of universal telecommunications services in six batches. We established 13,700 4G base stations in rural areas. The National Radio and Television Administration (NRTA) stepped up efforts to increase the coverage of radio and TV broadcasts in rural areas. Approximately 146 million rural households had access to satellite TV.

Third, the digital economy expanded the space for rural development. The Ministry of Commerce, the MOF, and the new national administration for rural vitalization continued to introduce e-commerce to poverty-stricken villages and has supported e-commerce development in a total of 1,338 counties. Live streaming has become a new way to facilitate the outflow of agricultural products from the countryside.

Fourth, we utilized information technology to drive the digital transformation of agricultural production. The Ministry of Science and Technology organized the implementation of major projects, while the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs promoted the integrated application of information technology and agricultural machinery services in various fields such as plantation and animal husbandry.

Fifth, with the establishment of a nationwide online platform, government services are being extended from national, provincial, municipal, and county levels to townships. 

Sixth, continuous measures were made to develop cyber culture in rural areas. The Publicity Department of the CPC Central Committee, the CAC, the NRTA, and other departments worked together to promote the building of integrated media centers at the county level. So far, more than 2,400 county-level integrated media centers have been launched and are developing into major platforms for public communication.

Seventh, active steps were taken to explore new models for digital rural development. Last year, the CAC and seven other ministerial-level departments launched a trial project for digital rural development, which now covers 117 counties and cities. We are tracking its development in order to accumulate experience which can be applied to other places across the country.

We are cooperating with other relevant departments to identify key tasks for digital rural development in 2021 according to the Outline of the Digital Rural Development Strategy. We aim to boost the development of rural industries, further optimize the layout of the industries, and enhance rural people's digital skills and literacy so as to consolidate gains in poverty alleviation, especially poverty alleviation through internet-based services, and upgrade services by promoting digital rural development.

Chen Wenjun:

Thank you to all the speakers and journalists. Today's press conference is hereby concluded. 

Translated and edited by Mi Xingang, Liu Qiang, Liu Jianing, Huang Shan, Zhang Jiaqi, Zhou Jing, Lin Liyao, Zhang Junmian, Zhang Rui, Chen Xia, Duan Yaying, Zhu Bochen, Li Huiru, Xu Xiaoxuan, Fan Junmei, Wang Qian, Zhang Liying, Wang Wei, Wang Yiming, David Ball, Jay Birbeck, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speakers:

Li Bin, deputy director of the National Health Commission (NHC)

Tian Yulong, member of the Leading Party Members Group of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) and MIIT chief engineer

Chang Jile, director of the Bureau of Disease Prevention and Control of the NHC

Yuan Lin, director general of the Department of Drug Regulation of the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA)

Wang Junzhi, deputy head of an expert task force on vaccine development and academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering

Wang Huaqing, chief expert of the National Immunization Program of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

Chairperson:

Shou Xiaoli, deputy head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office (SCIO) and SCIO spokesperson

Date:

March 15, 2021

Shou Xiaoli:

Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to the State Council's interagency task force press conference. Currently, China has been promoting COVID-19 vaccination in an orderly manner, and people are very concerned about the progress. To help people better understand the situation, today we have invited Li Bin, deputy director of the National Health Commission (NHC) to brief you on promoting COVID-19 vaccination and answer questions of interest. We also have with us Tian Yulong, member of the Leading Party Members Group of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) and MIIT chief engineer; Chang Jile, director of the Bureau of Disease Prevention and Control of the NHC; Yuan Lin, director general of the Department of Drug Regulation of the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA); Wang Junzhi, deputy head of an expert task force on vaccine development and academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering; and Wang Huaqing, chief expert of the National Immunization Program of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Next, I will give the floor to Mr. Li.

Li Bin:

Good afternoon, friends from the media! It is a great pleasure to meet with you here to introduce the progress of COVID-19 vaccination work in China. At present, in accordance with the decision and deployment of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and the State Council, all localities are promoting vaccinations in a safer, more orderly and vigorous manner by distinguishing priorities, insisting on informed consent for voluntary and free vaccinations, integrating regular prevention and control with vaccination work, and undertaking due responsibility and industry supervision responsibilities in a prudent and orderly manner in accordance with the law. China has administered 64.98 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines as of March 14. At present, we are organizing the implementation of vaccination following a sequence of administering vaccines to key groups, high-risk groups and then the general public, and steadily increasing the vaccine coverage rate.

The first step is to vaccinate key groups. These groups include people facing a higher risk of occupational exposure, people at risk from overseas infections and people in key positions that maintain the basic operation of society, as well as people over 18 years old who live in border counties. We also include people who work in industries with higher risks of virus transmission such as the service industry and labor-intensive industry, some senior citizens who basically maintain good health but need to be vaccinated for special reasons, and other key groups decided by industrial authorities. At present, the vaccination of key groups is progressing in an orderly manner.

The second step is to vaccinate high-risk groups, which mainly include elderly people and people with underlying diseases. As data on the protective efficacy of the vaccine in these groups from clinical trials is not yet sufficient, vaccination of these groups will be arranged according to the progress of vaccine development. The mass vaccination of these groups will be carried out in a timely manner once sufficient data on vaccine safety and efficacy are available from clinical trials.

The third step is to widen the inoculation to the general public. In this stage, we will administer COVID-19 shots to the rest of the public who are willing to get vaccinated except for the above-mentioned two groups. Our ultimate goal is to effectively protect the health of all people.

In order to ensure the smooth progress of the inoculation, we have mainly done the following work.

First, we have urged the relevant departments and local governments to perform their due responsibilities. A working mechanism of "daily reporting, weekly scheduling and semi-monthly announcement" has been in operation, and a monthly dynamic adjustment mechanism for vaccination supply and demand has been established. All relevant departments have shouldered their responsibilities to see that all vaccination tasks are fulfilled properly. Vaccination is the main task of epidemic prevention and control and has been carried out in all provinces. All localities have strengthened the coordinated management of vaccine supply within their jurisdictions, and accurately calculated the demand for vaccine use according to the vaccination plan and the capacity to guarantee services. Vaccine delivery and quality supervision of stored vaccines, as well as specific inoculation responsibilities, are implemented at the municipal and county levels. At present, localities have formulated step-by-step vaccination plans based on the statistical situation of various groups of people and set detailed timetables, so that the vaccination of various groups of people are advanced steadily and seamlessly. For people who have not yet completed vaccination, timely arrangements should be made. We can also move ahead of the vaccination schedule when it is possible. In these ways, the inoculation plans are arranged with national-level coordination. At present, the State Council's interagency task force has sent 15 instructor groups to various provinces to ensure that all measures are put in place.

Second, we are making every effort to roll out vaccination. The State Council's interagency task force has established relevant work systems to coordinate the supply of vaccines nationwide and strive to ensure that vaccines are produced at full capacity and expand capacity. The relevant departments have stepped up efforts to coordinate the supply and demand of vaccines, regulate the storage and transportation of vaccines, improve the efficiency of distribution, and guarantee the supply of vaccines. All localities set up sufficient vaccination stations with enough personnel and equipment, according to the amount of people that need vaccination and the amount of people that have been vaccinated. Vaccination workers must receive training before they are qualified for the job. They must strictly adhere to the principle of "three checks, seven verifications and one match" to ensure safe and standardized vaccination, including checking the recipient's health condition, contraindications and their vaccination cards and also recording the appearance, batch number, and expiration date of the vaccine and syringe. They must also verify the recipient's name, age, and the vaccine's product name, specification, dosage, injection site, and route of administration, and ensure that the information of the recipient, vaccination card and vaccines are all matched.

Third, we strictly implemented vaccine control measures. In terms of traceability, the country established a platform for nation-wide, coordinated, and electronic vaccine tracing, with stipulated information from various regions being reported to the platform in a timely and accurate manner. This enables the full traceability of vaccines covering the source and whereabouts. In terms of distribution and usage safety management, disease prevention and control departments and vaccination units made great efforts in strictly controlling vaccines on their way in and way out, and regularly monitor and record temperatures of COVID-19 vaccines during storage and transportation, so as to ensure safety. 

Fourth, we strengthened efforts to guarantee treatment for adverse events following immunization (AEFI). Class-two general hospitals and above were organized to provide medical treatment at vaccination spots they have been paired with. Experienced personnel for emergency treatment were sent to offer on-site support with necessary medical equipment and medicines. Ambulances were stationed on site. Personnel participating in medical treatment were given strict training to make sure suspected AEFIs can be identified in a timely manner and treated immediately. We made all-out efforts in organizing medical treatment, with barriers cleared for referrals and green paths for treatment established. 

Fifth, we carried out science popularization activities. We made timely releases of information relating to the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, as well as knowledge regarding which kind of people the vaccines are suitable for and what to keep in mind during vaccination. This was done via official websites and official accounts on WeChat. We offered timely answers for the questions in people's mind, cleared their doubts, and earned the public's cooperation for the vaccination task. 

I just offered a brief introduction. Next, my colleagues and I will answer your questions. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

Thank you, Mr. Li. Now we will start to answer questions. Please state the news outlet that you work for before asking questions. 

CCTV: 

Many residents have received the notice for vaccination. Some others haven't. Are there means for them to get inoculated if they want to? Can they make appointments on their own and then go to vaccination spots for inoculations? Thank you.

Li Bin: 

We made comprehensive arrangements for this type of work to be carried out in an orderly manner when conducting the vaccination task. Mr. Chang will introduce the relevant information. 

Chang Jile:

Thank you for the questions. Mr. Li just mentioned that, high-risk groups will first get inoculated with COVID-19 vaccines, then high-priority groups, and finally other groups, according to the country's unified arrangement. Currently, all regions are devising practical plans to inoculate different groups of people at different stages according to the nation's overall arrangement. As far as we know, the current vaccination efforts around the country are mainly focused on target groups, most of which are involved in key industries and key places, and are mainly organized centrally by the units where they work, while some temporary vaccination points have been set up in places where target groups work and live. If a few targeted people couldn't take part in concentrated inoculations for personal reasons, they may get inoculated at vaccination units nearby afterwards, though, they need to contact vaccination units in advance, or they can make appointments according to the requirements of local health administrations, disease control departments and vaccination units. The vaccination task this time targets large groups of people and involves numerous vaccination spots. Many vaccination spots have been increased or set up for temporary use. Existing vaccination spots have expanded service capabilities. We are constantly optimizing vaccination services. We will also make timely public releases of information related to vaccination spots. People with questions about the inoculation of COVID-19 vaccines may consult local health departments, disease control institutions or vaccination units, online or via telephone. In short, we are currently advancing the inoculation of COVID-19 vaccines in an orderly and effective way, in accordance with the unified arrangement of the joint prevention and control mechanism of the State Council. We hope that all people will cooperate for this task to be done and get inoculated as early as possible to gain protection. Thank you.

ThePaper.cn:

Surveys show that many Chinese are willing to get inoculated with the COVID-19 vaccines, but some have hesitations about the safety of the vaccines and have showed less willingness. How will you clear people's safety-related concerns? Thank you.

Li Bin:

This is a very good question. As I just mentioned, the basic principle of inoculation of COVID-19 vaccines in our country is for people to voluntarily get inoculated with informed consent. The number of inoculations is directly related to people's willingness to get inoculated. So, we have always paid attention to this issue when conducting the vaccination task, seeing it as the priority. We have been following up and doing research regarding this issue. According to what we have learnt, inoculation willingness is influenced by many factors and shows quite large changes. At present, there are two main factors impacting inoculation willingness. One is the epidemic prevention and control situation. Our country has taken powerful and appropriate measures in this field, and as a result, the situation has been stable, generally speaking. Therefore, this makes some people think that the risk of infection is rather low and there is no need to get inoculated for additional protection for the time being. The other one is that because the COVID-19 vaccines are new to the market, some people want to see more information about the efficacy. Many people are eager to know about safety data and efficacy issues, planning to get inoculated once more knowledge of the vaccines is known. These are the two factors that have the largest impact on the issue at the moment. 

Here, I would like to share something with you. First, regarding infection risks, although China's overall situations for epidemic prevention and control currently remain stable, there remain risks of infected cases importing the virus as well as localized outbreaks among individuals and across society. For the vast majority of people, if we have no immunity against the novel coronavirus, the possibility of infection will continue to exist, and some of us will likely show severe symptoms after getting infected. Therefore, vaccination is the best way to prevent COVID-19. Vaccination can effectively protect both individuals and society, and reduce infection, severe illness, and death rates. This is therefore the main strategy to prevent and control COVID-19 in the country at present.

Second, the more people who have been vaccinated, and therefore have immunity, means that we can effectively control the spread of the novel coronavirus. Vaccination can protect not only ourselves and our families but also the rest of society.

Third, regarding the vaccination effect, all the vaccines can be used in China only after they have undergone clinical studies in line with relevant domestic regulations. They must then be approved by the national medical products authorities and pass strict verifications. In the process of storage and transportation, all vaccines must be monitored and have their temperatures recorded at regular intervals to ensure that they meet the requirements regarding temperature environment and transportation. For vaccinations, we have expanded our personnel training and asked all medical staff to strictly implement operating instructions to guarantee the effectiveness and safety of vaccines.

With the development of vaccination work, the number of vaccinated people has increased, so I believe immunity will further rise. We hope more people will actively take part in vaccinations at an early date so that we can witness the protective effect of vaccines together. Thank you.

CRNTT:

What is the suggested time between getting the COVID-19 vaccine and other vaccines? Is it possible to encounter an adverse reaction if you receive other vaccines after getting this one? Since China has carried out a massive domestic vaccination program, when are we expected to reach herd immunity? Thank you.

Li Bin:

This is a very specialized question, so I would like to invite Prof. Wang Huaqing to answer it.

Wang Huaqing:

Thanks for your question. Because the COVID-19 vaccine is new, the question you asked is not only a question that concerns the public but also one that professionals must conduct research on. Some time ago, we organized some experts to study and verify this issue. In order to monitor adverse reactions, suspected adverse reactions, and other considerations, we have studied whether tour novel coronavirus vaccine can be used simultaneously with other vaccines, and if not, how much time should there be between receiving vaccinations. Our findings show that at least two weeks' gap should be guaranteed between the COVID-19 vaccine and other vaccines. But in some special instances, the two weeks' recommendation can be waivered. For example, if someone has to be vaccinated against rabies or tetanus after being bitten by animals or are suffering trauma.

We all know that vaccines are external antigens that enter the human body. There will likely be some adverse reactions after vaccination, most of which will be normal reactions that will get better without treatment. However, sometimes there may be suspected adverse reactions with more severe symptoms. If that is the case, we recommend that the person goes to the hospital to receive timely diagnosis and treatment. During this process, if the doctor suspects that the adverse reactions were caused by the vaccine, the case will be reported and further investigation and diagnosis will be followed. In the future, we will continue to monitor and evaluate adverse reactions and suspected adverse reactions related to both the COVID-19 vaccine and other vaccines.

Just now you mentioned the issue of the immunological barrier, which is something that is of particular concern to the public, and also the direction in which we have been working hard. Everyone knows that COVID-19 is a disease that most or all the public is susceptible to. It has a very high severe co-morbidity rate for people with chronic diseases and the elderly, while some people may eventually lose their lives due to severe illness. According to the results of global monitoring, the global case fatality rate exceeds 2%, which is also relatively high. Under the circumstances, the key for us in controlling this disease is to rely on vaccines. As for other non-vaccine measures, China has made great efforts in various aspects in the early stages. The cost of taking non-vaccine prevention and control measures together has also been very high. We hope that in the future we will build an immunological barrier through vaccination. This is also the conclusion of our experience in controlling past infectious diseases.

Regarding the establishment of herd immunity, this has a lot to do with the protective efficacy of the vaccines and the population's vaccination rate. In the past, we eliminated smallpox and formed a population immunity of around 85% — that is the population immunity, not the vaccination rate. This means that the rate of people with immunity accounted for 85% of the whole population. Measles, which is more contagious, requires 95% of the population to be immune to block the disease. We have eliminated smallpox, and put forward the goal of eliminating measles. The goal of elimination is to prevent it from spreading, so the population must have high immunity.

COVID-19 vaccinations should be carried out step by step. The first step is to consider key populations, those with key jobs and who are at high risk of infection. The second step involves people who may be at risk of severe illness, and the third step involves other groups. In the end, all eligible members of the public will be vaccinated. This is the basis for the establishment of an immunological barrier or herd immunity. Of course, the establishment of such an immunological barrier requires efforts from all sides, including the public. Therefore, we hope that members of the public who received COVID-19 vaccination appointments will actively cooperate, and get vaccinated. Let's work together to build an immunological barrier, so that our studies, work and lives can return to normal. Thank you.

Reuters:

We have heard many times about production capacity, and are particularly concerned about the issue of output. What is the actual production volume of the four COVID-19 vaccines currently on the market in China? For example, what are the actual daily, weekly and monthly outputs? Or, how many have been produced so far? Also, in terms of these four vaccines, what is the difference between actual production output and designed production capacity? Why is there such a difference? Just now you mentioned some goals. What are the actual production plans for these four vaccines? How many doses of vaccine are actually planned to be produced, by certain specific times? Thank you.

Li Bin:

You've asked a combination of several questions. I'd like to invite Mr. Tian Yulong to introduce the relevant situations.

Tian Yulong:

Thank you for your questions. You are very professional and concerned about the issue of vaccine production. According to the overall deployment of the State Council's interagency task force, the MIIT has taken the lead in working with the NHC, the NMPA and other relevant departments to ensure the supply of COVID-19 vaccines. Your concerns are regarding production. At present, four vaccines have been granted conditional approval, including three inactivated vaccines from Sinopharm CNBG Beijing, Sinopharm CNBG Wuhan and the Beijing-based Sinovac Biotech, as well as a Chinese adenovirus vector vaccine from the Tianjin-based CanSino Biologics. These four companies have begun organizing mass production. Just now, Mr. Li Bin explained that we have completed more than 60 million vaccinations, so we have met the current supply and demand pretty well. You will have also seen our donations to other countries, with our exports receiving positive feedback — so, we have also supported international demand.

It appears that domestic vaccine production is still expanding. With the continuous release of production capacity, the output will gradually increase. This reflects China's institutional advantages, industrial mobilization capabilities, and enterprises' advantages in efficient organization. During the Spring Festival, vaccine enterprises worked overtime and raced against time to organize production at full capacity, which also reflects our people-centered philosophy. According to the current production plans, we have established a dynamic guarantee balance mechanism for production supply and demand. We must accurately measure demand and implement vaccinations step by step, so that the accurate connection between production and supply can be guaranteed. Our continuous release of vaccine output and production capacity at all stages throughout the year has met the needs at all stages. Therefore, we are still very confident, because China's industrial mobilization, emergency response capabilities and corporate capabilities of organizing production are highly efficient.

One thing particularly important is that vaccines are different from other anti-epidemic supplies and medicines, and it is crucial to ensure absolute quality and safety throughout the entire vaccine production chain and process. The production process is very complex, with many production steps and high technical content, and market access and supervision are also very strict. We and the drug regulation authorities have cooperated in ensuring quality and safety and every batch of vaccines must undergo a necessary period of production testing. During the period, safety must be ensured in every procedure, and measures like testing must be intensified. We must make safety and quality the bottom line in capacity release, production and supply. On this premise, our production capacity is constantly expanding. We and the health authorities have established a dynamic, precise and balanced mechanism for vaccine production and supply to meet vaccination demands, and I believe we will be able to complete our task successfully. Thank you. 

South China Morning Post:

We know that there is demand for Chinese vaccines in many countries and that China itself has to build up an immunization barrier for its own entire population, so is there a priority? How do you balance the demand for vaccines at home and abroad?

Tian Yulong: 

Vaccine is an important field of current anti-epidemic cooperation in international community. We can see from the news that while prioritizing meeting domestic demand, China has taken practical actions to implement President Xi Jinping's announcement about making COVID-19 vaccines a global public good. We have actively promoted international cooperation on vaccine and won recognition from the international community. 

At the end of February, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs released information that China had been providing vaccine aid to more than 50 countries and exporting jabs to 27 countries. As China's vaccines become more and more popular, we believe that more countries will accept them. China's production capacity will continue to be released and output will continue to expand, and so will our supply both at home and abroad. While ensuring that domestic needs are met, we will keep increasing our assistance and exports to other countries and jointly fight against the epidemic. We are confident that China's high-quality, safe vaccines will be welcomed by more countries and we are willing to make more efforts in this regard. Thank you. 

China Media Group:

Currently, China has approved four types of COVID-19 vaccines for market launch. What are their differences, and the advantages and weaknesses of each? 

Li Bin: 

This question goes to Mr. Wang. 

Wang Junzhi: 

The four categories of COVID-19 vaccines are developed through two approaches. The difference is that three of them are inactivated vaccines and one is an adenovirus vaccine. The inactivated vaccine uses physicochemical methods to inactivate the live virus after its activation and expansion and then purify it. The vaccine's character is that its component is the most similar to the structure of the natural virus. Therefore, it gives a strong immune response and safety is ensured. The vaccine is stable to be stored at 2-8 degrees Celsius for two to three years, and is easy to be transported, which is convenient for people in remote areas. This vaccine requires two shots. As for the adenovirus vaccine, we take Ad5 as the vector, introduce COVID-19 antigens, and then make viral vector vaccines with bioreactors. This production technology is relatively easy and the cost is low, because it was based on our original Ad5 Ebola vaccine. This type of vaccine can not only generate neutralizing antibodies but also improve cellular immunity, using a one-dose immunization procedure. The one-dose immunization is really convenient for specific populations with emergency needs.

No matter what approaches we take, the most important thing is to adjust to the features of the antigens and pathogens, and use the most suitable technology to develop safe, effective and quality-controlled vaccines. That is the most crucial criterion for vaccines to work. Thank you. 

Bloomberg:

China announced a vaccine passport last week, aimed to allowing citizens to travel internationally. That will only work if you can get other countries to recognize it. What outreach is China making on this front, and have any countries said they'll recognize China's passport? 

Li Bin:

We are actively working in this field. First, we have paid close attention to the policies and measures adopted by each country after administering COVID-19 vaccines. This includes the international issue of recognizing people who have been vaccinated, which you mentioned. Second, we have been actively studying relevant policies, which are currently undergoing adjustments and improvements. Relevant departments of the interagency task force have been leading the work, and we will publish detailed rules once the policies have been approved. By adopting these policies, we aim to further promote COVID-19 vaccination, and boost international communication and exchanges. Thank you.

Cover News:

Besides the four approved vaccines which are already available on the market, how is the development of other vaccines progressing? It has been reported that teams headed by Chen Wei and Zhong Nanshan, both academicians with the Chinese Academy of Engineering, have deployed new vaccine research and development. What is the special significance of the new vaccines currently being developed? Thank you.

Wang Junzhi:

As we know, 17 Chinese COVID-19 vaccines are currently going through clinical trials, four of which have been approved under certain conditions, and another three technological approaches are either in phase 3 clinical trials or will enter phase 3 clinical trials shortly. The public are all very interested in their progress for the future. For these vaccines, two tasks must be accomplished before they can enter the market. First, we must ensure that the data on safety and effectiveness for phase 3 clinical trials meet relevant requirements. Second, we must complete the commercial-scale production process verification, and establish reliable quality standards. We need to collect sufficient data from clinical trials. This is not an easy task, because we have faced great difficulties in doing phase 3 clinical trials, which are done abroad. Once there is enough data to show that a vaccine is as effective as it is designed and that it has an acceptable safety profile, the applicant can submit the marketing application to the NMPA. The NMPA will immediately complete the reviewal process, and ensure that safe and effective vaccines can be available on the market as soon as possible.

China News Service:

If the number of new COVID-19 vaccines approved for the market increases, the whole of society will be concerned about their quality and safety. What measures will the NMPA take to enhance the supervision of vaccine quality? Thank you.

Li Bin:

This question is very clear, so I'd like to invite Mr. Yuan Lin, head of the Department of Drug Regulation of the NMPA, to introduce the situation.

Yuan Lin:

Thank you for your question. This is a very important issue that has generated much interest, and is also related to concerns over safety for people who have been vaccinated. Through years of efforts, and along with the rapid development of the economy and society, China has established a fairly complete vaccine regulatory system, a relatively comprehensive legal system and a comparatively sound vaccine quality standards system. We have implemented good manufacturing practices (GMP) in line with advanced international standards, and China's vaccine regulatory system has twice passed the evaluation of the WHO's national regulatory system. As such, it can be said that our vaccine regulation has been internationally recognized.

Especially since the outbreak of COVID-19, the NMPA has resolutely implemented a series of important instructions given by General Secretary Xi Jinping on COVID-19 vaccines, and implemented decisions and arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. In particular, in the aspect of implementing the "four strictest" regulatory requirements for vaccines, a series of strong and effective measures have been taken to ensure the quality and safety of the COVID-19 vaccines.

It is well known that with regards to laws and regulations, China is the only country in the world that has introduced a specific law on vaccine management, which is the Vaccine Administration Law. On that basis, we have formulated a series of supporting rules and regulations and put in place requirements on technical specifications, ensuring that all vaccine-related companies, including distribution companies, as well as vaccination centers and regulation authorities can act in line with relevant laws and rules, and all of our work can be carried out in an orderly manner within the legal framework. To ensure the quality of vaccines, by adhering to the laws, regulations and supervision, and being responsible for the people, we have made it clear that vaccine manufacturers are primarily responsible for ensuring the quality and safety of vaccines. We require that vaccine manufacturers assume the main responsibilities in accordance with the law. They are required to act as follows: First, they must strictly abide by the Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) for Drugs. Second, they must ensure that products are produced according to approved manufacturing techniques and standards. The process of vaccine manufacturing is relatively complex and missteps can be caused by oversights. Meanwhile, to further ensure the quality and safety of vaccines, we require manufacturers to conduct strict testing before releasing vaccines and take responsibility for pharmaceutical marketing, including strictly following requirements on transport, delivery and cold-chain logistics. At the same time, we require manufacturers to actively collect and analyze information on adverse reactions that occur during vaccination work. The aim of all these measures is to ensure the safety and quality of vaccines throughout the entire management chain. 

For regulation authorities, we used a combination of measures to tighten supervision and law enforcement. We just mentioned that four manufacturers have been granted conditional market approval for vaccines. We organized comprehensive and systematic inspection tours of these companies in a timely manner. Meanwhile, we organized inspections of relevant workshops to ensure that they were licensed. We also arranged for expert inspectors from national and local drug regulatory authorities to carry out inspections and spot checks regularly or periodically. One of the important measures we have organized is for a team of at least two inspectors stationed in the manufacturers to supervise different aspects using various measures, to supervise and guide companies to improve their management system and ensure their manufacturing processes are in line with laws and regulations, in a bid to ensure vaccine quality. With the joint efforts and coordinated cooperation with relevant departments, we are working together to use information technology to track vaccine information, monitor suspected adverse reactions during vaccination and offer proper handling, and crack down on vaccine-related crimes and violations in accordance with the law. 

By taking various, effective measures, we will ensure the safety of COVID-19 vaccines in a comprehensive manner and lay a solid foundation for the vaccination work. Thank you.

Red Star News:

Recently, blood banks in some parts of the country have been facing blood shortages. Those in charge of local departments have said that this is related to the COVID-19 vaccinations. What impact will COVID-19 vaccinations have on blood donation? When can vaccine recipients donate blood? Are blood stocks still able to meet people's needs? Thank you. 

Li Bin:

This is a very important question. Health care authorities have always attached great importance to the safety and supply of blood. Ensuring blood supply is one of our major tasks. During the vaccination work, we have been paying attention to the question of how to ensure the effective blood supply. Mr. Chang will introduce the details. 

Chang Jile:

Thank you for your question. The safety of blood supply has a direct bearing on clinical and medical treatment services. The NHC has always attached great importance to the implementation of the Blood Donation Law, and made great efforts to encourage the public to participate in voluntary blood donation. The amount of blood collected from voluntary donors in China has increased for 20 consecutive years, with all blood donated for clinical use undergoing nucleic acid testing. China ranks among the top countries in the world in terms of ensuring the safety of blood supply. We have also used information technology to establish a monitoring and early warning system on blood inventories across the nation and a coordinating mechanism to guarantee supply. Through the national management system of blood inventories, 452 blood banks across the country share their information with one another and can timely monitor the collection and storage of blood in different places. In the case of a transient blood shortage or low supplies of certain blood types in certain areas, we immediately kick-start the coordinating mechanism and timely allocate blood from blood banks where storage is sufficient to ensure supply.

Regarding the impact of vaccination on blood donation, in the light of the current blood donor eligibility criteria and different types of vaccines inoculated, the suspension of blood donation ranges from 24 hours to four weeks. In addition, according to the Blood Donation Law, there should be an interval of no less than six months between donations. Since the COVID-19 vaccination campaign launched, we have strengthened the monitoring and allocation work of blood storage and rolled out a system which includes daily monitoring and reporting. As of now, the national level of stored blood is above the security line. The blood supply is stable and can basically meet the demands for clinical use. Initially, to ensure the safety of blood donors and vaccine recipients, following the principle of being proactive and prudent, we organized experts to study this question. We have also taken common international practice into consideration with regards to the suspension of blood donations after inoculation by the COVID-19 vaccine. 

As the inoculation of COVID-19 vaccines is proceeding worldwide, the delay periods for blood donation after vaccination have been successively updated and released internationally. Therefore, in line with the principle of scientific prudence, we have also organized experts to conduct a study to determine the time to suspend blood donation after vaccination against the new coronavirus. Next, we will continue to strengthen the education and mobilization of voluntary non-remunerated blood donation, and encourage healthy citizens of the right age to actively donate blood without compensation. On the other hand, we will guide clinics to strengthen the rational use of blood, and at the same time closely monitor the situation of blood stocks nationwide, make timely deployments and do a good job in guaranteeing clinical blood use. Thank you.

The Straits Times: 

In the beginning, China's vaccination program appeared to be ahead of all other countries, but the rate of inoculation seems to have slowed in recent months. Is this because of the hesitation that you mentioned earlier? And other plans to release more clinical trial data so people are less worried? 

Li Bin:

Just now I briefed you on the current situation of vaccination. So far, 64.98 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine have been administered in China, and the inoculation program is now being promoted in a steady and orderly manner. We have been paying close attention to public's willingness to get vaccinated during our inoculation work. Next, we will vigorously advance the vaccination program and constantly improve vaccine rollout.

Guangming Daily:

We know that vaccines are products that need tight supervision. They have to go through the lot release process before they are authorized for the market. Can China's current lot release capacity meet the demand for the large-scale production of COVID-19 vaccines? Thank you.

Li Bin:

Mr. Yuan will answer this question.

Yuan Lin:

Thank you for your question. Vaccines are products that need key and strict regulation. Lot release must be taken as the bottom line or even the red line to ensure the quality and safety of the vaccines. At the same time, lot release is also an internationally accepted, effective and powerful regulatory measure for vaccines and other biological products. I mentioned China's Vaccine Management Law just now—the first of its kind in the world which took effect on Dec. 1, 2019. The law clearly stipulates that vaccines entering China's market, both those produced domestically and imported ones, should undergo the lot release process in accordance with the law. More specifically, each lot of vaccines, before their release onto the market, need to be tested and approved by nationally recognized lot release institutions. The NMPA attaches great importance to enhancing China's lot release capacity, and has made timely and comprehensive analyses of the country's current strength of vaccine production and lot release. With the strong support and coordination of relevant departments, we have planned ahead and adopted phased and step-by-step measures in advance to further intensify and accelerate the capacity building of biological products lot release and of the relevant testing institutions. What gratifies us is that at present, the national medical products testing institutions and those at the provincial (municipality) level including Beijing, Hubei and Guangdong, have all gained the capacity to carry out lot release for COVID-19 vaccines. Meanwhile, we are actively promoting the capacity building of other provincial-level drug testing institutions. It is expected that a dozen new institutions will be able to conduct lot release for vaccines in the near future, which will continuously meet the needs for coronavirus vaccine lot release in China.

Simultaneously, we are stepping up efforts to constantly improve our testing quality and efficiency to keep pace with the production capacity of COVID-19 vaccines. We require all the lot release institutions to strengthen their management, to conduct tests on the safety and effectiveness of vaccines in accordance with legal requirements and national standards, and to ensure the quality of the lot release work. To actively keep pace with the country's rising production capacity of the coronavirus vaccines, we demand that on the premise of ensuring quality, testing institutions should tap internal potential and improve efficiency. We also require that the institutions' testing work and vaccine manufacturers' statutory self-checks are started, conducted and completed simultaneously, which has greatly shortened the time it takes for COVID-19 vaccines to enter the market. Through the continuous efforts of the national medical products administration system to enhance the lot release capacity, we can fully ensure the effective coordination and consistency of the coronavirus vaccine lot release capability and manufacturers' continuously increasing production capacity and output. This will ultimately guarantee the smooth administering of COVID-19 vaccines. Thank you. 

Economic Daily:

How is the raw material supply for vaccine production? Can the production and supply of key materials be guaranteed? What measures have been taken to ensure the production of materials and the stability of production and supply chains? Thank you.

Li Bin:

I'd like to invite Mr. Tian Yulong to answer these questions. 

Tian Yulong:

Thank you for your questions, which I think are very important. A stable and adequate supply of materials is essential to vaccine production. The MIIT accumulated significant experience in this regard while ensuring the supply of medical products last year. Thanks to the integrity of our industrial system and our ability to mobilize, organize and respond to emergencies, we established an industrial chain connecting upstream and downstream companies. The experience was helpful for us to adopt good measures in accurately connecting and ensuring the smooth operation of supply and industrial chains, and upstream and downstream vaccine production systems.

Our measures focus on two aspects. The first is to ensure the stability of the vaccine production chain. Vaccine production involves multiple links, including the supply of equipment on production lines, raw materials, auxiliary materials, packaging materials, cold-chain equipment for the transportation of vaccines, and the equipment required for vaccination. All these links require stable production and supply chains. We have focused on coordinating the production, procurement, and supply of these materials. At present, China has a complete vaccine production system; the supply of raw and auxiliary materials is orderly, stable, and sufficient enough to support large-scale production now and for some time to come. We are quite confident of this. This is the most important foundation for ensuring large-scale production and the supply of vaccines needed for the inoculation program.

The second aspect is the supply chain. To ensure the safe, efficient and quick transportation of vaccines to inoculation and distribution venues, we need to establish a logistics chain, a testing chain, and other relevant chains for upstream and downstream companies. These chains are critical for orderly, efficient, smooth, and safe production, as well as testing and the use of vaccines. The MIIT and relevant departments have established sound mechanisms for efficient cooperation to ensure not only steady production but also efficient transportation and supply of vaccines. So, please rest assured.

Hong Kong Economic Herald:

The impact of mutations on the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines has drawn both domestic and international attention. Regarding the vaccines approved for conditional marketing in China, how effective are they against coronavirus mutations? Thank you.

Li Bin: 

I'd like to invite Mr. Wang Junzhi to answer the question.

Wang Junzhi:

This is an issue of great concern both at home and abroad. Currently, we haven't found that mutated COVID-19 strains have had an obvious impact on the efficacy of domestic vaccines approved for conditional marketing. Companies developing the vaccines have conducted cross-neutralization tests and evaluations on mutant virus strains using immune serums. The latest study report still shows no obvious decrease in the neutralizing activity of both the inactivated vaccine and recombinant protein vaccine against new COVID-19 strains, including the strain discovered in South Africa. However, more follow-up studies are needed.

We need to attach great importance to this issue. The long-term spread of the virus may result in the accumulation of multiple mutations. When the accumulation reaches a certain level, it may undermine the protection given by vaccines. This risk does exist. In order to effectively counter the influence of virus mutations, we must take precautionary measures and actively prepare for this. I think the following two aspects are very important. First, we need to carry out close and real-time monitoring, collect variants quickly once they are detected, and then perform tests on them to identify their impact on vaccines. Second, we need to step up the development of vaccine platforms. By arranging five technical routes, China has already established a powerful platform for vaccine R&D. In addition, we are taking proactive measures to develop a new generation of vaccines so that we can roll out effective vaccines as quick as we can against new variants once mutations are proven to eliminate or greatly reduce the efficacy of existing vaccines. This is critical.

Generally, we need to improve our comprehensive capabilities to better deal with virus mutations in the future. This is the most important thing to do. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

The State Council's interagency task force briefing today is hereby concluded. Thank you all. Goodbye.

Translated and edited by Liu Sitong, Zhou Jing, Lin Liyao, Wang Zhiyong, Zhang Rui, Liu Qiang, Liu Jianing, Fan Junmei, Cui Can, Zhang Junmian, Xu Xiaoxuan, Li Huiru, Zhang Liying, Wang Qian, Wang Yiming, David Ball, Jay Birbeck, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speakers:

Zhang Xiaoming, executive deputy director of the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the State Council

Deng Zhonghua, deputy director of the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the State Council

Zhang Yong, deputy director of the Legislative Affairs Commission of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC)

Chairperson:

Chen Wenjun, head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office (SCIO) and spokesperson of the SCIO

Date:

March 12, 2021

Chen Wenjun:

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning. Welcome to this briefing held by the State Council Information Office. As you all know, the fourth session of the 13th National People's Congress (NPC), which concluded yesterday, adopted the Decision of the National People's Congress on Improving the Electoral System of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) by an overwhelming majority vote. To help the public more accurately understand the decision from both legal and logical perspectives, we have invited Mr. Zhang Xiaoming, executive deputy director of the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the State Council, Mr. Deng Zhonghua, deputy director of the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the State Council, and Mr. Zhang Yong, deputy director of the Legislative Affairs Commission of the Standing Committee of the NPC. They will elaborate on the decision and take your questions. First, we will give the floor to Mr. Zhang Xiaoming.

Zhang Xiaoming:

Friends from the media, good morning. Yesterday afternoon, the fourth session of the 13th NPC adopted the Decision of the National People's Congress on Improving the Electoral System of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The decision is another major step in the governance of Hong Kong taken by the central authorities following the adoption of the Law on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. It is also a milestone in implementing the principle of "one country, two systems." The NPC has made major decisions on Hong Kong-related issues both this year and last year. This fully demonstrates the great importance attached to Hong Kong affairs by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, and General Secretary Xi Jinping's general plan of the governance of Hong Kong. When the vote on the draft decision was held, Mr. Zhang Yong and I were at the Great Hall of the People. A total of 2,896 NPC deputies cast their votes. Except for one abstention, all the other 2,895 deputies voted in favor. A big round of applause broke out when Li Zhanshu, chairman of the NPC Standing Committee, announced the result. The sustained applause represents the shared aspiration of the Chinese people, including all our compatriots in Hong Kong, and the unshakable will of the state.

At a workshop held by the Chinese Association of Hong Kong and Macao Studies on Feb. 22, Xia Baolong, vice chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and director of the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the State Council, elaborated on the theme of implementing the principle of "patriots administering Hong Kong" put forward by General Secretary Xi Jinping, and advancing the steady and sustained implementation of "one country, two systems." Xia's statement has drawn a positive public response in Hong Kong. On March 5, Wang Chen, vice chairman of the NPC Standing Committee, made a detailed explanation of the necessity and importance of improving the electoral system of the HKSAR as well as the main points of the draft decision. On March 6 and 7, Vice Premier Han Zheng made important remarks on matters related to improving the HKSAR's electoral system while attending group discussions of Hong Kong and Macao CPPCC members and NPC deputies. These state leaders clarified the position of the central authorities. Here, I would like to share some views on the great significance and far-reaching impact of improving the HKSAR's electoral system.

First, improving the electoral system is highly necessary to address the loopholes and deficiencies in the HKSAR's legal system, and is conducive to improving the system and institutions of "one country, two systems." The framework of the existing methods for the selection of the HKSAR chief executive and for the formation of the Legislative Council (LegCo) was established in the process of formulating the Basic Law of the HKSAR over 30 years ago. The instability in Hong Kong society during recent years has exposed clear loopholes and deficiencies in the HKSAR's existing electoral system, including the methods for selecting the chief executive and for the formation of LegCo. In particular, the electoral system was not secure enough. As a result, anti-China disruptors in Hong Kong found their way into the HKSAR's bodies of power and other governance structure through elections; and external forces have meddled in Hong Kong's affairs through various means, allowing them to engage in activities aimed at undermining China's national security. Therefore, we must fix the deficiencies, and forestall and defuse relevant risks at the institutional level. Moreover, improving the electoral system is an important step toward implementing the overarching plan of upholding and improving the system and institutions of "one country, two systems" made by the 19th CPC Central Committee at its fourth plenary session. It also shows that the principle of "one country, two systems" has been refined in light of new developments.

Second, improving the electoral system is of fundamental importance to safeguarding political stability and security in the HKSAR, and ensuring a stable Hong Kong in the long run. The turbulence over the amendment bill descended into social chaos, which fully reveals that the main problems facing Hong Kong are political issues, not problems of whether the electoral system should be democratic, or whether the pace of democracy should be faster or slower, as some people have said. These issues involve battles against attempted power grabs, subversion and infiltration. In this regard, we will not back down. The aim of improving the electoral system is to close the pathway within the political structure for anti-China and destabilizing forces in Hong Kong to seize power by exercising the central authorities' statutory power to make decisions on the political structure of the HKSAR in accordance with the Constitution and the Hong Kong Basic Law. It goes hand in hand with the formulation of the Law on Safeguarding National Security in the HKSAR. Together, they will provide fundamental solutions to various forms of chaos, and safeguard the national security and the political stability and security of the HKSAR.

Third, improving the electoral system is the right choice based on Hong Kong's actual conditions, and a step which will steadily advance Hong Kong's democratic system. For the over-150 years that Hong Kong was under British colonial rule, there was no democracy to speak of. It was only since its return to the motherland that its people have truly held their future in their own hands. The development of democracy in the city does not have a long history and steady improvements should be made to it through exploration. In improving the electoral system, priority will be given to adjusting and improving the Election Committee, which is broadly representative, and empowering it with new functions. In addition to continuing to elect the chief executive, it will also elect some members of LegCo and participate in the nomination of all LegCo candidate members. The aim of such an approach is to build a democratic system that is suited to Hong Kong's actual conditions and has distinctive Hong Kong features. It will ensure the pace of development of democracy in the city is steadier.

Fourth, improving the electoral system is crucial for Hong Kong to improve the performance of its government, promote development of its economy, and improve people's livelihood. The deficiencies in the current electoral system and its uncertain status have triggered a tendency to politicize Hong Kong society. Moreover, after finding their way into the HKSAR's governance system, anti-China and destabilizing forces in Hong Kong have blatantly manipulated the political agenda. Some opposition LegCo members have abused procedures and disrupted, and even paralyzed, the functioning of LegCo through such improper moves as filibustering. These acts have gravely impeded the exercise of governance by the HKSAR government and created significant internal friction. The improvements to the electoral system will enable the HKSAR government and people from various sectors of Hong Kong society to focus on economy and development, and will address housing difficulties and other pressing problems affecting people's livelihood. It will also enable Hong Kong to better involve itself in the building of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, integrate into China's overall development more smoothly, and maintain and improve its international competitiveness. In short, it will enable Hong Kong to break the political impasse, achieve good governance and improve the well-being of its residents.

Fifth, improving the electoral system will provide a systemic safeguard for implementing the principle of "patriots administering Hong Kong" and ensure the continued success of "one country, two systems". "Patriots administering Hong Kong" is not a new concept. In fact, Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out that Hong Kong must be administered by the people of Hong Kong with patriots as the main body in 1984 when he met a delegation from the Hong Kong industrial and business community visiting Beijing and a group of Hong Kong community leaders. Across the world, no country allows people who are unpatriotic to participate in the governance of the country or any place under the country's jurisdiction. It goes without saying that those who administer Hong Kong must be patriots. When meeting with Chief Executive Carrie Lam Cheng Yuet-ngor this January, General Secretary Xi Jinping clearly stated that the principle of "patriots administering Hong Kong" must be always upheld to ensure the steady and sustained implementation of "one country, two systems." Improving the electoral system will put in place the requisite security valve to ensure that the political power and the governing power of the HKSAR are firmly in the hands of patriots. This will provide a strong and reliable safeguard for ensuring the steady practice of "one country, two systems" in Hong Kong in the long run.

I want to emphasize that it was the CPC that initiated the policy of "one country, two systems," and that leads, advances and upholds its implementation. No one better appreciates the value of "one country, two systems" or is more committed to the original aspiration of this notion than the CPC or the Chinese government. The Law on Safeguarding National Security in the HKSAR which has been formulated, the ongoing improvement of the electoral system of the HKSAR , and everything we will do in the future, are all aimed at improving the system and institutions of "one country, two systems" and ensuring its sound implementation, rather than changing the principle.

During the "two sessions" over the last few days, many NPC deputies and CPPCC members from Hong Kong were excited when delivering speeches. Some NPC deputies said that the NPC's decision on improving the electoral system of the HKSAR will send a "belated spring" to Hong Kong. Some CPPCC members exclaimed that "Hong Kong can be saved." Other CPPCC members commented that this major decision of the NPC fully demonstrates the central authorities' deep care for Hong Kong and its future. As people in Hong Kong like to visit Che Kung Temple during the first lunar month and draw fortune sticks, some CPPCC members mentioned that no matter what kind of fortune the people receive, the Law on Safeguarding National Security in the HKSAR is the greatest blessing, and the NPC's decision on improving the electoral system of the HKSAR is the most effective solution. I think these words speak volumes about the views of people in Hong Kong. When we spoke with some Hong Kong personages, they mentioned a simile that, "just as a serious illness requires strong medicine, Hong Kong's existing electoral system requires a major surgery." I think "surgery" is a vivid illustration. To be more accurate, the improvement of Hong Kong's electoral system is like a minimally invasive surgical procedure with an incision that is small but deep enough to remove the infection and allow for a speedy recovery. We are firmly convinced that after the surgery on Hong Kong's electoral system, its democratic system will regain health. Hong Kong's social vitality will be fully unleashed, and its people will enjoy better and more peaceful lives. 

In recent days, the HKSAR government and people from various sectors in Hong Kong issued statements, took part in interviews, signed petitions, and set up street counters to express their firm support for the NPC's decision on improving the HKSAR's electoral system. Opinion poll results released by the Hong Kong Research Association also show that around 70% of those polled support the NPC's decision. This is the best and most forceful rebuttal of the smears and false claims against the NPC's decision made by some people overseas. Last year, when the Law on Safeguarding National Security in the HKSAR was promulgated, I said at a press conference here that the law is an anchor of stability for the city. Today, I would like to add another sentence and together make them a couplet of good wishes, that is, the improved electoral system will be a vital long-term safeguard for Hong Kong. As the city's electoral system and rules are amended, the ship of "Hong Kong under 'one country, two systems'" will be able to cleave waves, sail smoothly onward and deliver an even brighter future for the city.

That concludes my opening remarks. Thank you.

Chen Wenjun:

Thank you, Mr. Zhang Xiaoming. Next, let's give the floor to Mr. Zhang Yong.

Zhang Yong:

Thank you, Mr. Chairperson. Friends from the media, good morning. Just now Mr. Zhang Xiaoming, executive deputy director of the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the State Council, expounded on the major and far-reaching significance of the Decision of the National People's Congress on Improving the Electoral System of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Next, let me give you a brief overview of the decision as well as its constitutional and legal basis.

The NPC's decision consists generally of the following nine articles:

First, it sets out the basic principles for improving the electoral system of the HKSAR, namely implementing the principle of "one country, two systems," upholding the constitutional order, ensuring "patriots administering Hong Kong," improving the governance efficacy of the HKSAR, and safeguarding the right to vote and the right to stand for election of permanent residents of the HKSAR.

Second, it establishes the core elements for conducting elections of the Election Committee, the Chief Executive, and the LegCo. The thrust of these elements is to restructure the Election Committee and add new functions to it. This will expand and ensure the balanced and orderly political participation of various sectors of Hong Kong society, make the Election Committee more suited to Hong Kong's realities, more broadly representative, and better meet the overall interests of Hong Kong society. The composition of the Election Committee will be expanded from four to five sectors, and its membership will be increased from 1,200 to 1,500. The Election Committee shall continue to elect the Chief Executive designate, and the Chief Executive shall be appointed by the Central People's Government. In addition, the Election Committee shall elect a fairly large proportion of the members of the LegCo, and nominate candidates for LegCo members.

Third, it establishes a committee for reviewing the qualification of election candidates in the HKSAR, which will be responsible for reviewing and confirming the qualification of candidates in the elections of the Election Committee, the Chief Executive and the Legislative Council. This is an important institutional arrangement to ensure "patriots administering Hong Kong."

Fourth, it authorizes the NPC Standing Committee to amend Annex I and Annex II to the Basic Law of Hong Kong. The two annexes, namely, Method for the Selection of the Chief Executive and Method for the Formation of the Legislative Council and Its Voting Procedures, list specific matters to be handled regarding the election of the Chief Executive and the Legislative Council. 

In addition, the NPC decision requires the HKSAR to amend relevant local laws, and organize election activities accordingly. It also requires the chief executive of the HKSAR to submit in a timely manner reports to the Central People's Government on important situations related to elections. These is the main content of the decision.

The NPC decision is solidly based on the Constitution. The constitutional basis of the NPC decision lies in the following three aspects:

First, the Constitution of the People's Republic of China covers the HKSAR. The Constitution is the fundamental law of the State. It has supreme and universal legal authority within the territory of the People's Republic of China. With its return to the motherland, Hong Kong is now again an integral part of China's governance system. In terms of legal status, the HKSAR is a local administrative region directly under the Central People's Government. The central authorities exercise overall jurisdiction over Hong Kong in accordance with the Constitution and other relevant laws.

Second, the principle of "one country, two systems," by definition, has well-laid out purposes. The fundamental purpose of this principle was set on the very day of its formulation, which is to safeguard China's unification and territorial integrity and sustain Hong Kong's prosperity and stability. "One country" is the prerequisite and basis of "two systems."

Third, the system of special administrative region established by the Basic Law is based on underlying principles and prerequisites. The Basic Law of the HKSAR adopted by the NPC in 1990 was formulated in accordance with the Constitution, which gives legal status to the policy of "one country, two systems." The Basic Law has comprehensive provisions on the operation of various institutions to be set up in the HKSAR. In establishing these institutions, the Basic Law observed two underlying principles: First, Hong Kong would be administered by Hong Kong people with patriots as the main body. Second, Hong Kong would enjoy a high degree of autonomy authorized by the central authorities. These two principles are embodied in the specific provisions of the 160 articles in the Basic Law.

To summarize, under the principle of "one country, two systems," the Constitution and the Basic Law jointly form the constitutional basis of the HKSAR. All the mechanisms and institutions of the HKSAR are built on this constitutional basis, and must meet the requirements of this constitutional basis in all their operations. Should there be failure to meet such requirements or violation and even sabotage of the constitutional basis, the relevant mechanisms and institutions must be revised and improved.

The NPC decision is solidly based on law. As we know, China exercises the system of people's congresses, and the National People's Congress is the highest state organ of power, which has and exercises the power of sovereignty. It is stipulated in China's Constitution that the NPC has the power of deciding on the establishment of special administrative regions and the systems to be instituted there. The electoral system of the HKSAR, which is at the core of its political system, is decided by the central authorities. Over the past few years, those who oppose China and destabilize Hong Kong have used the loopholes and deficiencies in the existing electoral system, and their acts have undermined not only China's sovereignty, security and development interests, but also the constitutional order and effective governance of Hong Kong. Therefore, necessary measures must be taken to revise and improve relevant systems and institutions. This is within the powers of the NPC. What is more, it is a responsibility the NPC must fulfill. 

Last but not least, I want to stress that the NPC decision has indisputable legal binding force. Next, the NPC Standing Committee will amend Annex I and Annex II to the Basic Law, and the HKSAR shall make amendments to relevant local laws. In doing so, they must act in strict compliance with the NPC decision and implement it in both letter and spirit. Thank you.

Chen Wenjun: 

Thank you, Mr. Zhang Yong. The floor is now open for questions. Please identify your news outlet before asking your question.

CCTV:

The central authorities started rolling out a series of measures last year, including the formulation and implementation of the Law on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. During the "two sessions" over the last few days, the NPC adopted the decision on improving the electoral system of the HKSAR. What is the impact of such a decision on the implementation of "one country, two systems"? Going forward, what other systems does the central authorities plan to improve? Thank you. 

Zhang Xiaoming:

I'll take this question. The NPC and its Standing Committee have adopted decisions or formulated the law regarding Hong Kong five times since last May, including the decision of the NPC on establishing and improving the legal system and enforcement mechanisms for the HKSAR to safeguard national security, adopted on May 28, 2020; the law on safeguarding national security in the HKSAR, adopted by the NPC Standing Committee on June 30, 2020; the decision of the NPC Standing Committee for the sixth Legislative Council of the HKSAR to continue to discharge duties, made on Aug. 11, 2020; the decision of the NPC Standing Committee issues relating to the qualifications for members of the Legislative Council of the HKSAR, on Nov. 11, 2020; and the decision on improving the electoral system of the HKSAR which was adopted yesterday (March 11, 2021). All these decisions and legislation — which have been adopted in a short period of time — are precise, effective and highly timely. On behalf of Mr. Xia Baolong and the relevant departments responsible for Hong Kong and Macao affairs, I would like to express our high respect and sincere gratitude to all the members of the NPC Standing Committee and every NPC deputy.

Hong Kong has been troubled by two major institutional problems since its return. The first lies in the legislation of Article 23 of the Basic Law, and the other concerns the development of Hong Kong's political structure. The former problem led to the absence of a law in Hong Kong safeguarding national security, and the latter problem intensified political turmoil in Hong Kong. Thanks to the formulation and implementation of the law on safeguarding national security in Hong Kong, the first problem has been resolved. The NPC and its Standing Committee's amendments to the relevant laws this time and in the future are for the sake of the second problem. In fact, they concern political stability and the security of political power. Both of the two measures will work together to jointly lay a solid institutional foundation for the implementation of "one country, two systems" in a comprehensive and accurate manner, which will ensure the steady implementation of the principle in the long run, and usher in new progress of Hong Kong.

Regarding possible new institutional reforms that the central authorities may adopt, as I mentioned previously, the fourth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee has explained explicitly in relevant resolutions in this regard. It has made the overall plan on upholding and improving the system and institutions of "one country, two systems," especially those systems and institutions to be improved in relation to the implementation of the Basic Law of the HKSAR. Moreover, we will also improve political, economic, cultural, educational and social systems and institutions. All these institutional reforms will definitely be advanced in light of the "one country, two systems" principle and within the framework of the Basic Law. Joint efforts from the HKSAR government and people from all walks of life in Hong Kong are needed to address the problems and make rectifications to restore order in certain areas, such as education. Thank you. 

ITAR-TASS: 

My question is also about reform. This reform implements the principle of "patriots governing Hong Kong." Can you give any details [about] who will serve as the judge? Who will make decisions concerning politicians and officials [with regards] to patriotism feelings? Will the moderate opposition be able to be elected to the Legislation Council after the reform? Don't you think that this principle of patriotism will leave some part of Hong Kong society unrepresented in the Legislation Council, and possibly lead to further political crisis? Thank you. 

Zhang Xiaoming:

I'm glad to answer your question. This is indeed a question of great concern in Hong Kong society. Comrade Deng Xiaoping once elaborated on the criteria that patriots must meet. He said: "What is a patriot? A patriot is one who respects the Chinese nation, sincerely supports the motherland's resumption of sovereignty over Hong Kong and wishes not to impair Hong Kong's prosperity and stability." These three sets of criteria still stand in judging whether a person is patriotic or not. Of course, at the time when Deng made his remarks, Hong Kong had not returned to the motherland, had not been included in the national governance system, and had not seen chaos like the illegal "Occupy Central" movement and the turbulence over the amendment bill. At that time, there could not be a "negative list." At a recent symposium, Mr. Xia Baolong said that patriots must uphold the nation's sovereignty, security and development interests, respect and uphold the fundamental system of the country and the constitutional order of the HKSAR, and do their best to safeguard Hong Kong's prosperity and stability. Xia also clearly pointed out that those who advocate "Hong Kong independence," those who apply the "burn with us" tactic, and those who defy the nation's fundamental system, are not patriots. Xia's views align with Deng's definition of patriots. What's more, Xia's elaboration was a practical response to the new situations, new problems and new challenges arising from the implementation of the "one country, two systems" principle after Hong Kong's return to the motherland. The aim of improving the electoral system of the HKSAR is to provide a legal and institutional safeguard for fully implementing the principle of "patriots administering Hong Kong." We will by no means allow unpatriotic people, especially those anti-China disruptors in Hong Kong, to participate in the governance of the HKSAR. We will never allow those anti-China disruptors in Hong Kong to continue to have a seat in the hall of LegCo. Not even one. This is self-evident.

I must make it clear that the central authorities' emphasis on "patriots administering Hong Kong" is not meant to erase all differences in Hong Kong. Here, two lines of demarcation have to be drawn. First, the fact that unpatriotic people are not allowed to find their way into the HKSAR's power structure or governance system does not mean that they are not allowed to work and live in Hong Kong. They are just not allowed to participate in its governance. Second, the fact that unpatriotic people, especially those anti-China disruptors in Hong Kong, are excluded from the HKSAR's governance system does not mean that opposition members or the pan-democracy camp will all be excluded. We cannot simply equate the opposition members, especially the pan-democracy camp, with the anti-China disruptors in Hong Kong. There are patriots among the opposition members, especially among the pan-democracy camp, and those patriots still have the right to stand for election and be elected in accordance with the law. I would like to assure the reporter from TASS that LegCo in the future will be more broadly representative, and you will hear different voices in LegCo, including criticism of the government. What is different is, you may never see those legislators who make an ugly show of themselves, or willfully filibuster, or even get into fist fights. That is the difference. Thank you.

Lianhe Zaobao: 

We have seen that the NPC has decided to improve the electoral system of Hong Kong in the form of "decision plus amendments." Is there a specific timetable for this work? What is the deadline for amending the laws? Considering this, is the 2021 Hong Kong LegCo election still going to be held in September? Will the improved electoral system be applied by then? Thank you.

Zhang Yong: 

Thank you for your questions. Article 9 of the decision clearly stipulates that it shall enter into effect as of the date of promulgation. Authorized by the decision, the NPC Standing Committee will amend Annex I and Annex II to the Basic Law as soon as possible. Then, in accordance with the decision and the Basic Law's Annex I and Annex II amended by the NPC Standing Committee, the HKSAR will amend relevant local laws on elections as soon as possible. Only in this way can election activities in Hong Kong be conducted smoothly in accordance with the law.

As for when the next LegCo election will be held, the NPC Standing Committee decided on Aug. 11 last year that the sixth (incumbent) LegCo will continue to perform its duties for no less than one year, until the term of the seventh LegCo begins. According to the decision, the HKSAR can decide on its own when the next LegCo election will be held based on the HKSAR's actual situation, the amended Annex I and Annex II, and relevant local laws. Thank you.

Sing Tao Daily:

The NPC deliberated and adopted the decision on improving the electoral system of the HKSAR, giving more power to the HKSAR's Election Committee, including electing the chief executive designate and a relatively large proportion of LegCo members. Some people have considered this to be a "leap backwards for democracy." Is this inconsistent with "the principle of gradual and orderly progress" as stipulated in the Basic Law? Thank you.

Deng Zhonghua:

Thank you for your question. The Election Committee set out in the NPC's decision is a new institutional framework. As Mr. Zhang Xiaoming and Mr. Zhang Yong introduced just now, it will be responsible for nominating candidates for the chief executive and electing the chief executive designate, and electing a relatively large proportion of LegCo members, as well as nominating candidates for all LegCo members. That is the fundamental system of the Election Committee. Our two major considerations are as follows:

First, the Election Committee shall be composed of representatives from different sectors and strata of Hong Kong society, and is broadly representative. Electing part of the members of the LegCo and nominating candidates for LegCo members through such an Election Committee helps go beyond the interests of one certain sector, region or group, and makes up for the underrepresentation of functional and geographical constituencies under the current system. This way, LegCo can better represent the overall interests of Hong Kong society.

Second, the Election Committee shall be responsible for electing the chief executive designate and part of the LegCo members. This way, the chief executive and LegCo will share certain common voters, which will facilitate communication between them, and help consolidate the executive-led system stipulated in the Basic Law. In fact, the practice of the Election Committee electing some members of LegCo existed in the past. The HKSAR people are quite familiar with it. It cannot be said that restoring conventional practice is a "leap backwards," or that it is not "gradual and orderly progress" of the HKSAR's democratic system. "Gradual and orderly progress" does not mean a higher amount of direct elections in every single election. The method and system are good so long as they move toward expanded democracy in general, and better safeguarding the overall and fundamental interests of the HKSAR society as well as the democratic rights and fundamental wellbeing of the HKSAR residents. Thank you.

China Review News Agency:

The NPC decided to establish a candidate qualification review committee of the HKSAR. What significance does this have in ensuring the nomination of "patriots"? Does it conflict with the rights of HKSAR residents guaranteed by the Basic Law to exclude certain residents from standing for elections based on their political stance? Thank you.

Deng Zhonghua:

The candidate qualification review committee of the HKSAR will be established to vet and confirm the qualifications of candidates for members of the Election Committee, chief executive and LegCo members. It is an important system for implementing "patriots administering Hong Kong." It aims to rule out anti-China, destabilizing forces from the HKSAR's governance structure. It aims very clearly to exclude them and ensure that the chief executive, LegCo members, and the Election Committee members are all true patriots, and that the power to administer the HKSAR is firmly in the hands of patriots.

The establishment of the qualification review mechanism ensures that candidates' qualifications conform with the Basic Law, relevant laws, interpretations, decisions and local laws of the HKSAR. This is an entirely different matter from safeguarding the rights of the HKSAR residents as stipulated by the Basic Law, including the right for HKSAR permanent residents to vote and stand for election. The two do not contradict one another at all. Essentially, the qualification review mechanism provides an institutional guarantee for the principle of "patriots administering Hong Kong," ensuring the sound and sustained implementation of the "one country, two systems" principle in the HKSAR. It is a basic premise for HKSAR residents exercising the right to vote and the right to stand for election.

Just think what Hong Kong would be like if those who oppose China and destabilize Hong Kong occupied core positions of the HKSAR's body of political power? The turbulence over the amendment bill in 2019 cannot ever be allowed to happen again. Thank you. 

Hong Kong Ta Kung Wen Wei Media Group:

The Clause 7 of Annex I and Clause 3 of Annex II to the Basic Law, as well as NPC Standing Committee's relevant interpretations in 2004, stipulated a "five-step" procedure for amending the methods for the selection the Chief Executive and the formation of the LegCo. Why did the central authorities still adopt "decision plus amendments" approach, instead of authorizing the HKSAR to amend them in accordance with the "five-step" procedure? Thank you.

Zhang Yong: 

Thank you for your question. Amending and improving the electoral system of the HKSAR through the form of "decision plus amendments" is an important decision we made after repeatedly studying and carefully weighing various factors. Mr. Zhang just clarified its imperative and significance during his opening remarks. Here I would like to add one more point. 

The chaos in Hong Kong society in recent years has clearly exposed the institutional loopholes and deficiencies in Annex I and Annex II of the Basic Law. These can be demonstrated in two aspects. First, those who oppose China and destabilize Hong Kong have made use of the institutional loopholes in the electoral system to enter the political structure, brazenly engaging in activities that undermine not only the nation's sovereignty, security and development interests, but also the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong. Second, those who oppose China and destabilize Hong Kong have taken advantage of the institutional deficiencies in procedures, deliberately destroying the constitutional order and effective governance of Hong Kong and obstructing its democratic development.

We all know that as early as in 2007, the NPC Standing Committee made a decision which clearly stipulated that the fifth chief executive could be selected through general election in 2017. In August 2014, the NPC Standing Committee further stipulated the roadmap and timetable for selecting the HKSAR's chief executive and forming LegCo through general elections. Unfortunately, those who oppose China and destabilize Hong Kong made use of the "five-step" procedure to veto the proposal for electing the chief executive. As a result, the aim of selecting the chief executive and forming LegCo through general elections was hence far beyond reach. If the institutional loopholes enabling anti-China disruptors in Hong Kong to enter the body of political power were not fundamentally plugged, the "five-step" procedure you mentioned would exist only in name and lead nowhere. Through the "decision plus amendments," the NPC and its Standing Committee, at the state level, exercised its constitutional power to establish a democratic electoral system with Hong Kong characteristics that suits the actual conditions of Hong Kong. This is an effort to reform from the bottom to ensure "patriots administering Hong Kong," to restore constitutional order, and to improve governance efficiency, laying a solid institutional foundation for the sound and sustained implementation of "one country, two systems." Thank you.

Hong Kong Economic Times:

The question of whether the general election goals stipulated in Article 45 and Article 68 of the Basic Law would be changed along with the reform of the electoral system has drawn much attention. What is the central authorities' interpretation of general elections? Thank you.

Zhang Xiaoming:

As I just said, the NPC's revision of the electoral system of the HKSAR is a "small incision," and not a single character or punctuation mark in Article 45 or Article 68 of the Basic Law has been changed. Therefore, the goals of selecting the HKSAR's chief executive and LegCo members through general elections will not be changed.

The central government has always firmly supported the HKSAR in gradually developing a democratic system suited to the HKSAR's realities. Just now, as Mr. Zhang Yong also mentioned, the NPC Standing Committee adopted a decision on Aug. 31, 2014, which clarified that election of the Chief Executive of the HKSAR in the year 2017 could be implemented by the method of universal suffrage. After realizing universal suffrage of the chief executive, the selection of all members of the Legislative Council by universal suffrage could also be realized in 2020. However, it was the opposition in Hong Kong that stymied the decision in every possible way. The opposition proposed "civil nomination" that completely violated the nomination mechanism clearly stated in Article 45 of the Basic Law, and advocated that anyone in Hong Kong can nominate a candidate for the position of the Chief Executive. I remember I had a public debate with the then-chairman of the Civic Party when I was in Hong Kong. Hong Kong could have achieved universal suffrage for the selection of the Chief Executive in 2017, but it was not achieved in the end. Who should bear this responsibility? Who is blocking the pace of democracy in Hong Kong and preventing the implementation of universal suffrage? I think justice is in the hearts of the people, and everyone knows it in their hearts.

You mentioned the implications of the universal suffrage system or the implications of universal suffrage. I think this should be understood strictly in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Basic Law. Universal suffrage naturally includes the implications of universal and equal elections. As for the specific arrangements for the universal suffrage system, they should be based on the "one country, two systems" principle, proceeding from the realities in Hong Kong, and stipulated in accordance with the Hong Kong Basic Law and the relevant decisions of the NPC Standing Committee. Thank you.

CGTN:

After the NPC passed its decision on improving the HKSAR's electoral system, a U.S. State Department spokesperson condemned the move as an attack on the democratic process in Hong Kong. What are your comments on this? In addition, if the United States and other Western countries impose so-called sanctions on China and the HKSAR, how will China respond? Thank you.

Zhang Xiaoming:

First of all, I want to say that the design and improvement of the electoral system of the HKSAR are purely China's internal affairs that allow no carping comments from any foreign country. As far as I know, the United States itself has very strict laws and regulations to prevent foreign interference in its elections, including the recent passage of an election reform bill by the House of Representatives of the U.S. Congress. Naturally, we have to ask, why can the United States amend its election laws whenever it deems necessary, yet be so interested in and neurotic about law amendments in a special administrative region of China and strike such a meddlesome posture. Speaking of the matter, it reminds us of some scenes. During Hong Kong's turbulence over the proposed amendment bill in 2019, when rioters carried out such violent acts as beatings, smashing property and setting fires on the streets, and even attacked the Legislative Council, American politicians felt a sense of gloating and praised it as "a beautiful sight to behold." By the time American protesters stormed the Capitol Hill on Jan. 6, they quickly defined it as domestic terrorism. Isn't this typical and blatant double standards? So, I do not understand, and I don't know, when there was so much chaos surrounding the U.S. presidential election last year, and after the violent attacks on the Capitol Hill on Jan. 6, what moral basis do American politicians still have in criticizing the electoral system of the HKSAR of China?

We also noticed that at the 46th session of the U.N. Human Rights Council, 70 countries signed a joint statement urging relevant sides to stop interfering in China's internal affairs, including those concerning Hong Kong. This fully shows that hegemony is repugnant. As for the "big stick" of sanctions frequently wielded by the United States, I think it has long been despised. Our colleagues in the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office, including Mr. Xia Baolong, Mr. Deng Zhonghua and myself here today, were all included on the so-called sanction list by the U.S. government last year. We are deeply honored by this. Of course, we have always adhered to the principle of "it is impolite not to reciprocate" for such sanctions, and they will definitely remember our countermeasures. That's all I have to say. Thank you.

China News Service:

Just now, Mr. Zhang Yong said that the NPC decision has a legal basis. My question is, what is the legal basis of the NPC in authorizing the NPC Standing Committee to amend Annex I and Annex II to the Basic Law of Hong Kong? Thank you.

Zhang Yong:

Thank you for your question. As I said in my opening remarks, it is stipulated in China's Constitution that the NPC has the power to make decisions regarding the establishment of special administrative regions and the systems instituted there. The NPC is China's highest state organ of power. It has been stated clearly that the NPC decision establishes the requisite core elements for the electoral system of Hong Kong and has solid constitutional and sufficient legal basis. In fact, both before and after Hong Kong's return to the motherland, the NPC made multiple major decisions on the question of Hong Kong. I would like to give some additional information regarding your question. The Method for the Selection of the Chief Executive of the HKSAR and the Method for the Formation of the Legislative Council of the HKSAR are two annexes to the Basic Law. The fact that they are not included in the main clauses of the Basic Law was the result of special considerations during the drafting process of the Basic Law decades ago. As these specific items may need adjustments as the situation changes, it is more flexible for them to appear in the form of annexes to make it more convenient to make amendments if necessary. In fact, the two annexes were amended in 2010 and approved by the NPC Standing Committee. According to Clause 22 of Article 67 in China's Constitution, the NPC Standing Committee shall exercise the functions and powers accorded to it by the NPC. Therefore, the NPC authorizing its Standing Committee to amend Annex I and Annex II is in line with the original intent in drafting the Basic Law, and has sufficient legal basis. I hope my answer is helpful. Thank you.

China Daily:

Could you explain how the NPC made the decision? Does the legislation process take into account the opinions of Hong Kong residents? What are the next procedures for the NPC Standing Committee in amending the Annexes? And, will the opinions of the Hong Kong people be included in this process? Thank you.

Zhang Yong:

Thank you for your questions. The drafting of the NPC decision drew on suggestions and advice from people of various circles. Relevant departments of the central authorities and legal experts established a special work force who made extensive studies and investigations in the drafting of the decision. During the process, they solicited views multiple times from the chief executive of the HKSAR, major government officials, leading members of the Hong Kong legislature, and representatives of various circles in Hong Kong. When the epidemic situation was still very serious, related departments organized webinars with representatives from Beijing, Hong Kong, Macao and Shenzhen, while officials from relevant departments went to Shenzhen to hold multiple seminars, in order to listen to opinions and suggestions from representatives of various circles. We would like to thank friends from the media in Hong Kong, Macao and the Chinese mainland who extensively covered and initiated lively discussions on this topic. We have been following your reports. Your reports also fully reflected the voices of people from different walks of life. During the fourth session of the 13th NPC several days ago, nearly 3,000 deputies conducted thorough deliberations on the draft version of the decision and proposed many suggestions for its further improvement. The NPC and related departments attached great importance to those suggestions and fully absorbed them after careful research and studies. Next, under the authorization of the NPC, the NPC Standing Committee will strictly follow legal procedures in amending Annex I and Annex II. It will also continue to solicit views from various circles, and increase communication and coordination with relevant parties. I believe this work will begin very soon. Thank you.

Phoenix TV:

My question is about the composition of the Election Committee. Why should Hong Kong deputies to the NPC, Hong Kong members of the CPPCC National Committee and representatives of Hong Kong members of related national organizations be added as the fifth sector in the Election Committee? What are the considerations of the central government? Thank you.

Deng Zhonghua:

As we all know, under Hong Kong's current electoral system, Hong Kong deputies to the NPC are ex-officio members of the Election Committee, and some Hong Kong members of the CPPCC National Committee are also members of the Election Committee. Under the new electoral system, Hong Kong deputies to the NPC will continue to be ex-officio members, and all HKSAR permanent residents among the members of the CPPCC National Committee will become members of the Election Committee. That is to say, the Hong Kong members of the CPPCC National Committee will also be ex-officio members of the Election Committee. In addition, we have included the "representatives of Hong Kong members of related national organizations," because we think that as these Hong Kongers participate in activities of national organizations, they have a better understanding of state affairs. Generally speaking, the members in the fifth sector have a strong sense of the nation. Their appointment as members of the Election Committee can help strengthen national elements in the Committee and integrate the defending of national interests with the interests of Hong Kong. Thank you.

Kyodo News:

My question is about economy. Some people from the economic community are concerned that the reform of the electoral system will cause Hong Kong to lose its status as an international financial center, and that foreign companies in Hong Kong will flee overseas. What is China's take on this? Thank you.

Zhang Xiaoming:

I'll take your question. But before I answer, I'd like to just remind you and other friends from the press of events from the past. In September 1983 when the Sino-British talks over the future of Hong Kong reached a deadlock, the British side, in order to achieve the goal of "trading sovereignty for administration," played the "economy card" to impose pressure on China, and started spreading messages such as "talks collapsing with the future of Hong Kong unclear" to the outside. As a result, on September 24, Hong Kong witnessed sharp devaluation of its currency and runs on banks, its residents started panic buying daily necessities, and it seemed like that was the end of Hong Kong, in an event which became known as "Black Saturday." In 1995, before Hong Kong's return to the motherland, the American Fortune magazine ran a cover story called "The Death of Hong Kong," predicting that it would be impossible for Hong Kong to remain an international trade and financial center after it returned to the motherland. After the enactment of the Law on Safeguarding National Security in the HKSAR last year, another American magazine, The Atlantic, published an article titled "The End of Hong Kong." There seems to be a rule that whenever the occasions are important and sensitive or whenever there are major events, some Westerners will be more enthusiastic in expressing pessimistic views about Hong Kong and spreading all kinds of alarmist "predictions." However, the facts always astound them.

You mentioned the confidence of foreign investors in Hong Kong. Since the enactment of the Law on Safeguarding National Security in the HKSAR, I've observed that both foreign and local Hong Kong investors have more, instead of less, confidence in Hong Kong. Let me provide you with some figures as an example. The capital flowing into Hong Kong last year reached US$50 billion, the balance of Hong Kong's banking system repeatedly set new all-time highs, and the funds raised through initial public offerings (IPOs) in its stock exchange ranked second in the world last year. The stock market is a barometer of Hong Kong's economy and an important indicator in assessing the confidence of investors. The market capitalization of Hong Kong's stock market hit a record of HK$50 trillion this January. Even a survey published by the American Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong showed the percentage of enterprises optimistic about the business environment in Hong Kong increased sharply in January compared with August last year.

I also want to point out that the reason Hong Kong obtained its special economic status, including as an international financial center, international trade center and international shipping center — especially the international financial center — is attributed to many reasons, including a complete legal system, an abundance of professionals, a highly free and open market, and linguistic advantages. Another important factor is the driving force brought by the Chinese mainland's sustained and rapid development to Hong Kong. Such advantages are not available elsewhere and are difficult to replicate. Therefore, we have every reason to believe that following the implementation of the Law on Safeguarding National Security in the HKSAR and the improvement of the electoral system, Hong Kong's political, economic, social and business environments will be further improved, and Hong Kong's status as an international financial center will be further consolidated. That's all for my answer. Thank you.

Chen Wenjun:

Today's press conference is hereby concluded. Thank you all.

Translated and edited by Zhang Liying, Chen Xia, Wang Yiming, Zhou Jing, Zhu Bochen, Duan Yaying, Huang Shan, Gong Yingchun, Zhang Rui, Liu Qiang, Wang Qian, Zhang Jiaqi, Yang Xi, Fan Junmei, Li Huiru, He Shan, Guo Yiming, Xu Xiaoxuan, and David Ball. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speakers:

Ning Jizhe, deputy head of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)

Hu Zucai, deputy head of the NDRC

Zhao Chenxin, secretary general of the NDRC

Chairperson:

Chen Wenjun, head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office (SCIO) and SCIO spokesperson.

Date:

March 8, 2021

Chen Wenjun:

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning. Welcome to this press conference held by the State Council Information Office (SCIO). Today we are celebrating International Women's Day. We would like to extend our greetings to all women and wish you a happy holiday. Today, we are joined by three members of the Leading Party Members Group of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). They are Mr. Ning Jizhe, deputy head of the NDRC; Mr. Hu Zucai, deputy head of the NDRC; and Mr. Zhao Chenxin, secretary general of the NDRC. As we know, works on reform and development are of crucial importance in implementing the new development philosophy, carrying out the guiding principles of the fifth plenary session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), and ensuring a good start of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025). Today, three NDRC officials will elaborate on the issue and take your questions. Now, let's give the floor to Mr. Ning Jizhe.

Ning Jizhe:

Ladies and gentlemen, friends from the media, good morning. On March 5, He Lifeng, head of the NDRC, did an interview and answered several questions that the media are most concerned about. Today, Mr. Hu, Mr. Zhao and I are happy to meet our friends from the media and take your questions. As today celebrates the International Women's Day, I would like to first extend our greetings to all women. I also want to thank our friends from the media for your attention, understanding, support, and help for our reform and development work.

Since last year, in face of a complicated and challenging international situation and formidable tasks in promoting reform, development and stability at home, especially with the severe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, all regions and departments have been working under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, coordinating epidemic prevention and control with social and economic development, and making efforts to ensure stability on six fronts (employment, finance, foreign trade, foreign investment, domestic investment and market expectations) and maintain security in six areas (residential employment, people's livelihood, market entities, food and energy, stability of industrial and supply chains, and grassroots operations). China's economy saw improvements quarter by quarter and has been recovered in a stable manner. The major annual tasks of economic and social development have been completed in a satisfactory way. Meanwhile we attained a complete victory in the fight against poverty and scored decisive achievements in securing a full victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.

Over the past few days, the draft outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for national economic and social development and the draft report on national economic and social development plan for 2021 have been delivered to the "two sessions" for deliberation. The draft report summarizes the implementation of last year's plan on national economic and social development, and further puts forward main targets, policy directions, and specific tasks for economic and social development in 2021. The draft report will be delivered to the National People's Congress (NPC) for deliberation and to the National Committee of the Chinese People's Consultative Conference (CPPCC) for discussion. Once approved by the NPC, the report will serve as an important foundation for us to carry out our work concerning economic and social development.

The year 2021 has been a rather significant year in China's modernization. It marks the start of the 14th Five-Year Plan and the embarkment of a new journey to build China into a modern socialist country in all respects. Thus, works on reforming and development are very important. Under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core and in accordance with the requirements of the Report on the Work of the Government delivered by Premier Li Keqiang, we will act on the general principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability, ground our efforts in the new development stage, apply the new development philosophy, and create a new pattern of development. We will work to pursue high-quality development, resolutely promote reform and advance opening-up. We will consolidate and expand the achievements of the COVID-19 response and economic and social development, ensuring better coordination in pursing development and upholding security. We will work to ensure stability on six key fronts and maintain security in six key areas, implement macro policies in a systemic and targeted way, and keep major economic indicators within an appropriate range, in a bid to ensure a good start of the 14th Five-Year Plan and commemorate the centenary of the CPC with outstanding achievements in development.

That's all for my introduction. Next, Mr. Hu will brief you on the draft outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for national economic and social development.

Hu Zucai:

Friends from the media, good morning. Next, I will brief you on the draft outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for national economic and social development.

The 14th Five-Year Plan period is the first five years after China has achieved the first centenary goal of establishing a moderately prosperous society in all respects and embarked on a new journey towards the second centenary goal of building China into a modern socialist country in all respects. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council have attached great importance on the formulation work of the 14th Five-Year Plan. The fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee deliberated and adopted the Recommendations of the CPC Central Committee for Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development and Long-Range Objectives through the Year 2035 , and this has set the direction and provided the basic principles for the formulation work of the draft outline. General Secretary Xi Jinping has delivered important speeches and made important instructions many times on the formulation and publishing of the 14th Five-Year Plan outline. Premier Li Keqiang has also presided over many meetings to deploy the research efforts.

In accordance with the deployments made by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, the NDRC has been working with relevant parties and effectively advanced the formulation work since 2019. After the conclusion of the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, the NDRC has fully implemented the guiding principles of the recommendations of the CPC Central Committee, and finished the draft outline based on summarizing and evaluating the 13th Five-Year Plan. During the formulation process, the NDRC combined both target-oriented and problem-oriented approaches and integrated top-level designs by drawing on public opinion. The NDRC organized research on more than 200 major issues, listened to both experts' opinions and those from all regions and government departments, and collected measures and suggestions from all sectors of the society. This means the draft outline fully represents the aspirations of the society, the wisdom of the public, the opinions of experts, and the experiences of those at the grassroots level.

The draft outline follows the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, specifies and quantifies major targets and key tasks of economic and social development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, and draws a blueprint of China's embarkment on a new journey to build itself into a modern socialist country in all respects. It is a common action plan for Chinese people of all ethnic groups. The draft outline has 19 parts, 65 chapters, and 192 sections, with approximately 74,000 Chinese characters. It consists of three parts. The first part elaborates on the development environment, guiding principles, and main targets. The second part contains strategic tasks and measures from 17 aspects. The third part is about guaranteeing the implementation of the outline. In general, the draft outline has four highlights.

First, the draft outline represents the core value of the three new fronts. The draft outline was formulated by analyzing China's new development stage of building itself into a modern socialist country in all respects. It applies the new development philosophy in a complete, precise, and comprehensive manner. It also reflects China's accelerated pace in creating a new pattern of development with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other. It demonstrates China's efforts in promoting high-quality development. The draft outline shows the full understanding and the systemic implementation of the requirements of the three new fronts.

Second, the draft outline has made special efforts to ensure the dovetail of the two centenary goals. The draft outline compiles long-range objectives through the year 2035, focuses on the current tasks of the 14th Five-Year Plan period, and centers on the requirements of making new breakthroughs on six fronts. It has set 20 major targets in five categories including the economy, innovation-driven development, public welfare, green ecology, and security. It not only pays attention to the implementation of the new development philosophy and fully correlates with a set of indicators of high-quality development, but also fully reflects the people-centered development philosophy and works to bring a greater sense of gain to the public. The targets are set in a scientific and reasonable manner, so that they can be both encouraging and practical; meanwhile there is room left to deal with uncertainties.

Third, the draft outline highlights the requirements of ensuring coordination in pursing development and upholding security. It remains mindful of worst-case scenarios and coordinates between development and security. For the first time, the draft outline has set a section for safe development, which sets specific arrangements for improving the national security system and capacity-building, and guaranteeing the security of food, energy, resources, finance, and more. 

Fourth, the draft outline highlights support towards the implementation of major strategic tasks. In accordance with the needs of the nation and the expectations of the people, the draft outline has set 20 special sections and put forward 102 major projects. This has provided strong support for the implementation of the targets listed in the draft outline. 

The draft outline is currently under deliberation at the fourth session of the 13th National People's Congress (NPC). The NDRC will proactively collect opinions from NPC deputies and CPPCC members, and quickly revise and improve the draft outline. As the blueprint has been drawn and the horn of inspiration blown, we are convinced that under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core and with the hard work of Chinese people of all ethnic groups, there is no doubt that the blueprint will become reality, and new and big steps will be made in terms of China's economic and technological strength, national strength, and people's livelihood. Thank you.

Chen Wenjun:

Thank you, Mr. Ning and Mr. Hu, for your introduction. Now the floor is open for questions. Please identify your news outlets before asking questions.

CCTV:

This year, the macro economy still faces the risks of inbound Covid-19 cases and uncertainties of the external economy. How do you view these issues? What kind of policies and reform measures will be taken to support the economic recovery and ensure the realization of economic and social development targets this year? Thanks. 

Ning Jizhe:

This is a good question. First of all, it should be noted that China's economic performance during the first two months of 2021 has continued the trend of steady recovery seen since the second quarter of last year. Production indicators show that, during the first two months of this year, overall electricity generation and rail freight volume increased by 24.2% and 16.5% respectively. Demand indicators show that the combined sales of retail and catering enterprises increased 28.7% year-on-year during this year's Spring Festival holiday, and 4.9% from the 2019 Spring Festival holiday, which was before the Covid-19 outbreak. A total of 12.265-billion-yuan cinema tickets were sold this February, setting a global single-market box office record for a single month. After the Spring Festival, the rate of investment projects starting and resuming and construction companies starting work were higher than in previous years. Import and export figures were released yesterday. Total renminbi-denominated imports and exports from January to February up 32.2% year-on-year, with exports up 50.1%. In terms of economic outlook indicators, the manufacturing purchasing managers' index (PMI) and the non-manufacturing business activity index stood at 50.6% and 51.4% respectively in February, marking the 12th consecutive month the indexes were above the 50-point mark indicating economic expansion. This shows that the economy has maintained its expansionary trend.

In the meanwhile, like you said, to ensure continuous and stable economic recovery, China still faces risks and challenges. The Covid-19 epidemic is still spreading around the globe. The world economic situation is severe and complex, and the number of unstable and uncertain factors has increased. Also the foundation for domestic economic recovery is not yet solid. Consumption is still constrained, the growth of investment is not sustainable, and micro, small and medium-sized enterprises and self-employed individuals still face many difficulties. But we should view many of these domestic economic problems as problems existing only during the recovery period and can be resolved through development. As for the inbound risks you mentioned, we need to respond to them in an active and proper manner. We will counteract the uncertainties of the complex external environment by increasing internal certainty through active efforts. 

We all see that the draft report on development plan has made clear the major targets of social and economic development for 2021, such as a GDP growth of over 6%, over 11 million new urban jobs, a surveyed urban unemployment rate of around 5.5% and a CPI increase of around 3%. These targets are based on consideration of economic recovery, impacts of Covid-19 on the economic trajectory, and the balance and connection between different years. They are in line with the principles of range-based regulation and a prudent approach to development. We have the confidence that with the support of macro policies and the joint efforts of market entities, we will achieve the social and economic development targets this year. I will highlight policies and measures in the following six aspects:

First, we will work to ensure that macro policies provide necessary support to the economy. To promote steady, healthy and sustainable economic development, we must ensure continuity, stability and sustainability of macro policies. We should avoid a sudden turn in policies and adjust and improve policies as situations change in a timely fashion. We will continue to pursue a proactive fiscal policy. In 2021, we will arrange more than 25 trillion yuan in expenditure in the general public budget, up by 1.8% over the previous year. We will raise the general transfer payments from central to local governments by 7.8%, and increase transfer payments for equalizing access to basic public services by over 10%. We will continue to pursue a prudent monetary policy and enable the increases in money supply and aggregate financing to be generally in step with the nominal GDP growth. This year, we may see a relatively higher nominal GDP growth, which requires us to maintain reasonable and ample liquidity. We will continue to implement the employment-first policy. This year, the target for new urban jobs is two million more than that of last year. For companies that do not cut jobs or only cut a small number of jobs, we will continue to provide adequate fiscal and financial policy support and lower premiums for unemployment insurance and work injury compensation insurance.  

Second, we will continue to implement preferential policies for enterprises to address their problems. Enterprises are the source of economic growth. Ensuring the stability of the 140 million market entities means that we can keep the fundamentals of the economy stable. Regarding tax-cuts, we will continue to implement systematic tax-cut policies, extend the duration of several temporary policies, and adopt new structural tax reduction measures. Regarding financial policies, we will continue the policy of allowing micro and small businesses to defer principal and interest repayments on inclusive loans and channel more bank funds to micro and small businesses and self-employed individuals. Inclusive loans to micro and small businesses by large commercial banks will increase by over 30%. We will provide targeted support to enterprises and industries enduring a protracted hit from Covid-19. We will continue to guide the financial sector to give more to the real economy. To reduce costs, electricity rates for general industrial and commercial businesses will be further reduced. Average rates for broadband and dedicated internet access services for small and medium-sized enterprises will be lowered by another 10%. The port development fee will be abolished. Airlines' contributions to the civil aviation development fund will be cut by 20%. Governments in localities that were hit hard by Covid-19 will be encouraged to lower or waive rentals on state-owned property for micro and small businesses and self-employed individuals in the service sector.

Third, we will make good use of reform policies. Reform is both a driving force and an integral part of the macro policy. Achieving steady growth must rely more on reform and innovation as the fundamental driving force. Reform policies should aim to energize market entities. We will uphold the "two no irresolutions" principle (no irresolution about consolidating and developing the public sector and no irresolution about encouraging, supporting, and guiding non-public sector development). We will implement the action plan for building a high-standard market system, and deepen reforms to streamline administration and delegate power, improve regulation, and upgrade services. We will also deepen the reforms of enterprises, fiscal, taxation, financial and price systems. Opening-up policies should be more supportive to keep the fundamentals of foreign trade and investment stable and ensure the stability of trade volume and market entities. We will stabilize the volume and improve the quality of imports and exports and maintain a basic equilibrium in the balance of payments. We will further the development of pilot free trade zones, the Hainan Free Trade Port and other highlands for opening up. We will leverage the massive domestic market to promote international cooperation and promote a positive interplay between the domestic circulation and international circulation. 

Fourth, we will make clear the directions for sci-tech development and industrial policies. Science and technology are the driving force of development, and industry is the vital foundation for development. We will strengthen scientific and technological self-reliance, vigorously enhance scientific and technological innovation capabilities, significantly increase spending in basic research, and effectively achieve breakthroughs in core technologies in key areas. Meanwhile, we will further strengthen international cooperation in the field of science and technology. We will advance the supply-side structural reform and make full efforts to revitalize and promote the real economy, upgrade the industrial foundation and modernize industrial chains. A major campaign to develop advanced manufacturing industry clusters will be launched. The proportion of R&D expenses covered by the additional tax reduction policy will be raised to 100 percent for manufacturing enterprises. We will make a full refund of incremental VAT credits to advanced manufacturing enterprises on a monthly basis, and raise the proportion of loans to the manufacturing sector. We will implement a series of policies to promote high-quality development of the integrated circuit industry and the software industry in the new era. Pilot projects that integrate the advanced manufacturing industry and the modern service industry will be carried forward. 

Fifth, we will focus on demand-side regulation. To foster a new development paradigm, we must firmly expand domestic demand as a strategic priority, accelerate the cultivation of a complete domestic demand system, promote the coordinated development of domestic and external demand, and give full play to the fundamental, critical and supportive role of consumption, investment and exports on economic growth. I'd like to talk a little bit more about consumption. To expand consumption, we must stabilize and create more jobs and ensure steady increases in people's income. In the meanwhile, we must notice that per capita consumer spending dropped by 4% last year, lower than the real growth rate of 2.1% of per capita disposable income of Chinese residents. This was mainly due to reduced contacts and gatherings because of the epidemic. Therefore, to further tap consumption potential, we must maintain epidemic prevention and control measures on a continuing basis and promote consumption at the same time. We also need to expand the consumption of goods, including commodity consumption, service consumption, health consumption, information consumption, online consumption and green consumption. To promote auto consumption, we will carry out policies to encourage auto consumption in rural areas and auto trade-ins. We will guide local governments to ease purchase restrictions for new-energy vehicles and issue more license plates. These measures will spur auto consumption and lead to healthy and orderly development of new-energy vehicles. In 2020, the output of new-energy vehicles hit 1.456 million, up by 17.3% over the previous year. In regards to housing, we will increase the supply of government-subsidized rental housing and shared ownership housing to address the housing difficulties of the people, especially new urban residents and young people.

Sixth, we will push forward green, low-carbon and circular development. Strengthening protection of the environment is favorable for fostering new areas of high-quality development. To achieve peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality is an opportunity to step up the upgrading of industry and energy structures. In 2020, the installed power generating capacity of renewable energy stood at 934 million kw and we will further increase it. While increasing the capacity, we will also address the problem of idle capacity and improve storage capacity to achieve coordinated and orderly development. We will promote the cultivation of energy-saving and environmental protection industries worth of trillions of yuan. The green transformation of major industries and areas will be carried forward. Thus, we will realize the targets of a drop of around 3% in energy consumption per unit of GDP and a continued reduction in the discharge of major pollutants.

The Cover:

The Central Economic Work Conference made it clear that China will accelerate the construction of major projects and strengthen the sustainability of investment growth in 2021. What specific measures will be taken to expand rational investment this year? What are the considerations and plans for supporting new infrastructure development? Thank you.

Ning Jizhe:

Last year, China became the only major economy to see positive growth, in which investment played a big role. In order to keep the economy operating within the proper range this year, we still need to give further play to the key role of investment, strengthen areas of weakness, create more investment opportunities, boost investment growth, and appropriately expand effective investment. Measures will be taken in the following five aspects: 

First, we will give play to the leading role of government investment. In 2021, 610 billion yuan will be earmarked for investment in the central government budget, an increase of 10 billion yuan from the previous year. It will be used to mobilize resources to deal with major, difficult, and urgent issues at the state level. We will actively support the renovation of old urban communities and construction in key sectors involving agriculture, rural areas, farmers, water conservancy, major infrastructure and national strategy, social undertakings, and ecological progress. Meanwhile, 3.65 trillion yuan of special local government bonds will be issued for transport, energy, agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, eco-environmental protection, social undertakings, logistics, municipal public utilities, industrial parks, and other infrastructure and public service projects that will yield a certain degree of revenue.

Second, we will give more play to the role of investment in strengthening areas of weakness and adjusting structures. Investment today will be the supply of tomorrow. We will accelerate efforts to strengthen weaknesses in such areas as infrastructure, municipal public utilities, agriculture and rural areas, public security, eco-environmental protection, public health, material reserves, disaster prevention and mitigation, as well as in ensuring people's wellbeing. We will expand investment in equipment upgrading and technological upgrading in the manufacturing sector. Last year, investment in high-tech industries grew 10.6% year on year, 7.7 percentage points higher than overall investment. This year, we will further strengthen macro guidance and coordinate industry layouts to focus on energy-efficient and environmentally-friendly sectors as well as new-generation information technology, biotechnology, and new energy. We will also increase investment in high-tech and strategic emerging industries.

Third, we will focus on new infrastructure, new urbanization initiatives, and major projects. In terms of new infrastructure, we will roll out the 14th Five-Year Plan for new infrastructure construction to boost the development of the digital economy, expand the application of 5G, as well as speed up the construction of industrial internet and data centers. As for new urbanization initiatives, we will launch an urban renewal campaign to advance the renovation of old urban communities in all aspects and promote urbanization mainly in county towns. Regarding major projects, we will expedite the progress of major projects on time, including the Sichuan-Tibet railway, the Xining-Chengdu railway, and the Dateng Gorge water conservancy project.

Fourth, we will boost the development of private investment. Last year, private investment maintained a good momentum in recovery. It registered a positive growth, accounting for 54.9% of the total investment and showing great potential. This year, we will take measures in the following three aspects: First, we will further mobilize the enthusiasm of private investment, continue to open up market access for private enterprises, support their innovative development, and encourage private capital to participate in the construction of new infrastructure, new urbanization initiatives, and major projects as well as projects to strengthen areas of weakness. Second, we will further strengthen the capacity of private investment, guide banks to increase credit support for private enterprises, and implement cost-cutting policies for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises. Third, we will further explore new ways for private investment, extend the public-private partnership (PPP) model to more areas in a well-regulated way, and steadily carry out trials for real estate investment trust funds (REITs) in infrastructure projects to put existing infrastructure assets to good use.

Fifth, we will build up the number of projects in reserve and strengthen the guarantee of vital factors including funds. The work will focus on the following aspects: First, we will stay committed to the principle that projects are well-planned before investment. This year, we will make efforts to identify major construction tasks, plan and reserve a group of major projects which will strengthen the economic foundation, increase functions and promise long-term benefits, and accelerate the progress of preliminary work on those projects. Secondly, we will stay committed to the principle that funds follow projects. We will expedite the issuance of central budgetary investment plan and organize local governments to make high-quality preparations for projects funded by special bonds. Third, we will stay committed to the principle that production factors go with projects. We will enhance communication and coordination between departments and guarantee the land used for major national projects. Thank you.

China Daily:

We know that topics involving education, medical care, elderly care, and childcare are closely related to people's lives and thus are among their concerns. What new measures can be expected in this year's draft outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan to address public worries and concerns? Thank you. 

Hu Zucai:

The five-year plan is as much a matter of state as of every household. The draft outline follows the people-centered development philosophy; sets out the overarching goal of meeting the people's ever-growing needs for a better life; focuses on well-rounded human development and the improvement of people's lives; stresses to ensure that public services are inclusive, meet essential needs and ensure basic living standards for people in difficulty; steps up efforts to promote equal access to basic public services, and puts forward a series of development goals, indicators, policies, and measures to ensure that the fruits of development will benefit all the people more equitably and provide a higher-quality and higher-level of access to childcare, education, employment, medical services, elderly care, housing, and social assistance.

In terms of major indicators, those indicators related to people's livelihoods are the largest. Seven of the 20 major indicators in the draft outline concern people's livelihoods, accounting for more than a third of the total -- the highest of all past five-year plans. These indicators cover employment, income, education, medical care, elderly care, and childcare, and other areas of people's livelihoods. This fully demonstrates that we have placed greater importance on improving people's wellbeing.

Regarding employment and income, we will mainly step up efforts to offer more and better job opportunities and make steady progress to raise personal incomes. Employment is the cornerstone of wellbeing, while income is its wellspring. We will implement an employment-first strategy and give top priority to promoting employment in economic and social development. We will offer more job opportunities; improve the employment support system for key groups such as college graduates, rural migrant workers, and demobilized military personnel; assist people with disabilities, zero-employment families, and other groups facing difficulty in securing work; and keep the surveyed urban unemployment rate within 5.5%. We will improve the lifelong skills training system and continue to launch vocational skills training programs on a large scale to tackle structural unemployment. We will give special attention to raising the income of low-income groups and expanding the middle-income population. We will ensure growth in personal income that is basically in step with economic growth, and improve the mechanism for reasonable wage increases. We will raise the proportion of labor remuneration in primary distribution, improve the distribution mechanism to allow innovation to have its due share of income, and increase property income through multiple channels.

In terms of education, we will develop a quality education system. We will stay committed to giving priority to developing education to make it fairer and better. We will continue to improve the conditions of schools in counties with weak education foundations, places with high population inflow, and rural areas. We will build and renovate more than 4,000 primary and middle schools to promote quality, balanced and integrated development of urban and rural compulsory education. We will speed up efforts to strengthen weaknesses in pre-school education, build and renovate 20,000 kindergartens, offer more than 4 million places in government-funded and privately-run non-profit kindergartens. We will endeavor to deal with difficulties brought on by expensive fees and the shortage of preschools, and raise the gross enrollment ratio for preschool education to 90%. We will consolidate and improve the level of universal senior high school education to increase its gross enrollment ratio to over 92%. We will launch an initiative to improve the quality of modern vocational and technical education, develop a group of high-level vocational and technical colleges and training bases as well as relevant disciplines to cultivate various types of skilled craftsmen across the country. We will develop world-class universities and disciplines for different categories, encourage some regular undergraduate institutions to shift their focus toward providing applied education, support the development of 100 undergraduate institutions in the central and western regions of China, and raise the gross enrollment ratio for higher education to 60%.

With regard to healthcare, we will work to build a Healthy China in all respects. We will develop a strong public health system to improve our ability to respond to public health emergencies. We will improve the medical service system in which public medical institutions play a major role; support provinces with weak medical resources to build regional medical centers; and improve the capacity of community-level medical services with a focus on county-level hospitals. We will improve the quality and scale of medical personnel training and increase the number of certificated (assistant) doctors to 3.2 per 1,000 people and registered nurses to 3.8 per 1,000 people. We will improve the medical insurance system for the entire population, advance overall planning of basic medical insurance schemes at the provincial level, improve medical insurance and assistance systems for major diseases, ensure that medical expenses can be settled where they are incurred via basic medical insurance accounts, and actively advance the reform of centralized procurement and uses of medicine and consumables to reduce the burden of medical care for the public.

In terms of social security, the main aims are to help those most in need, to build a tightly woven safety net, and to build the necessary institutions. China has built the largest social security system in the world. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, we will further improve the multi-tiered social security system, increase the basic old-age insurance coverage to 95%, realize the unified national management of old-age insurance funds, promote the provincial-level unified management of insurances for unemployment and work-related injuries, relax insurance eligibility for people with flexible employment, and ensure the full coverage of social insurance for all eligible population. We will gradually improve the basic pension standards for urban and rural residents, and promote the transfer and continuation of social insurance. At the same time, we will strengthen social assistance, ensure the basic needs of people in difficulties, and promote the development of charity.

In terms of senior and child care, we will mainly improve the service system for the elderly and the young. It is expected that China will enter the stage of a moderately aging society during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. The draft outline responds to social concerns by actively responding to population aging as a national strategy. We will vigorously develop public-interest services for elderly care, and build an elderly care service system with the coordination of services based on community and home, while promoting the integration of medical care and health care. We will improve elderly care service network based on community and home, promote the transformation of public facilities suitable for elderly people, take various measures to expand the supply of beds in elderly care institutions, and improve the service capacity and level. The proportion of nursing beds will be increased to 55%. We will develop an inclusive child care service system and boost the number of nurseries for children under 3 years old from 1.8 to 4.5 per 1,000 people. We will support businesses, public institutions, social organizations and other social forces to provide public-interest child care services, encourage kindergartens to develop integrated services, and improve the quality and level of child care and education. Thank you.

Phoenix TV:

We have seen some positive achievements in the construction of new urbanization in recent years, including granting urban residency to 100 million people from rural areas and other permanent residents without local household registration, and the increase of urbanization rate to more than 60%. My question is, what targeted measures are proposed in the draft outline to implement the new urbanization strategy and improve the quality of new urbanization? Also, how will the implementation of these measures be ensured? Thank you.

Hu Zucai:

Urbanization is the only path to modernization, the largest source of China's domestic demand potential and strong domestic market, and an important support for building a new development pattern. China has made major historic achievements in constructing new urbanization since the 18th CPC National Congress. The integration of people from rural areas into the city has accelerated. We have raised the percentage of permanent urban residents to 60% of the population, and the percentage of urban permanent residents with local household registration to 45%. The goal of granting urban residency to 100 million people from rural areas and other permanent residents without local household registration was met. The "19+2" pattern of city clusters has been basically established and cities have taken on a new look.

During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, China's urbanization rate will be between 60% and 70%, which is still a middle and late stage of rapid development, and also a key period of China's comprehensive transformation. We should adhere to the path of new urbanization with Chinese characteristics, deeply promote the new urbanization strategy with a people-centered approach, and comprehensively improve the quality of urbanization development.

First, we will deepen reforms of the household registration system, and move faster to grant permanent urban residency to people who move to cities from rural areas in an orderly manner. At present, there are still more than 200 million people from rural areas and live in cities without permanent urban residency. Among those who have registered as permanent residents, some have not fully integrated into the city. Giving permanent urban residency to people who move to cities from rural areas is still the primary task of new urbanization. We will continue to prioritize household registration of existing residents and at the same time grant urban residency to more new residents. Moreover, we will advance the reform of the household registration system and the full coverage of basic public services, and move faster to integrate urban residents from rural areas into cities. 

On one hand, we will continue to relax restrictions on household registration and grant urban residency to those who would like to settle down in cities. We will relax restrictions on permanent urban residency except in some megacities. We will try out a household registration system based on permanent residence, and move faster to grant permanent urban residency to people from rural areas with stable employment and residence in the city. Cities with a permanent resident population of under 3 million people should completely abolish restrictions on household registration, ensuring that people from rural areas, either local or non-local, share the same standards in applications of household registration. The eligibility for household registration in cities with a permanent resident population of 3-5 million will be relaxed in an all-round manner. Megacities with a permanent resident population of more than 5 million should improve their point-based household registration system, simplify the point-based measure, and focus on two parameters – social insurance records and number of years living in the city. Cities where conditions are mature are encouraged to cancel the annual quota on permanent urban residency. At the same time, we should safeguard the ownership rights, contract rights and land management rights of those from the countryside who settle down in cities.

On the other hand, we will promote the equal access of permanent residents to basic urban public services, achieving "equal treatment and sufficient supply." We will improve the basic public service provision mechanism based on residence permit, residency years and other conditions, encourage local governments to provide more basic public services and convenience, improve the level of compulsory education in urban areas, housing support and other services for residence permit holders, and allow non-registered residents to enjoy basic public services equal to registered residents on a gradual basis.

At the same time, we will speed up work on granting permanent urban residency to people who move from rural to urban areas, and introduce policies for making both the transfer payments and the land designated for urban development granted to the government of a local jurisdiction conditional upon the number of people with rural household registration who are granted permanent urban residency in that jurisdiction.

Second, we will optimize the structure of urbanization and promote the coordinated development of large, medium and small cities.

We should promote development of megacities toward a leaner and healthier mode. The COVID-19 epidemic has exposed various problems in megacities such as high population density and poor risk resistance capacity. We should focus on three aspects to solve these problems. First, we should delimit and stick to the boundary of urban development and be cautious in removing counties and establishing districts. Second, we should relieve non-core functions of cities in an orderly manner, guide the over-concentrated resource elements to transfer to other regions in a gradual and orderly manner, and properly reduce development intensity and population density of central urban areas. Third, we should promote synergized development of big cities with nearby small- and medium-sized cities and suburban new towns. We will cultivate and develop a number of modern metropolitan areas by better integrating transportation.

Large- and medium-sized cities should improve their functions. We should give full play to the advantages of relatively low comprehensive cost in large- and medium-sized cities that can help transfer industries and relieve functions of super-large cities, and improve the service function and quality of life in cities.

Counties should speed up to make up for their weaknesses, promoting urbanization with counties as important carriers. Counties occupy an important position, serving hundreds of millions of rural dwellers and are an important support for expanding domestic demand. In most areas, counties are still the first choice for rural residents seeking medical treatment, obtaining employment and enrolling their children in school. At present, there are still many weaknesses in the construction of counties. We must promote urbanization construction with counties as important carriers. Since last year, we have been adjusting measures according to local conditions and giving targeted guidance, speeding up the improvement of their weaknesses of counties and large townships, improving top-level design, and strengthening financial support. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, we will support the construction of counties with better foundation in the east of the country, focus on supporting the county construction in central, western and northeast regions, give support to the construction of counties in major agricultural producing areas and key ecological function areas, and strengthen the construction of border towns. We will actively promote the upgrading and capacity expansion of 17 facilities in the four major areas of public services, environmental sanitation, municipal public utilities and industrial development, and enhance the comprehensive carrying capacity and governance capacity of counties.

Third, we will comprehensively improve the quality of cities and promote livability and employability. We will also promote measures to fix shortfalls in infrastructures such as public transport, parking lots and charging stations, of which there is strong demand from the public; strengthen the construction of flood control and drainage systems; promote urban waterlogging controls; and complete the renovation of 219,000 old urban residential communities built before the end of 2000. We will also use digital technology to improve urban governance, so that urban residents can enjoy a higher quality of life.

Reuters:

How would you like to implement the reforms regarding the new "dual circulation" development paradigm during the 14th Five-Year Plan period? Why is the economic growth target for 2021 set at above 6%? What is the consideration for it? Why didn't you set an economic growth target for the 14th Five-Year Plan period? In 2021, what should we do to prevent asset bubbles, financial risks and debt risks brought about by the easy monetary policies rolled out last year? Thank you. 

Zhao Chenxin:

Thank you for your question. I think, according to what you've asked, your major concern is about reform. The first reporter also asked about reform. People are really concerned about it. Indeed, we should strive to reform with relentless efforts. As we enter the 14th Five-Year Plan period, we should give further play to the key role of deepening overall reform. At the recent 18th meeting of the central committee for deepening overall reform , General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized five priorities for deepening reforms, including implementing a high-level of self-reliance and self-improvement, facilitating economic circulation, expanding domestic demand, as well as carrying out high-level opening-up and promoting comprehensive green transformation. These five priorities are very important. They are the fundamental principles that we will follow in future reforms.

You also asked about the macro control policies to balance economic growth while preventing risks. My understanding is as follows. Actually, Mr. Ning has talked about it. We should, on the one hand, have bottom-line thinking and prepare for potential risks, on the other, we should also strengthen follow-up analysis, make adjustment according to circumstances, and respond in a rapid, targeted and scientific manner. Additionally, we should unswervingly advance reform, so as to defuse risks and challenges. I would like to introduce the major reforms that the National Development and Reform Commission will advance this year in five aspects:

First, we will step up efforts to stimulate the vitality of various market entities. In term of the state-owned economy, the focus will be on optimizing its layout and making structural adjustment. The state-owned capital and enterprises will play more important roles in sectors concerning strategic security, industrial progress, the national economy and people's livelihood, as well as public services, so as to adjust and optimize the industrial structure. We will advance mixed-ownership reform scheme of the state-owned enterprises in a proactive and steady manner, especially in the four batches of over 200 state-owned enterprises pilots. We will foster a batch of new model enterprises and collect typical cases, and sum up practical experience as soon as possible so as to formulate measures for deepening structural reform in state-owned enterprises. In terms of the private economy, which many are also concerned about, our priority is to improve the environment for the development of the private economy, and step up efforts to eradicate barriers and obstacles which hinder the development of private enterprises. Moreover, we will strengthen monitoring the operation of the private economy, and establish some model cities to guide the development of the private economy nationwide.

Second, we will strive to establish a high-standard market system. The work can be summarized in following three aspects. We will implement the action plan to guide the building of a high-standard market system, so as to make it perform better. We will accelerate the development of a unified market. To promote efficient allocation of factors, we will continue to deepen reforms to encourage market-based allocation of land, the labor force, capital, technology and data. In order to improve market access, we will adopt a unified management model, and optimize dynamic adjustment mechanisms for the negative list. We will revise and roll out the market access negative list for 2021 in order to continue to remove various invisible market access barriers. We will also formulate and roll out special measures to ease market access in Hainan province and the city of Shenzhen.

Third, we will deepen reform in major sectors. For example, the power sector should strive to establish a unified electricity market system nationwide, and increase spot trading pilots for electricity. The oil and natural gas sectors shall deepen reform of the oil and gas pipeline operation mechanism, and ensure the implementation of reform measures in terms of equipment manufacturing, design and construction in power grid enterprises. The oil and natural gas industries should strive to reform the pipeline network operation mechanism, and accelerate the building of a unified network. Efforts will be made to ensure the equal access to the national pipeline network among market entities. We will also improve the government's storage system and mechanism for crude and refined oil. We will deepen market-oriented reform in the railway industry, and promote moderate competition among the railway transportation companies.

Fourth, we will ramp up efforts to drive green transformation. We will accelerate our steps to build up the nationwide markets for trading energy consumption rights and carbon emission rights, so as to peak carbon dioxide emissions and achieve carbon neutrality. We will improve the system for controlling the total amount and intensity of energy consumption, and optimize  systems and mechanisms for the coordination between the increase, consumption and storage of clean energy. We will establish and improve the mechanism to realize the value of ecological goods, and formulate ecological damage compensation regulations.

Fifth, we will enhance our capacity to safeguard the people's wellbeing. Mr. Hu has introduced some measures in this regard, and I'd like to add some more information. We will improve the policies and systems for distribution based on factors of production. We will improve the mechanism to ensure the returns for factors of production are determined by the market, and work to increase factor income of the low- and middle-income groups, so as to strive for common prosperity. Moreover, we will improve the price control mechanism of important livelihood commodities, and establish and improve a system of standards for basic public services. We will also boost the healthy development of elderly care and childcare services, and reform and improve the public service system of national fitness. Through these reforms, we aim to meet the people's increasing needs for a better life. Regarding the reforms, that's all I would like to introduce.

Hu Zucai:

I would like to answer the question about the gross domestic product (GDP) target set for the 14th Five-Year Plan period. GDP, as a comprehensive indicator, has always been a focus of attention. It has been contained as a major economic indicator in the draft outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for national economic and social development. The document sets the goal of keeping the average annual growth in an appropriate range, and stipulates that annual target [for economic growth] be set in light of actual conditions. This is the first time in our history of formulating five-year plans. Such a growth target is qualitative overall, with quantitative objectives being implied. It is a prudent adjustment made advisedly in light of the overarching target of promoting modernization. It is also a decision made after considering the development trend, domestic and external environment in the 14th Five-Year Plan period. I think we should understand this in a comprehensive and accurate manner.

First, GDP is a core indicator of a country's economic development. It also reflects the comprehensive economic strength and international competitiveness of a country. Therefore, GDP has been contained in the draft outline as one of the major indicators, but the target has been expressed in a different way.

Second, as China has entered a new stage of high-quality economic development, it is not reasonable to assess its development by simply looking at the GDP growth rate. We should not just pursue economic growth without considering the quality and effectiveness of development, as well as the ecological and environmental impact. On the other hand, economic growth does matter when it comes to the target of realizing modernization. China is still the world's largest developing country, and development remains the basis for and the key to tackling every problem we face. The draft outline has taken both above aspects into consideration. However, it does not mean that we will not need a GDP growth rate any longer. It was pointed out at the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee that China's per-capita GDP will reach the level of a moderately developed country by 2035, which means that its GDP growth rate in the coming 15 years has to be kept in an appropriate range. Moreover, the draft outline has set specific targets for other major indicators, including that of the unemployment rate, energy intensity and carbon intensity. All of them are interconnected with GDP, which means that we should strive to keep the economic growth in line with the potential growth rate. 

Third, we are confident that GDP growth rate will maintain at a certain level, which is proven by a comprehensive study and calculation with the participation of many think tanks. However, given the great uncertainties in the domestic and external environment in the next five years, the decision to not set a specific and quantitative growth target will make us more proactive, active and at ease in coping with all sorts of risks and challenges. It will help boost the flexibility of development and leave room for tackling uncertainties. It will also help us focus on improving the quality and effectiveness of development. Compared to five years, the annual situation is easier to study and judge, so in the annual work, the annual growth target can be determined in a targeted manner, depending on the situation, such as changes in the internal and external environment and the economic performance. Thank you.

Bloomberg:

I would like to ask about strengthening China's science and technology. What will be the priorities during the 14th Five-Year Plan period to this end? What will China do to boost the investment into science and technology? Do you have an expectation for its amount? Thank you.

Ning Jizhe:

Strengthening China's science and technology is a very important topic, and the speakers have all talked about it more or less just now. The country will accelerate it during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, including this year. Specifically, we will improve our strategic scientific and technological strength, boost basic research, applied research, and the transfer and transformation of scientific and technological outcomes, and further improve China's core industrial competitiveness. As for the specific projects and investments that you just asked about, there is a target set out in the 14th Five-Year Plan that China's R&D spending will increase by more than 7% per year, which is expected to account for a higher percentage of GDP than that during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. The figure already increased fast during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, taking up 2.4% of GDP last year. We will strive to surpass it during the 14th Five-Year Plan period.

In terms of key projects, first, the construction of national laboratories should be accelerated, and the system of national key laboratories should be reorganized.

Second, we will facilitate basic research, including formulating and implementing a ten-year action plan, and establishing a number of research centers for basic disciplines.

Third, we will further plan and implement the Sci-Tech Innovation 2030 Agenda to seek breakthroughs in core technologies in key fields.

Fourth, in terms of new infrastructure construction, some of the previous major scientific and technological infrastructure projects are now operational, such as the Tianyan Telescope built up through a long period of effort. We will build more, and advance scientific and technological innovation in artificial intelligence, quantum science, brain science and other sectors.

Fifth, in terms of international centers for science and technology innovation and national science centers, we will develop international centers for science and technology innovation in Beijing, Shanghai, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, as well as comprehensive national science centers in Huairou, Zhangjiang, Hefei, and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area with greater efforts. We will also develop a nationally influential scientific and technological innovation center in Chengdu and Chongqing based on a quality plan.

Sixth, we will improve a number of multi-level innovation platforms, including national industrial innovation centers, technological innovation centers, manufacturing innovation centers, engineering research centers, and technological centers of enterprises.

Seventh, we will organize and implement demonstration projects for integrated innovation. As enterprises are the mainstay of technological innovation, we will motivate large enterprises to share their resources, scenarios, applications, and innovation needs with small and medium-sized enterprises to create an ecosystem of innovation and entrepreneurship based on industrial chains and supply chains. We will motivate enterprises to increase R&D spending with tax incentives. Now, over 70% of all R&D funding comes from enterprises, and we will make that proportion even higher. At last, we will continue to support mass entrepreneurship and innovation, and construct demonstration bases for innovation and entrepreneurship. Thank you.

Hu Zucai:

China spent a total of 2.44 trillion yuan in R&D in 2020, accounting for 2.4% of its GDP, a record high in history and maintaining its position as the second in the world. The draft outline aims for China's R&D spending to increase by more than 7% per year. Total R&D spending will reach 3.76 trillion yuan by 2025 if it grows at 7% every year. Of course, we have calculated it at the current prices in 2025, not at a constant price. It is a quite big increase, 1.32 trillion yuan more than in 2020 and higher than that during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. As you may have noticed, this time in the draft outline, we have put basic research in a more important position, and elaborated it in a special section. We have also, for the first time, set an indicator -- the proportion of basic research expenditure to R&D expenditure -- in the draft outline. This figure was 6.16% in 2020, much less than that of developed countries. The draft outline proposes that it will reach over 8% by 2025 during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, a very positive direction to work towards. Spending in this area reached 150.4 billion yuan in 2020, and is expected to reach about 280 billion yuan in 2025 (calculated at the constant price in 2020), and we will strive to make it even higher. It sends a clear message that we will value basic research more. Thank you.

CNR:

How will China coordinate regional development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period? The State Council recently approved the establishment of a joint working mechanism between the local governments and central government departments to revitalize northeast China. What measures will there be to promote the revitalization? Thank you.

Zhao Chenxin:

Thanks for your questions, which are both about regional development. The CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has attached great importance to regional development, and further implemented the strategies for coordinated regional development since the 18th CPC National Congress. Under major strategies for the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and the Yangtze River Delta, and the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River basin, those regions have all taken on their respective functions, and moved on to better paths of development. As they now become increasingly coordinated in development, we will seek even better coordination during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, mainly from the following three aspects:

First, we will further implement major regional strategies. In the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, we will relocate non-essential functions from Beijing in a steady and orderly manner, and build the Xiongan New Area according to high quality standards. In the Yangtze River Economic Belt, we will put ecology first and pursue green development, and promote high-quality development while protecting it rather than developing it in a large scale. In the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, we will develop a dynamic and internationally competitive first-class bay area and a world-class city cluster. In the Yangtze River Delta, we will enhance its integrated development by forming a new development paradigm first, and make it a foundation and role model for high-quality development across the country. In the Yellow River basin, it is important to make a good start in ecological protection and high-quality development, to ensure significant progress during the period.

Second, we will continue to push forward the strategies for coordinated regional development. We will release more nuanced policies in the western region, promote coordination within it, and form a new paradigm featuring better protection, further opening up, and high-quality development. We will facilitate breakthroughs in the comprehensive revitalization of the northeast, and coordinate policies to ensure national defense, food, ecological, energy, and industrial security. We will speed up the rise of the central region by equipping it with a modern industrial system with advanced manufacturing as the mainstay. We will accelerate the modernization of the eastern region, which will include upgrading its industries by enhancing their capabilities in scientific and technological innovation, and engaging more in international economic cooperation at a higher level. We will also coordinate land and marine development, develop the maritime economy, and build the country into a strong maritime country. We will motivate functional platforms such as national-level new areas to lead in-depth reforms and further opening-up, and consequently, lend fresh impetus to the real economy.

Third, we will focus on building a regional economic layout with complementary advantages for high-quality development. The focus is on improving the institutional mechanism for coordinated regional development, supporting regions in giving full play to their comparative advantages, promoting the rational flow and efficient concentration of various factors, enhancing the momentum of innovative development, and building a power system for high-quality development. We will enhance the carrying capacity of central cities, urban agglomerations and regions with advantageous economic development in terms of economy and population, and support other regions in enhancing their functions in safeguarding national food security, ecological security and border security. Through these efforts, China's regional development will be more coordinated, more efficient and of higher quality.

I would also like to mention the joint working mechanism to revitalize northeast China. General Secretary Xi Jinping has visited the northeast region many times and made many important instructions on this issue since the 18th CPC National Congress. It fully reflects the great attention and earnest expectations of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core for revitalizing northeast China. The NDRC and other government departments have continuously improved the "1+N+X" policy system for revitalizing the region. Under our policies and work plans, the region made new progress in its revitalization. We then set up the joint working mechanism under the State Council's Leading Group for Revitalizing Northeast China and Other Old Industrial Bases. It was established with the approval of the State Council for better coordination and supervision of related work. NDRC deputy head Cong Liang has taken charge of it, and related work has already started. Through this implementation plan, we will plan the main ideas, key tasks, major projects and major policies for the next step of the revitalization of northeast China, and through a series of efforts, we will promote a new and greater breakthrough in the revitalization of northeast China. Thank you.

Southern Metropolis Daily:

Due to extremely cold weather, China's electricity consumption load last winter hit a new record, even higher than last summer. Will this situation become normal in the future? And we know the U.S. state of Texas recently suffered a large-scale and long-lasting power outage due to extremely cold temperatures. Facing new changes in the energy industry, what measures will the government take to guarantee energy security? Thank you.  

Zhao Chenxin:

Thank you for your questions. As you said, there have been some new changes, new situations and new challenges to China's energy operation and supply. I'll address the subject from these three aspects.

First, let's review the basic situation at that time. As winter began, China's energy demand — especially its electricity demand — grew rapidly, due to the rapid recovery of economic activities and a large-scale cold front. The nation's peak power load hit new record highs on four days: last Dec. 14, 16 and 30, and this year on Jan. 7. In particular, the evening peak load nationwide hit 1.189 billion kilowatts on Jan. 7, which was more than 10% higher than last summer's peak. On the same day, the nation's power generation reached 25.967 billion kilowatt-hours. In a situation like this, it's difficult to fully satisfy the electricity demand. Currently, China's installed power generation capacity is more than 2 billion kilowatts. Therefore, it seems that we should have no problem with such huge installed capacity. However, since the peak load occurred at night, solar power generation, that is to say, photovoltaic power generation, could not be used. In addition, there was no large-scale wind across the country on Jan. 7, so we could only generate about 10% of wind power. The total installed capacity of wind and photovoltaic power generation is 530 million kilowatts, but there were 500 million kilowatts that could not be used. The total installed capacity of hydropower is 370 million kilowatts. However, as winter is the dry season, more than 200 million kilowatts could not be used during the peak load period. In addition, the peak of natural gas consumption occurs in winter. China's installed natural gas-fired power generation capacity is nearly 100 million kilowatts, but around 50 million kilowatts could not be used. As a result, it is really difficult for the remaining installed capacity to meet the demand of high load. We also need to consider the problems of regional capacity and shutdowns of generators for maintenance. No matter the difficulty, in accordance with General Secretary Xi Jinping's instructions on sticking to the people-centered philosophy of development, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and the National Energy Administration (NEA) organized localities and central State-owned enterprise (SOEs) to make all-out efforts to meet the challenge, and we finally succeeded in ensuring smooth and orderly operation of the energy sector and stable and efficient power supply, especially supply for people's livelihood. No major problems occurred. The sharp contrast between us and the case you mentioned just now is a good manifestation of China's institutional strengths and our putting people first.

Second, let's talk about our evaluation of the new situation. Previously, peak energy consumption normally occurred in summer because of the rapid increase of the air conditioning load. According to our analysis, the unusual winter peak was mainly caused by the increasing demands for clean heating in northern China and for electric heating in southern China in recent years. Increases in air conditioning and electric heating loads both show the desire of the Chinese people for a better life. We must ensure stable energy supply to meet their aspiration. Therefore, the NDRC and the NEA have organized different sectors to carry out in-depth research, because we should take into consideration the safety, affordability and sustainability of energy supply, establish an energy system that is clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient, and  achieve peak carbon emissions and carbon neutral goals. As such, we are preparing the next work plan.

Finally, let's talk about what should be done. This can be summed up in one sentence: We will fully implement General Secretary Xi Jinping's instructions on improving energy production, supply, reserve and sales systems. We have already made relevant plans, and the next step is implementation. In terms of production, we will strengthen the supply of energy resources by establishing a diversified power generation system featuring stable operation. In terms of supply, we will improve energy resource allocation by promoting the coordinated development of power grids at different levels nationwide. In terms of reserve, we will shore up our weak links in energy reserve by strengthening our reserve capacity in an all-round way. In terms of sales, we will build a modern energy market system and use market-based measures to deepen energy demand side management.

In conclusion, in recent years, in accordance with General Secretary Xi Jinping's requirement for a new energy security strategy featuring "Four Reforms" and "One Cooperation," we have secured profound progress in energy sector. We have prominent institutional strengths, a strong material foundation and rich supply experiences to confidently ensure energy security during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, and enhance people's sense of satisfaction. Thank you.

Kyodo News:

My question is about foreign investment. Some foreign-funded companies are worried that certain policies, such as the export control law, may impose restrictions or obstacles on their investment in China. How can you make foreign-funded companies reassured about their investment in China during the 14th Five-Year Plan period?

Ning Jizhe:

China's paid-in foreign direct investment (FDI) bucked the trend last year despite a sharp contraction in global cross-border direct investment. In 2020, nonfinancial FDI into China rose to $144.4 billion, up 4.5% year on year. In January this year, the country made a good start in the use of foreign capital, which reached $13.5 billion, up 6.2% year on year. Foreign-funded enterprises have maintained stable operation and production in China, and a number of major foreign-funded projects are being implemented steadily  despite the impact from the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 94% of U.S. companies are optimistic about the business outlook in China this year, and more than half said that China remains their top investment destination, according to the 2021 White Paper on the Business Environment in China released by the American Chamber of Commerce in South China. However, it is not only companies from the U.S. Those from Japan, Europe and elsewhere are also optimistic about the business outlook in China. 

The next step of promoting stable foreign investment still faces many challenges. In 2021, the NDRC, in line with the deployments of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, will carry out opening-up in a larger scope, wider areas and at a deeper level, and step up building of a new system for a higher-level open economy. The country will fully implement the foreign investment law to better promote and protect foreign investment and continue to improve its business environment. 

First, we will continue to reduce the negative lists for foreign investment. China revised its negative lists of foreign investment for four consecutive years from 2017-2020. The number of sectors that are off-limits for foreign investors has been cut by nearly two-thirds. A series of major opening-up measures have been launched in finance,  automobile, and other sectors, and the manufacturing industry has been basically opened up. In 2021, we will further shorten the negative lists for foreign investment, with more efforts made to ensure opening-up of the manufacturing industry and promote the orderly opening-up of the service industry. We will extensively introduce advanced technology, management experience and business models, and promote high-quality economic development with a high-level of opening-up. At the same time, we will also give full play to the FTZs' role as the "test field" for further opening-up, and encourage them to continue pilot projects.

Second, we will continue to expand the fields where foreign investment is encouraged. The new 2020 Catalog of Industries Encouraging Foreign Investment  took effect this January, adding 127 items to the list and further expanding the scope for foreign investment. Next, we will focus on its implementation, apply combined measures of boosting the increment, stabilizing the stock and enhancing the quality, and improve the relevant supporting policies. We will actively channel more foreign investment into fields like advanced manufacturing, high technologies, and energy conservation and environmental protection, as well as into producer services such as research, development, and design; modern logistics; and information services. Finally, investment will be encouraged in China's central, western, and northeastern regions to give better play to foreign capital's role in ensuring the stability of industrial and supply chains.

Third, we will ramp up efforts to promote the implementation of major foreign investment projects. In 2018, the NDRC led the establishment of a special task force for major foreign investment projects to coordinate project implementation and solve any problems involved. So far, four batches of major foreign investment projects have been launched, with a total investment of more than US$110 billion. This year, we will launch the fifth batch of such projects and provide policy support in industrial planning, land use, environmental assessment, and energy use, etc. We will continue to focus on fields like advanced manufacturing and high technologies when supporting major foreign-invested projects. We will encourage foreign investors to participate in the high-quality development of China's manufacturing sector, in the construction of new infrastructure and in China's innovation-driven development, and better leverage the exemplary role of these projects. We will encourage localities to improve their mechanisms, promote coordination at all levels, and provide services at every stage of the project.

Fourth, we will fully implement a post-establishment national treatment for foreign investment. Since last year, China, in accordance with the arrangements to ensure stability on six fronts (employment, finance, foreign trade, inbound investment, domestic investment, and market expectations) and maintain security in six areas (employment, people's livelihood, market entities, food and energy, industrial and supply chains, and operations at grassroots levels), has introduced a series of measures in fields including tax, finance, and social security to alleviate difficulties encountered by enterprises. These measures are equally applicable for foreign companies. We will continue to promote the equal treatment of foreign and domestic enterprises in terms of government procurement, land supply, the reduction and exemption of tax and fees, license applications, standards-setting, project application, and human resources policies, among others. 

Regarding the Export Control Law  that has drawn some foreign enterprises' attention as you mentioned, the purpose of the law is to restrict the export of dual-use items, military items, and other controlled items. It also means that domestic and foreign enterprises are treated equally in terms of the control scope and measures. In general, the normal export of foreign enterprises won't be affected.

Fifth, we will effectively strengthen oversight for business services. We will more actively introduce relevant policies and measures to foreign enterprises, enhance information services through multiple channels, and readily resolve difficulties faced by foreign-funded projects in investment, production, and operation in a coordinated manner to create a more convenient environment for foreign enterprises to invest in China. At the same time, we will continue to refine the regime of pre-establishment national treatment plus negative list for foreign investment, and security reviews of foreign investment. We will work to establish a fair, transparent, efficient, and safe regulatory system that is in line with high-level opening-up and international norms, in order to foster a favorable investment environment. Thank you.

China News Service:

The draft outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for Economic and Social Development and the Long-range Objectives Through the Year 2035  (referred to as the "draft outline" hereafter) explicitly points out that China will make more active and effective efforts to promote common prosperity. What are the specific measures in this regard? Thank you. 

Hu Zucai:

Common prosperity is an essential requirement of socialism, a shared aspiration of the Chinese people, and also a goal that our Party has been unwaveringly committed to. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), common prosperity has taken on new implications and secured more solid progress. A significant step is the complete victory in eradicating absolute poverty. Our success in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects has also laid a solid foundation for promoting common prosperity. The fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee made major arrangements for the promotion of common prosperity, and for the first time in the history of the plenary sessions of our Party, set the long-range goal of " achieving more notable and substantial progress in promoting common prosperity for everyone" by 2035. Common prosperity itself is an important goal of socialist modernization. As China has embarked on a new journey toward fully building a modern socialist country, we must attach greater importance to common prosperity and make a more proactive and meaningful effort to fulfill this goal.

Common prosperity has distinct features of the times as well as Chinese characteristics. As far as I'm concerned, we should have an overall understanding of common prosperity from the following four aspects:

First, common prosperity means "prosperity for all." It is not the prosperity for some people or some regions, but the shared prosperity for all Chinese people. It means that all Chinese people share the benefits of development and live a happy and fulfilling life.

Second, common prosperity refers to "comprehensive prosperity," which includes both material and spiritual prosperity. It means not only affluence in life but also confidence and self-improvement in spirit. It also entails a comfortable environment for living and working, social harmony, and universal access to public services. In short, common prosperity is to realize people's all-around development and social progress. 

Third, common prosperity points to "shared prosperity through joint contribution." Common prosperity requires the hard work and mutual assistance of all people. Everyone participates and contributes, and benefits are enjoyed by all. With concerted efforts, we build a better home and live a better life.

Fourth, common prosperity means "realizing common prosperity gradually." Achieving prosperity for all is a long-term and arduous task. It is a gradual process. We must abide by the law of development and act proactively, all the while keeping our feet on the ground and committed to persistent efforts instead of being divorced from reality. We should achieve the goal of common prosperity step by step on the road toward modernization.

The four aspects are my overall understanding of common prosperity. 

The draft outline sets the goal of making solid progress toward prosperity for all Chinese people and puts forward the requirement of making more active and effective efforts to promote common prosperity. These are actually further plans for advancing common prosperity. We should focus on the prominent contradiction of unbalanced and inadequate development; give priority to narrowing the disparities in development between urban and rural areas, and between regions, and in income distribution; and secure solid progress toward common prosperity while furthering high-quality development. In other words, we should both make the cake bigger and share it fairly. We will proactively solve problems such as wealth disparity between regions, between urban and rural areas, and in incomes. We will safeguard and improve people's livelihoods in the course of development, and enhance people's well-being by coordinating advances in employment, income distribution, education, social security, health, housing, elderly and child care, among other areas. We will pay more attention to weighting more toward rural, grassroots and less-developed areas, and disadvantaged groups, to promote social equity and justice. In this way, we hope all the people can enjoy the fruits of development in a fairer way and feel a greater sense of gain through joint contribution and shared benefits. We will pool the tremendous strengths of all the people to build China into a modern socialist country.

According to the arrangements of the CPC Central Committee, the draft outline proposes that an action plan for promoting common prosperity be formulated. This is a top-level design, which will clarify the direction, goals, key tasks, pathways and methods, policies, and measures for achieving common prosperity. The NDRC is taking the lead and cooperating with relevant departments for the formulation work. In addition, the draft outline calls for supporting Zhejiang province to build a common prosperity demonstration zone through high-quality development. There, top-level design and demonstration zone construction are both being promoted. Zhejiang boasts relatively good conditions in all aspects, with its urban-rural gap, regional development, and affluence indicators all leading the country. Therefore, the draft outline makes it clear that Zhejiang will be supported to build a common prosperity demonstration zone through high-quality development. The main task is to explore institutions, mechanisms, and systems for boosting common prosperity, gain experiences that can be replicated and applied in other areas, and make solid progress in this regard. Thank you.

Chen Wenjun:

Today's press conference is concluded. Thank you all.

Translated and edited by Duan Yaying, Huang Shan, Xiang Bin, Guo Yiming, Gong Yingchun, Li Huiru, Zhang Liying, Zhang Jiaqi, Chen Xia, Wang Mengru, Zhang Junmian, Xu Xiaoxuan, Liu Qiang, Wang Qian, Zhu Bochen, Yuan Fang, Cui Can, David Ball, Jay Birbeck, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

Read in Chinese

Speakers:

Guo Wei, deputy director of the State Council Research Office

Sun Guojun, member of the Leading Party Members Group of the State Council Research Office

Chairperson:

Shou Xiaoli, deputy head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office (SCIO) and SCIO spokesperson

Date:

March 5, 2021

Shou Xiaoli:

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning. Welcome to this briefing held by the State Council Information Office. The fourth session of the 13th National People's Congress (NPC) opened this morning, and Premier Li Keqiang delivered the annual Report on the Work of the Government. To help the public better understand the report, we have invited Mr. Guo Wei, deputy director of the State Council Research Office, and Sun Guojun, a member of the Leading Party Members Group of the State Council Research Office. They will elaborate on the report and take your questions. First, we will give the floor to Mr. Guo.

Guo Wei:

Friends from the media, good morning. Earlier today, Premier Li Keqiang delivered the Report on the Work of the Government at the fourth session of the 13th National People's Congress. The report upholds Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as its guide. It fully implements the guiding principles of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC); the second, third, fourth, and fifth plenary sessions of the 19th CPC Central Committee; and the annual Central Economic Work Conference in 2020. The report reviews the main work on social and economic development last year, and summarizes the achievements made during the 13th Five-Year Plan (FYP) period and the main targets and tasks for the 14th FYP period. It also puts forward the main projected targets and macro policy directions concerning this year's social and economic development and makes arrangements for the main agenda of this year.

I've read some of the responses posted on the internet on my way here. Many say that the report responds to people's concerns and reflects the expectations of all parties. Some says that after listening to the report, they feel proud of the nation's achievements, inspired by the policies of the central government, and are more confident when facing difficulties. Others say that new policies make them feel assured, and that the recent progress brings them so much hope. We participated in the drafting process of the report, and also felt very inspired when listening to Premier Li delivering the report at the Great Hall of the People today. We feel that the report is indeed practical and informed by the realities on the ground. It rallies people together and boosts our confidence.

This year is rather special as it marks the beginning of the 14th FYP, the embarkment of a new journey toward fully building a modern socialist country, and the 100th anniversary of the founding of the CPC. The drafting work of the report was very crucial, and great importance was attached to it by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. General Secretary Xi Jinping made important instructions on the drafting of the report and chaired meetings of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and of its Standing Committee, studying and discussing the draft and putting forward specific requirements for revising. Premier Li presided over the drafting and revising of the report, and chaired executive and plenary meetings of the State Council to discuss the draft. Premier Li also presided over themed symposiums many times to directly listen to opinions and suggestions from all parties. Other leaders of the State Council also gave concrete instructions on the drafting and revisions of the report. The drafting work collected opinions and suggestions from all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities; central departments in the Party, the government, the military, and people's organizations, as well as some central State-owned enterprises.

The report consists of three major parts. The first part briefly reviewed last year's work and achievements. The report notes that last year was an extraordinary year in the history of the People's Republic of China. We've achieved major strategic success in our response to COVID-19, and China was the world's only major economy to achieve growth. We attained a complete victory in the fight against poverty and scored decisive achievements in our efforts to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects. We owe our achievements to the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, the sound guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and the concerted efforts of the Party, the armed forces, and the Chinese people of all ethnic groups. 

The 13th FYP concluded last year, and the 14th FYP starts this year. Acting in accordance with the Recommendations of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China for Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development and Long-Range Objectives through the Year 2035, the State Council has drawn up the draft Outline for the 14th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development and Long-Range Objectives through the Year 2035. The second part of the report briefly introduced the content of the draft outline and summarized the achievements made during the 13th FYP period and the main targets and tasks for the 14th FYP period.

Based on the analysis of the development in and outside China, the third part of the report made comprehensive plans and arrangements for the main tasks and policies of the government this year.

Next, Mr. Sun and I will take questions from you regarding drafting of the report. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

Thank you, Mr. Guo. The floor is open for questions. Please identify your news outlet before asking question. Thank you.

CCTV:

This year's government work report points out from the very beginning that last year was an extraordinary year in the history of the People's Republic of China. It also states that the work last year was truly challenging. Given the achievements of last year, how do we best understand and define "extraordinary" and "challenging?" Thank you.

Guo Wei:

I think it is quite accurate to describe last year as extraordinary.

Last year, our tasks were extraordinary. We needed to achieve decisive success in eliminating absolute poverty and secure a full victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.

Last year, the difficulties and challenges we faced were exceptional. We encountered combined adverse and severe impacts rarely seen in a century. First, the sudden outbreak of the once-in-a-century COVID-19 epidemic posed a serious threat to people's health and brought unprecedented difficulties to economic and social development as well as all aspects of work. In the first quarter of last year, China's economy registered a negative growth rate of 6.8%, which hasn't been seen since the reform and opening up. Second, the world economy found itself deep in recession and for the first time in history, the economies of all regions were hit hard simultaneously. The global economy suffered the worst recession since the Great Depression in the 1930s, which has directly affected the stability of foreign trade and the security of the industrial and supply chains in China. Third, the international landscape was complex and grave with many uncertainties. Economic globalization encountered headwinds and the impacts of unilateralism and protectionism were on the rise. In addition, some areas of our country suffered severe floods and typhoons.

Last year, the achievements in development that we secured were remarkable. Facing the severe and complex situation, the Chinese people of all ethnic groups, under the strong leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, responded with tremendous tenacity and forged ahead with great resolve. We achieved major strategic success in the fight against COVID-19 and fully protected the health and safety of the people, creating fundamental guarantees and prerequisites for economic and social development. We took the lead in resuming work and production and were the first to achieve positive economic growth. At the same time, reforms in key areas and at key points were deepened, breakthroughs in opening up were made, people's livelihoods were effectively ensured, and 11.86 million new urban jobs were created. Society was harmonious and stable on the whole.

Last year, the goals we fulfilled were extraordinary in the historical development of the People's Republic of China. We attained a complete victory in the fight against poverty. All remaining poor rural residents were lifted from poverty, as were all of China's remaining poor counties, accomplishing the daunting task of eliminating absolute poverty that has existed in China for thousands of years. Our gross domestic product (GDP) exceeded the 100-trillion-yuan threshold, with the economic strength, composite national strength, and people's living standards reaching new levels. We made great progress in scientific and technological innovation. Our Chang'e-5 spacecraft successfully landed on the near side of the moon and brought back lunar samples. The new deep-sea manned submersible Fendouzhe (Striver) completed its 10,000-meter sea trials. Last year was a landmark year in many respects in the history of the People's Republic of China.

Last year, the efforts made by the Chinese people were also extraordinary. The COVID-19 pandemic broke out at the beginning of last year. You may recall that on the very day of the Lunar New Year, General Secretary Xi Jinping chaired a meeting to direct outbreak response. At that critical moment, more than 40,000 medical workers rushed to aid Wuhan in Hubei province, and manufacturers of masks, protective suits, and other medical supplies worked overtime to increase production. From medical staff to the People's Liberation Army, from scientific researchers to community workers, from volunteers to those who oversaw projects, people of all ages from all walks of life across China united to fight against the pandemic. Facing difficulties brought about by the economic downturn, the central government considerably reduced non-essential and non-obligatory expenditures and the provincial governments also cut spending to support those working on the ground as well as market entities. Many enterprises saw reduced profits but did their best not to cut jobs. Some employees who saw their salaries reduced stood together with the enterprises to tide over the difficulties. As the government work report reads, "Local authorities and government departments across the country kept in mind the big picture and shouldered their responsibilities. Market entities, over one hundred million in number, responded to shocks with fortitude and resilience. Our people worked hard and fought adversity in close solidarity and with the unyielding spirit of the Chinese nation."

It is fair to say that last year, the difficulties and challenges we faced were extraordinary, the achievements we secured were remarkable, the efforts we made were exceptional, and the success we gained was earned through resilience. The year 2020 is a year to remember in history. Thank you.

CNR:

My question is about the GDP. Last year's government work report did not set specific GDP targets, but we noticed that this year's report has set an expected GDP target of over 6%. For what reasons is this? Given the complex and challenging economic environment both at home and abroad, could you please give some comments on our economic development targets? Thank you.

Sun Guojun:

Thank you. I will answer your questions. Last year's report did not put forward a quantitative target for GDP growth rate. The biggest reason was the great uncertainty. China's economic growth rate was 2.3% in 2020, which was a better-than-expected result and not easy to achieve. 

Implementing the guiding principles of the recent Central Economic Work Conference, this year's government work report sets an expected target for economic growth at over 6%. I will list three factors that have been taken into full consideration.

First, we have taken into account the recovery of economic activity. China's economy has gradually recovered since the second quarter of last year. The momentum of improvement has continued during the third and fourth quarters, so that we can expect a generally stable economic performance this year.

Second, we have taken into account the base figures. For example, due to the base figures for 2020, we can expect an obvious year-on-year rise in GDP growth in the first quarter of 2021. Statistically, GDP growth rates may show a falling trend from high to low throughout the year of 2021. However, this will only be the appearance of statistics. For each quarter, we expect GDP growth to be relatively stable compared to the previous quarter.

Third, we have taken into account the need to sustain healthy economic growth. When we set the expected GDP growth target for 2021, we need to take into account both the economic situation of this year and that of the next two years. The expected target should be well-aligned with the annual goals of subsequent years, so as to maintain long-term and steady economic development. Thank you.

ThePaper.cn:

It is mentioned in the work report that the consumer price index (CPI) will rise by around 3% this year, followed by a steady increase in people's income. Can you explain how the steady increase in income will be achieved and to what extent our income will have to increase in order to catch up with the 3% increase in consumer prices? Thank you.

Sun Guojun:

Thank you for your questions. The CPI is directly related to everyone's daily life, and affects the basic wellbeing of the people. Keeping the CPI generally stable is an important objective of macroeconomic regulation and control, and an important sign that economic operation remains within a reasonable range. Last year, China's CPI rose by 2.5%, which was significantly lower than the expected target of around 3.5%.

This year, taking into account the carry-over effects and new price increases, the expected target for the rise in the CPI was set at around 3%, a downward adjustment from last year's expected target, indicating that the Chinese government is confident that the CPI will be controlled at a relatively low level. Food prices account for a high percentage of the CPI. In recent years, China has scored consecutive bumper harvests, so the supply of agricultural products has been guaranteed. This, coupled with the basic recovery of hog production capacity, is conducive to keeping prices stable.

This year's government report sets a target of steady growth in personal income. To increase people's income, the prerequisite is to achieve relatively full employment and strive to keep the growth of people's income basically in line with economic growth. At the same time, efforts should be made to raise the incomes of low-income groups, expand middle-income groups and promote common prosperity. Thank you.

China News Service:

The government work report said that China has achieved a major strategic success in the fight against COVID-19. Could you elaborate on our achievements? What should be done next? Thank you.

Guo Wei:

COVID-19 is the most serious global pandemic seen for nearly a century. After the outbreak, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core made epidemic prevention and control the top priority. General Secretary Xi Jinping gave immediate instructions, took charge of the COVID-19 response, made people's lives and health the first priority, and adopted resolute measures in the battle against the novel coronavirus. Premier Li Keqiang chaired multiple meetings of the Central Leading Group for Novel Coronavirus Prevention and Control and made specific arrangements. Thanks to the resolute decisions made by the CPC Central Committee, the coordination of different localities and departments, and through the concerted efforts of the Chinese people, we achieved a major success in our response to COVID-19. In around a month, the fast spread of the virus was contained; in around two months, the daily increase of domestic coronavirus cases had fallen to single digits; and in approximately three months, a decisive victory was secured in the battle to defend Hubei province and its capital city Wuhan. In response to evolving epidemic dynamics, we made timely adjustments to our response approaches. We improved routine control mechanisms, reopened the economy and resumed normal life in low-risk areas, suppressed several regional outbreaks of the epidemic, and consolidated our achievements in controlling COVID-19.

We have withstood the test of COVID-19 and protected the health and safety of the Chinese people. More importantly, after the epidemic, Chinese people of all ethnic groups are more united as one, more patriotic, and more confident in the vitality and advantage of our national system and our state governance system, which will bring long-lasting effects to our future development.

As the pandemic continues around the world, the government work report has made arrangements for the next step under the requirements of the CPC Central Committee on epidemic prevention and control as well as socioeconomic development. It stresses a more coordinated way to carry out COVID-19 prevention and control and pursue socioeconomic development. I think, first, we're going to improve our routine prevention and control measures and boost our capacity with science-based precise measures. We will minimize the impact of our COVID-19 response on our work and life, increase testing for high-risk personnel and areas, and identify risks in a timely fashion. Second, we will increase our emergency response ability. We should ensure readiness and supply so that, in case of sudden outbreaks, we can identify control zones, and conduct COVID-19 testing, contact tracing and carry out medical treatment. Of course, we need to avoid a one-size-fits-all approach and imposing extra requirements in the name of epidemic control. Third, we will continue to promote vaccine research and its free roll-out. Currently, we have conditionally approved four COVID-19 vaccines for public use. In the next step, we will continue to intensify our efforts in R&D, improve vaccine production and supply, step up supervision of the supply chain, standardize vaccination procedures, and ensure the quality of the vaccine as well as safe vaccination. At the same time, we will continuously monitor and study mutant COVID-19 strains, and speed up our R&D of drugs and treatment, in order to increase our capacity for treating COVID-19.

Phoenix TV:

We noticed the report mentioned that the government formulated and implemented macro policies to meet the urgent needs of market entities. What's the rationale behind that? Thank you.

Sun Guojun:

Thank you for your question, which is a question that particularly captures the key point. Facing the shocks of a severity rarely seen before, the CPC Central Committee pledged to coordinate the COVID-19 response with socioeconomic development, and adopt macro policies to minimize the impact of the pandemic. We carried out the task of maintaining security and stability in six key areas -- particularly job security, basic living needs, and the operations of market entities. We also maintained security in industrial and supply chains, food and energy, and the smooth functioning of grassroots government at the macro level. Our goals were maintaining security by keeping stability while pursuing progress, holding the bottom line and keeping the fundamentals of the employment and economy. Our goals last year were specific and clear. As is clearly stated in the government work report, we gave top priority to stabilizing employment and ensuring living standards, made decisive progress in the battle against poverty, and achieved our goals in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.

How can we keep the bottom line and fulfil the task of "maintaining security in six key areas"? This requires a targeted approach based on the characteristics of the epidemic shock and the actual situation of the country. Unlike previous economic and financial crises, the epidemic directly hit the consumer side of the economy and a large number of micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) and self-employed individuals. China has more than 30 million MSMEs and 90 million self-employed individuals, which support many of the 440 million urban employees and 290 million migrant workers. MSMEs and self-employed individuals are less risk-resilient market entities. We have to give priority to stabilizing employment and protecting people's livelihood. The policies we have implemented revolve around market entities, with the focus placed on helping less risk-resilient entities overcome difficulties. If there are problems with market entities and employment, there will be problems with people's livelihood. This includes tax cuts and fee reductions of more than 2.6 trillion yuan, including 1.7 trillion yuan in social insurance premium cuts and exemptions, mainly benefiting MSMEs. It also includes more than 7 trillion yuan in deferred principal and interest repayments on loans to MSMEs, as well as concessions from the financial system and a significant increase in loans from large commercial banks for the benefit of MSMEs. As last year's government work report mentioned, market entities must be able to sustain themselves and assure success for the future. We have helped to sustain market entities, which has laid a solid foundation not only for maintaining stable employment and meeting basic living needs, but also for economic recovery. 

In terms of actual results, our employment and economic growth indicators were better than expected last year, and we achieved greater results at a reasonable cost. Thank you.

21st Century Business Herald:

My question is, the three-year campaign to prevent and resolve financial risks in 2020 has concluded, so how can we evaluate the results of this three-year campaign? Is the financial risk mitigation going to be a protracted battle? Thank you.

Sun Guojun:

Preventing systemic financial risks remains the permanent task of financial work, which is the same worldwide. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council have attached great importance to that. The Party's 19th National Congress has made forestalling and defusing major risks as one of the three critical battles, and preventing and resolving financial risks is an important aspect of it. Through concentrated efforts, a number of major risks have been effectively dealt with, important milestones have been achieved in the disposal of financial risks, financial risks have tended to shrink and are generally controllable, the financial order has improved significantly, and financial operations are more robust.

Meanwhile, we must also see that the current domestic and international economic and financial situation is complex and volatile, and the financial sector is still facing many risks and challenges. We should remain mindful of worst-case scenarios and make unremitting efforts to prevent and control all kinds of financial risks. 

First, we will improve the mechanism for managing financial risks, and see that responsibilities are fulfilled by all the stakeholders, including financial institutions and their shareholders, local governments and financial regulators. 

Second, we will focus on preventing and resolving the risks of small and medium-sized financial institutions, replenishing the capital of small and medium-sized banks through multiple channels and strengthening corporate governance.

Third, we need to improve laws and regulations governing the bond market and properly handle the debt default risks of enterprises. 

Fourth, we will continue to resolve existing risks, improve our ability to anticipate and foresee, prevent incremental risks, closely prevent and control external imported risks, improve the long-term mechanism for risk disposal, and resolutely guard against systemic risks. Thank you.

Shenzhen TV:

We have noticed that the new FYP has dedicated a whole chapter to science and technology for the first time, emphasizing that technological self-reliance is the main pillar for China to develop its economy. What are the measures to be taken to realize technological self-reliance? Thank you.

Guo Wei:

The fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee pointed out that we should make innovation the core of our modernization campaign, make scientific and technological self-reliance and self-improvement a strategic support for national development, and accelerate the development of science and technology.

Improving our technological and innovative ability is a systematic program and requires long-term work. This year's government work report underlines three aspects. 

First, we need to strengthen national strategic science and technology forces, including the construction of national laboratories, make good use of existing national science and technology resources, optimize the allocation of science and technology forces, and strengthen core technology research and development.

Second, we should strengthen basic research, which is emphasized in this year's government work report. Basic research requires much time and down-to-earth work. Therefore, we should have the spirit of "the blacksmiths of the past who would spend years forging the perfect sword," and create conditions for scientists to continue their hard work. To enhance basic research, we have a series of policies, including expanding investment in basic research, and improving the assessment and incentive mechanisms of technological results. 

Third, we will leverage market forces to encourage the enterprises to increase R&D investment. The government work report proposes an important policy, which is raising the extra tax deduction on manufacturing enterprises' R&D costs from 75% to 100%. That means enterprises can enjoy double deduction on R&D expenditure and are eligible for more income tax deductions. That is a great boost for enterprises to increase R&D spending.

Certainly, China's technological development must rely on international technological cooperation, which is what we have constantly upheld in the past. Looking forward, we will strengthen international cooperation on science and technology, and let technological development benefit the common well-being of humanity. Thank you.

Beijing Youth Daily:

Under the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic, some macroeconomic policies introduced in the government work report last year were called unusual measures in unusual times. This year, we are carrying out regular epidemic controls, so what are your considerations in adjusting the macroeconomic policies? Thank you.

Sun Guojun:

Thank you for your question. The macro policies last year were formulated and implemented to meet the urgent needs of market entities. In terms of the targets and focuses of the macro policies this year, the Central Economic Work Conference held at the end of last year made clear plans for this year's economic work. The government work report implemented the guiding principles from the Central Economic Work Conference and made specific plans for macro policies. Generally speaking, we should ensure the continuity, consistency, and sustainability of macro policies this year, continue with and optimize the policy logic and focuses of last year, maintain necessary policy support, and avoid sharp turns in policy, so as to continue to ensure macro policies alleviate the difficulties of market entities.

This can be reflected in several aspects. For example, central and provincial-level governments will further increase funding allocations to prefecture- and county-level governments to assist local businesses and residents. The government work report highlights two notable increases. First is that the general transfer payments from the central government to local governments will be raised by 7.8% — which marks a significant increase over last year — while continued cuts will be made in central government expenditures. Second is the increased efforts to ensure employment, living standards and the operation of market entities at the grassroots level. This year, 2.8 trillion yuan of central government funding will be placed under the mechanism of directly allocating budgetary funds to prefecture- and county-level governments, meaning that financial resources will reach local governments more quickly. This year's government work report introduces many practical measures to ease the burden of market entities. Regarding tax cuts, for instance, we will continue to implement systematic tax cut policies, adjust and improve the temporary tax cut policies adopted last year, and extend the duration of some temporary policies. Meanwhile, we have introduced new policies for MSMEs, and policies granting extra tax deductions on R&D costs to encourage innovation. In addition, we will raise the VAT threshold for small-scale taxpayers from 100,000 yuan to 150,000 yuan in monthly sales, and halve the income tax of small and micro enterprises on annual taxable income below 1 million yuan, which are big discounts.

As for reducing enterprises' production and operating costs, we will cut the electricity rates for general industrial and commercial businesses, take firm measures to rectify irregular height and width limits and checkpoints that affect freight transportation, and lower the average broadband rates for small and medium-sized enterprises by an additional 10%. Many policies are aimed at MSMEs and self-employed individuals, which although they have seen improved operations, still face many difficulties. We need to provide more policy assistance to help them stand firm and achieve greater development. Thank you.

Cover News:

Last year, 11.86 million new urban jobs were added in China, far exceeding the target set in last year's government work report. We've noticed that the target for this year is to create more than 11 million new urban jobs. How was the target set? And, is there some leeway in this employment target? Thank you.

Guo Wei:

Because of the COVID-19 epidemic and other serious shocks, employment faced particularly grave challenges last year. As mentioned before, in the first quarter of last year, China's economy shrank by 6.8% year on year. The government work report last year set a target of creating more than 9 million urban jobs, which was actually rather demanding, given the situation at the time. In order to achieve this goal, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council gave high priority to ensuring stable employment, and stepped up efforts to ensure employment, people's livelihood and market entities. In fact, ensuring market entities also helps ensure employment. Local governments and relevant departments have also proposed many ideas and introduced various policies to stabilize employment. As the economy recovered and policies yielded results, employment gradually recovered. Last year, 11.86 million new urban jobs were created, exceeding the target set in the government work report, and no large-scale unemployment occurred. This was not an easy task.

Employment still faces great pressure this year. Around 15 million new urban jobs need to be created, including those for over 9 million college graduates. The government work report, in accordance with the decisions and arrangements of the CPC Central Committee, continues to prioritize ensuring employment, and clearly states that improvements should continue to be made to the employment-first policy to enhance its performance. Based on the employment demand and economic recovery trend, the report sets the employment target at 11 million new urban jobs — the same as 2019 — and surveyed urban unemployment rate at about 5.5%. The economy is still recovering, market conditions are still complex and serious, and uncertainties are still on the rise. Under such circumstances, the targets are not easy to meet and greater efforts are required to do so. Thank you.

Shangyou News:

The government work report is an annual guiding document for the exercise of government power. How did the drafting of the report respond to the concerns of the whole society and listen to and incorporate the views of various sectors of the society? Thank you.

Sun Guojun: 

Thank you for your question. In accordance with General Secretary Xi Jinping's requirement on soliciting public opinions in an open way, we pay great attention to the public's concerns and fully understand the opinions of people from all walks of life while drafting the government work report. The drafting process of the report was a process of gathering the wisdom of the people and pooling their efforts, as well as a process of planning specific policy measures, which was also introduced in the opening speech earlier.

Premier Li Keqiang collected views and suggestions by presiding over a number of symposiums, attended by representatives from non-communist political parties, chambers of commerce, public figures without party affiliation, experts and entrepreneurs, and representatives from the education, science and technology, culture, health, and sports sectors, as well as members of the public. Premier Li also solicited opinions by convening symposiums to analyze the economic situation. We were able to sort out 48 specific suggestions from the symposium attended by representatives from non-communist political parties, chambers of commerce and public figures without party affiliation.

We also extensively solicited suggestions from all localities and departments. After deliberation at the plenary meeting of the State Council, the revision of the drafted report was printed and distributed in accordance with due procedures to all localities, central departments in the Party, the government, the military, and people's organizations and some enterprises. Another thousand suggestions were then collected after this large-scale soliciting of views and suggestions.

In addition, we also collected opinions via media platforms. The event "Share your ideas with China's premier" was launched on www.gov.cn for the seventh year to solicit netizens' opinions by joining hands with 21 online media platforms. The event classified 22 topics and received nearly 1 million suggestions. After sifting through the comments, www.gov.cn submitted more than 1,200 representative views to the drafting team.

Meanwhile, during the drafting of the report, we paid great attention to social concerns and hot issues, and organized investigations into the prominent issues most concerned by the public so as to propose policy recommendations accordingly.

Generally speaking, despite the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we still adopted all possible methods to make sure the report reflects the true concerns of the public. Thank you.

Guo Wei:

I'd like to add that the proposals and suggestions reflected in the report are not limited to those collected during the drafting process. This year's report has implemented the guiding principles of the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee and the Central Economic Work Conference, making detailed arrangements for the 14th Five-Year Plan period and clear requirements for the work ahead. Actually, the process of formulating the documents of the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee and the Central Economic Work Conference was a process of soliciting opinions widely. General Secretary Xi Jinping extensively took in views and suggestions by presiding over meetings of relevant departments, localities, and professional fields, and held a series of special symposiums before the two abovementioned meetings. The documents of the two meetings had gone through repeated opinion-soliciting before the formal versions were presented.

This year's report was drafted in accordance with the decisions of the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee and the Central Economic Work Conference, and fully reflects people's desires and their wisdom after soliciting extensive opinions from people of all walks of life. The drafting process can guarantee that we uphold the leadership of the CPC in the economic and social development of our country, and ensure that various measures are implemented following the people-centered development philosophy, and ensure that the government makes decisions in a sound, democratic and effective way. We can see significant institutional strengths from the drafting process of the report. Thank you.

Yicai:

The Report on the Work of the Government proposes to pursue a higher-standard of opening up. Will the opening of the financial market and capital accounts, as well as RMB internationalization remain your focus this year? What other measures will you take, and will the pace of opening up be changed? Thank you.

Sun Guojun:

Thank you for your question. According to the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, China will advance the internationalization of its RMB through prudent measures, adhere to market-driven policies and enterprises' independent choices, and build a new mutually beneficial and cooperative relationship based on the internationalization and free use of the RMB.

In recent years, China has taken steady steps to realize capital account convertibility and RMB internationalization and actively develop the open economy. At present, direct investment has opened relatively high, investment channels of cross-border securities have expanded, and restrictions on cross-border financing have significantly eased. Cross-border use of the RMB has continuously increased, and RMB assets have become more attractive. According to the IMF's latest data, the RMB is already the world's fifth-largest official reserve currency.

Next, we will implement the guiding principle of the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee and the Central Economic Work Conference, steadily promote the orderly opening of capital accounts, and take prudent measures to advance the internationalization of the RMB. Specifically speaking, we will serve the real economy, accelerate trade and investment liberalization and facilitation, optimize relevant policies on the use of the RMB, and strengthen infrastructure for RMB internationalization. We will pursue a high-quality and two-way opening of financial markets, facilitate an orderly two-way flow of cross-border capital, and foster the sound and coordinated development of domestic and foreign currencies as well as offshore and onshore markets. Thank you.

Red Star News:

Last year, the Chinese government released a series of policies to ensure stability on six fronts and security in six areas. What feedbacks did you receive from small and medium-sized enterprises when preparing the Report on the Work of the Government? How did those policies help them and what supporting policies, including policies regarding the alleviation of financial burden among MSMEs, will be extended this year? Thank you.

Sun Guojun:

I have mentioned this previously when answering questions regarding last year's macro policies and this year's policy focuses. Please let me add a couple of things. Last year, the difficulties rarely seen in history directly impacted Chinese MSMEs, as well as self-employed individuals, creating significant pressure. The macro policies of the central government helped them overcome these difficulties. Local authorities carried out a series of flexible policies according to practical needs, including reducing and waiving house rent to support MSMEs, as well as self-employed individuals. A sentence in the Report on the Work of the Government says, "Market entities, over one hundred million in number, responded to shocks with fortitude and resilience." All businesses have paid a lot; many of them didn't cut jobs, or only cut a small number of jobs, and made it through together with their employees. Last year was truly challenging both for the whole country and for every market entity. 

This year, in accordance with the deployment of the CPC Central Committee, we will continue to help market entities solve difficulties. Fiscal and monetary policies, and policies on employment and even reform all aim to stimulate business vitality, improve business environment, and provide further support to MSMEs, as well as self-employed individuals. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

Thank you to our speakers, and also to all the friends of the press. That's all for today's press conference. Goodbye, everyone.

Translated and edited by Yang Xi, Li Xiao, Wang Qian, Zhu Bochen, He Shan, Liu Jianing, Lin Liyao, Fan Junmei, Zhang Tingting, Huang Shan, Xu Xiaoxuan, Li Huiru, Guo Yiming, Liu Sitong, David Ball, Jay Birbeck, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speakers: 

Guo Shuqing, chairman of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission

Zhao Huan, chairman of China Development Bank

Gu Shu, chairman of the Agricultural Bank of China

Luo Xi, chairman of the People's Insurance Company of China

Song Shuguang, chairman of China Export & Credit Insurance Corporation

Chairperson: 

Shou Xiaoli, deputy head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office (SCIO) and spokesperson of the SCIO

Date: 

March 2, 2021

Shou Xiaoli:

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to the press conference of the State Council Information Office. The fifth plenary session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) made it clear that China will promote high-quality development. The high-quality development of the banking and insurance sectors is of great significance in achieving high-quality economic and social development. Today, we are pleased to invite Mr. Guo Shuqing, chairman of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, to brief you on issues regarding promoting the high-quality development of the banking and insurance sectors, and field questions. We also have with us Mr. Zhao Huan, chairman of China Development Bank; Mr. Gu Shu, chairman of the Agricultural Bank of China; Mr. Luo Xi, chairman of the People's Insurance Company of China; and Mr. Song Shuguang, chairman of China Export & Credit Insurance Corporation. Next, I will give the floor to Mr. Guo. 

Guo Shuqing:

Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, comrades and friends, good morning. First of all, on behalf of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission (CBIRC), and all the chairmen present at today's press conference, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to friends from the media who have been supporting the reform and development of the banking and insurance sectors for a long time. I hope you all enjoyed the Chinese New Year and are doing well.

Faced with the severe and complex domestic and international situations in 2020, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, the CBIRC and the entire banking and insurance sectors resolutely implemented the decisions and deployments of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. We have been enhancing the Party's political building as the overarching principle; strengthening our consciousness of the need to maintain political integrity, think in big-picture terms, follow the leadership core, and keep in alignment with the central Party leadership; staying confident in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics; upholding General Secretary Xi Jinping's core position on the CPC Central Committee and in the CPC as a whole, and upholding the CPC Central Committee's authority and its centralized and unified leadership. Under the command of the Financial Stability and Development Committee of the State Council, we have risen to the challenges and acted proactively, remained committed to the general principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability, pursued supply-side structural reform as our main task, resolutely worked to win the battle to forestall and defuse financial risks, and strived to advance the modernization of the financial governance system and capabilities. Solid progress has been made in various tasks. 

First, we have contributed to the rapid recovery of the national economy which shifted from stagnation or decline to normal growth. Since the COVID-19 outbreak began, we have put people and life first and immediately formulated a series of policies and measures to ensure an overall victory in the battle against the virus, including issuing a total of 5.3 trillion yuan in special emergency credit bonds and completing relevant insurance payments of more than 500 million yuan. By the end of 2020, outstanding RMB loans rose by 19.6 trillion yuan from the beginning of the year, and we extended the repayment of principal and interest on loans of 6.6 trillion yuan in total. Emergency loans of 24.27 billion yuan were issued in five pilot provinces and cities. We have achieved the target of making interest concessions of 1.5 trillion yuan to boost the real economy throughout the year. Our actions have strongly supported the resumption of work and production, helping to ensure stability on the six fronts (employment, finance, foreign trade, inbound investment, domestic investment, and market expectations), and maintain security in the six areas (jobs, daily living needs, food and energy, industrial and supply chains, the interests of market players, and the smooth functioning of grassroots government). Manufacturing loans increased by 2.2 trillion yuan throughout the year, exceeding the total of the previous five years; 5.7 trillion yuan flowed into private enterprises, up 1.5 trillion yuan over the previous year; and health insurance spending stood at 292.1 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 24.2%. We have kept 1.57 trillion yuan as long-term health protection reserves stashed away against future risks. We also actively helped win the battle against poverty. Over the past three years, a total of 9.2 trillion yuan of targeted poverty alleviation loans have been issued nationwide, and a total of 3.5 trillion yuan has been provided via agricultural poverty alleviation insurance. We have actively participated in the battle against pollution, and the green credit balance of 21 major banks stood at 11.5 trillion yuan by the end of 2020.

Second, digital transformation contributed to the development of inclusive finance. The banking and insurance sectors have accelerated product and service innovation to promote the transformation and upgrading of the national economy. According to reports from relevant international organizations, China's inclusive financial services have met international standards, with electronic payments, digital credit and online insurance leading the world. In 2020, banking institutions and insurance institutions invested a total of 207.8 billion and 35.1 billion yuan in information technology respectively, representing year-on-year increases of 20% and 27%. The five largest banks have established special fintech companies, which has significantly enhanced the availability and convenience of financial services. For example, giving full play to its advantages in technology and data, China Construction Bank implemented process re-engineering to facilitate lending to small and micro enterprises. It also established a "quick loans for micro and small enterprises" online business model, and innovated a series of exclusive service solutions for inclusive finance. At the end of 2020, the national inclusive loans to small and micro enterprises stood at 15.3 trillion yuan, with a growth rate of over 30%. For the five largest banks, growth was 54.8%. Basic financial services have been extended to all administrative villages. The serious disease insurance scheme has covered 1.13 billion urban and rural residents.

Third, decisive achievements have been made in the battle to forestall and defuse financial risks. As regards the tasks and requirements put forward by General Secretary Xi Jinping at the Central Economic Work Conference at the end of 2016 and the 2017 National Financial Work Conference, risks to the banking and insurance sectors have been gradually constrained, and several major potential pitfalls and problems have been avoided. We have held the bottom line and fended off systemic risks. First, the financial leverage ratio has dropped significantly, and the blind expansion of financial assets has been fundamentally curbed. From 2017 to 2020, the average annual growth rates of total assets in the banking and insurance sectors were 8.3% and 11.4%, respectively, roughly half of the average annual growth rate from 2009 to 2016. The proportion of interbank assets idling within the financial system has also dropped significantly. Second, solid progress has been made in the identification and disposal of non-performing assets in the banking industry. We disposed of 8.8 trillion yuan of non-performing loans from 2017 to 2020, exceeding the total of the previous 12 years. Third, shadow banking has been dismantled in an orderly manner, dropping by about 20 trillion yuan from its historical peak. Fourth, financial crimes have been severely punished and the risks of illegal financial groups have been gradually defused. A large number of illegal fundraising cases have been dealt with in an orderly manner, and online financial risks have been well addressed. Fifth, with timely and effective response to external risks, we ensured that the financial system maintained strong resilience. Sixth, the financialization and bubbles in real estate have been curbed. The growth rate of real estate loans in 2020 was lower than that of various other loans for the first time in eight years. Seventh, the incremental risk over the hidden debt of local governments has been basically controlled, and we have been pressing ahead with the resolution of existing risks in an orderly manner. Eighth, the debt risks of large- and medium-sized enterprises have been handled steadily. By the end of 2020, a total of 20,000 creditors' committees had been established nationwide; the country had implemented 1.6 trillion yuan in debt-to-equity swaps according to market-oriented and law-based rule, and more than 500 large- and medium-sized enterprises had implemented joint credit granting pilot projects.

Fourth, we have fostered a positive atmosphere of strict supervision and regulation. Through unswervingly enforcing full and strict discipline over the Party and combating corruption in the financial sector, we have strengthened supervision and enforced discipline. A batch of corrupt officials who colluded with businessmen and committed embezzlement have been brought to justice. We have rigorously implemented regulations relating to separation between public and private interests, and assignment avoidance, and have increased supervision and accountability. A total of 164 people working in the banking and insurance regulatory sector received disciplinary punishment in 2020. We have accelerated supervision improvement and plugged loopholes in the system. A total of 61 items of supervision rules were completed in 2020. We have addressed disorder with severe punishment and maintained a tough position on violation punishment and accountability. We punished 3,178 banks and insurance institutions for violating laws and regulations, penalized 4,554 liable persons and confiscated a total of 2.28 billion yuan in 2020. We have resolved financial disputes through multiple means. We repaid and compensated 17.7 billion yuan to consumers, thus guaranteeing the legitimate rights and interests of financial consumers. 

Fifth, the corporate governance of banks and insurance institutions with Chinese characteristics has improved step by step. We treated enhancing corporate governance as a focal point in transforming the systems and mechanisms of banks and insurance institutions. Following the consensus reached at the 2016 Hangzhou G20 Summit, we endeavored to carry out effective implementation of the G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance and urged to integrate the leadership of the Party into corporate governance. We should guarantee the Party's role at the core of leadership through mechanisms like cross appointment and integrating intra-Party supervision into corporate regulations. Banks and insurance institutions have established organizational structures containing shareholders meetings, boards of directors, board of supervisors and senior management. We have strengthened the penetrating supervision of major shareholders and conducted rectification work on related-party transactions. Currently, China's commercial banking system has been optimized with sufficient market competition. The operational efficiency of China's four large-scale commercial banks has approached the advanced level of international counterparts and overtaken many others in aspects like labor productivity, cost-income ratio, profitability, and scientific and technological innovation. The large-scale insurance companies have sufficient capital, being well-matched with counterparts in the U.S., Europe and Japan. 

Sixth, the reform and opening up in the banking and insurance sectors keeps deepening. We have deepened reform of small and medium-sized banks and steadily improved their ability to ward off risks. Specific local government bonds totaling 200 billion yuan have been issued to increase the capital supply for small and medium-sized banks. We have deepened reforms on using of insurance funds and pricing mechanisms for commercial vehicle and accident insurance; promoted commercial pension schemes reform and health insurance development; channeled long-term funds, such as wealth management products, insurance and trust assets into supporting capital market development. We have continuously advanced opening-up measures and achieved desirable effects. We have given approval to foreign banks and insurers to set up more than 100 institutions in China since 2018. Some leading international institutions in wealth management, commercial insurance, credit rating and other fields have entered the Chinese market by means of establishing wholly foreign-owned institutions, holding controlling stakes and holding shares. Foreign institutions have become much more enthusiastic to make investments in Chinese financial market. 

The year 2021 is the first year of China's 14th Five-Year Plan period. CBIRC will stick to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era; implement the guiding principles of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee and the Central Economic Work Conference held in December; promote fostering of a new development paradigm by making breakthroughs in high-quality development of banking and insurance sectors. We will make efforts in the following aspects: first, we will improve systems and mechanisms facilitating financial institutions to support the real economy efficiently and provide targeted support to key areas and key industries, including those conducive to China's self-reliance in science and technology, advanced manufacturing, private enterprises, small and micro businesses, rural vitalization and green development. Second, we will deepen the supply-side structural reform in financial sector, and adopt the customer-centered and market-oriented philosophy, incubate more professionally-competent and specialized financial institutions, develop more banking products to meet people's needs, and advance the regulated development of the commercial endowment insurance - the third pillar in China's three pillar pension system and other insurance services. Third, we will treat risk prevention as the eternal theme of the financial sector. There will be no let-up in our efforts to monitor and defuse various financial risks, strengthen the rule of law in the sector, and improve long-term mechanisms in this regard. Fourth, we will maintain a fair market environment, reinforce anti-monopoly and prevent capital from expanding in a disorderly fashion, and guarantee financial innovation is conducted under prudent supervision. Fifth, we will carry out deeper reforms of the financial market and institutions, advance financial opening-up to a higher-level, facilitate flows of relevant factors, and invigorate market vitality. Sixth, we will stick to comprehensively enforcing strict Party self-governance and fight corruption in the financial sector, strengthen internal management and self-improvement, and cultivate a supervision team who are loyal to the Party and people, have moral integrity, and demonstrate a keen sense of responsibility. Through our earnest efforts, we will do solid work and realize a good start in the beginning of the 14th Five-Year Plan period and celebrate the CPC's centenary with remarkable achievements. 

That's all for my introduction. Now, my colleagues and I are willing to answer your questions. Thank you. 

Shou Xiaoli:

Thank you, Mr. Guo. The floor is open for questions. Please identify your news outlet before asking question. Thank you.

CCTV:

My question is for Mr. Guo. Last year was the concluding year of the campaign of preventing and defusing financial risks. My question is, what key progress has we made over the past three years? What's the next step of financial risk prevention and control? You have pointed out that real estate has become the most daunting "grey rhino" among China's financial risks, so what's your opinion on the current risk in this regard? Are there new measures to be rolled out this year? All the banks have accelerated digitalized transformation over the past two years. My question is, what kind of challenges has digitalization brought on supervision? What kind of risks should we focus on during the process? Thank you. 

Guo Shuqing:

Thank you. Your questions are all very good, but actually you put forward seven or eight ones. I can not take up too much time, and will answer them briefly and give more chances to other reporters and my colleagues. 

To prevent and defuse financial risks, the top priority for banking and insurance industries is to follow the requirements of the CPC Central Committee and cut high leverage in the financial system. The financial system witnessed a long period of rapid growth. Then between 2017 and 2020, the annual average growth rate of the total assets in the banking and insurance industries dropped to relatively low levels, with that of the banking sector down to 8.3%, and the insurance sector down to 11.4%, roughly half the growth rates between 2009 and 2016. The share of interbank assets circulating within the financial sector without entering into the real economy has decreased noticeably. This is a remarkable achievement and is also crucial for the banking and financial systems to run in a smooth manner and keep financial risks under control.  

Moreover, the banking sector has stepped up efforts to dispose of non-performing assets. Disposal of non-performing loans in the banking sector over the past four years, which was mentioned just now, equals the same amount as the previous 12 years combined. 

Third, the "shadow banking" sector has been dismantled in an orderly manner. The "shadow banking" industry was large in the past and the essence of the shadow banking business such as investment, wealth management, or peer-to-peer lending is credit. It provides credit business like banks but operates outside banking regulations. For example, a bank must maintain enough capital but these [shadow banking] platforms operate without being subject to any requirement for capital, regulations, or market restraints, which will consequently lead to serious problems. The shadow banking sector has contracted by about 20 trillion yuan, which makes the overall financial system healthier and more stable.  

Moreover, financial crimes have been severely punished and risks of illegal financial groups have been gradually defused, with a large number of illegal fundraising cases being dealt with in an orderly manner. Sound progress has been made in these areas.

Regarding the housing issue that you asked about, I would like to say that the risk of a real estate bubble and financialization of the sector is still acute. However, last year, the growth rate in the number of loans channeled into the real estate sector has, for the very first time, dropped to a level lower than the average growth rate of credit. This is a hard-won achievement. We are confident that problems in the real estate sector will be solved gradually. We are ramping up efforts to put a series of measures in place. Some of you may have noticed that many cities have rolled out city-specific real estate control policies to keep land prices, housing prices, and market expectation stable and ensure that housing problems will be tackled step by step. As I also mentioned, the problem of "the gray rhino," i.e. people buy homes not for living in but for investment or speculation, is very dangerous. By owning so many properties, they stand the chance of suffering huge losses in terms of personal assets once the property market goes down. Moreover, they may not be able to repay their mortgage loans and banks may not be able to take back loan principles and interest accordingly, which will lead to economic chaos. Therefore, it is necessary for us to promote the steady and healthy development of the real estate market in a proactive and prudent manner. Thank you.

MNI:

Compared with major Western economies, China has taken the lead in normalizing its policy, especially its monetary policy. What impact will the difference in policy pace between China and other countries have on China's policy and its market? Many are concerned that capital inflows and asset bubbles could lead to imported inflation. Do you see any reason for such concern? Thank you.

Guo Shuqing:

This is a really good question, and many others also have the same concern. The COVID-19 pandemic has represented a shock for the world's economy which is generally in a downward spiral. China experienced economic headwinds last year with its economy hit hardest in the first and second quarters. In the third and fourth quarters, China's economy began to return to normal but the annual economic growth rate dropped significantly compared to that of the previous years. Developed European and American countries, countries that are severely affected by the pandemic, and some developing countries all adopted proactive fiscal policies and ultra-loose monetary policies. We understand these macroeconomic policies are necessary for stabilizing the economy but we should take more consideration of the force and consequences of these measures, which have side effects that have started to show gradually. First, the financial markets are trading at high levels in Europe, the U.S. and other developed countries, which runs counter to the real economy. The financial market should be a reflection of the real economy. Problems will occur if the performance of the financial market and real economy become too different, and the financial markets will be forced to make adjustments sooner or later. So we are worried about the financial market, especially the possibility that foreign financial asset bubbles may burst one day.

Second, China's economy is closely intertwined with other countries as the economy has become highly globalized. After the increase in liquidity, the volume of foreign capital that flows into China will increase noticeably, which has been the case. China's economy is still recovering, and the prices of assets are appealing, with a larger interest rate spread compared with that of other countries. In this regard, it is inevitable to see foreign capital inflows. For now, the size and speed of foreign capital inflows remain controllable. On the one hand, we have been studying how to put more effective measures in place to encourage cross-border capital flows at an increasingly open level, while not causing huge fluctuations in the domestic financial market on the other hand. We are confident that we are able to do the job well.

CRI:

The pandemic spread across the globe in 2020. Foreign trade companies are facing severe difficulties due to a sharp decline in global trade. What measures have been adopted in the banking and insurance industries to support the resumption of work and production, and stabilize the overall performance of foreign trade? Thank you.

Guo Shuqing:

Our export situation was better than expected last year. Due to the global economic slowdown, there was no sharp decline in demand for China's products compared to previous years. Some countries even increase their imports from China. So our export situation is quite good. We've rarely seen such a big surplus in trade, which is inconsistent with the trends of the previous years, and this was aided by the special situation. Concerning this, my colleague Mr. Song, who is proficient in export credit insurance, may understand the situation better.

Song Shuguang:

Since the outbreak of COVID-19 early last year, General Secretary Xi Jinping has underscored the vital role of export credit insurance on three occasions. Over the past year, SINOSURE has fully implemented the guiding principles of General Secretary Xi's remarks as well as the decisions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. Under the guidance of CBIRC and other relevant departments, our company has actively enforced policies and made contributions to ensure stability on six fronts and security in six areas. During the initial outbreak, we rolled out ten measures to address the urgent need to import medical supplies in the fight against COVID-19. We also published 23 phased and extraordinary measures to ensure stability in foreign trade, increasing our support in six aspects that covered underwriting, compensation, and service. The work has delivered positive results, and progressed as follows:

First, we further increased the coverage of export credit insurance. In light of growing external risks, we carried out active underwriting policies. Last year, SINOSURE underwrote over US$700 billion worth of insured businesses, up 15% year on year, and much higher than the export growth rate. We supported exports worth US$580 billion, accounting for 22% of the total volume of exports — much higher than the average global growth. Last year, we served 147,000 clients, including more than 40,000 new clients, up by 58%, which maintained around 15 million export-related jobs. 

Second, we gave firm support to our clients in major markets and industries. SINOSURE has actively promoted progress made at the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation and strengthened the cooperation of the third-party market. Last year, our company fully supported exports and investments to countries along the Belt and Road, with a combined business volume of over US$150 billion. SINOSURE has underwritten more insured businesses with the U.S., supporting exports to the U.S. worth over US$50 billion, up by 13%. We also formulated tailored underwriting policies for electronic information and home appliance industries, giving priority to protecting leading companies with global influence and key links, to better serve the smooth operation of industrial chains and supply chains. Last year, we supported the trade volume of the electronic information industry, which exceeded US$100 billion, up by 23%. As for the risks resulting from canceling orders or refusing to accept goods and to pay, our company increased support to guarantee sales for companies before the export, underwriting 3.4 times more than the year before in this insured business .

Third, we effectively mitigated difficulties faced by companies in accessing financing. We combined the export credit insurance risk management mechanism with the financing services of banks. The major works fall into three aspects. First, our company worked together with 167 domestic and foreign banks to provide premium financing services for foreign trade enterprises as well as tailored products. For example, we worked together to roll out the Credit Insurance Financing project to provide premium financing services for micro and small-sized companies. The service offered affordable interest rates and gives companies access to financing through an online review process without requiring a mortgage. Second, our company utilized refinancing and interest subsidy policies. Some of our funds were allocated to micro and small-sized foreign trade companies, which delivered positive results, especially in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai. Third, SINOSURE worked with governments and banks to establish 53 platforms nationwide for financing. Last year, SINOSURE supported companies to obtain financing, with a combined figure of 310 billion yuan, including 196 billion yuan for short-term export credit insurance, up by 34%, supporting over 4,800 companies.

Fourth, we created new services for micro and small-sized companies. Over the past two years, SINOSURE has sped up its digital transformation and upgraded its database for global companies and banks, allowing companies to access the information of 200 million overseas companies and 60 million Chinese companies. On that basis, we developed several products to serve micro and small-sized companies. First, we developed the product "alarm sensor" for micro and small-sized companies to collect information about risks and threats in a bid to support them to avoid risks and accept orders. Second, we developed the product "navigation system" for micro and small-sized companies to expand to new markets and accept new orders with the support of our database on international trade. Third, we offered professional and convenient training services for micro and small-sized companies. We then selected 1,000 micro and small-sized companies that focused on the new generation of information technology, high-end equipment manufacturing, new energy and new materials, and other industries and provided them training to help them grow. In 2020, SINOSURE served more than 100,000 micro and small-sized companies, covering 36% of the micro and small-sized companies with export businesses. SINOSURE's insurance for exports from micro and small-sized companies stood at nearly US$100 billion, up by 41%. And the claims paid to those enterprises totaled US$120 million, up by 28%. In addition, the average premium rate for micro and small-sized companies dropped by 35%, offering more benefits to those companies.

Fifth, we actively help companies to prevent and respond to risks. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, SINOSURE has taken measures in the following aspects. First, we continued to publish information on trade-restricting policies across the world to inform companies. Due to the outbreak, many countries have adjusted their trade policies, including trade-restricting policies. So we published information about these policies and other industry information from major countries to inform our companies of risks. Second, we published reports on country risk ratings, evaluating country risk and sovereign credit risk of 192 countries and regions across the world to provide a reference for companies. Third, we helped companies retrieve their losses. Via over 300 channels, SINOSURE helped companies avoid defaulting, which saved nearly US$4 billion and retrieved losses worth US$300 million. In addition, we opened a "green channel" for companies to receive compensation and eased conditions to ensure companies were able to receive compensation efficiently. Last year, claims paid to enterprises totaled US$1.8 billion, up by 32%. The average time for the closure of short-term export credit insurance was cut sharply by 41%, marking a record low.

All in all, faced with complex environment of foreign trade and unprecedented risks and challenges, SINOSURE, as a policy-oriented financial institution, played a unique role in preventing risks, promoting financing, and ensuring stability in foreign trade and employment, contributing to the support of China's foreign trade and bucking the trend of recession. Thanks. 

Guo Shuqing:

Sorry to interrupt. I think Mr. Song answered your question very well. They did a very good job last year. Under the pressures of the worst pandemic for a century, they supported businesses, especially micro and small businesses, in their foreign trade by underwriting 22% of China's exports. It was, of course, a measure under special conditions. Normally, people may wonder if the measure was a special support given by the government, and if it abides by the WTO rules or the rules of fair trade. I see a lot of foreign journalists here today, so I'd like to ask you this question for them.

Song Shuguang:

Export credit insurance is a tool to promote exports and overseas investment permitted under the WTO rules. Our company has been doing business under the WTO's requirements. Our three major goals are to effectively serve national strategies, support the development of enterprises and ensure financial sustainability.

Nikkei:

When speaking with the media last August, Mr. Guo, you said there would be intensified efforts to dispose of non-performing loans (NPLs) in 2021. How do you see the current situation of NPLs in the banking sector? Have you made any specific plans to dispose of those loans? Thank you.

Guo Shuqing:

We will continue with our efforts to dispose of NPLs. Every year, we see approximately 12% net growth in loans. Last year was special as we saw a faster growth rate in loans. But the growth rate was still under 13%. From this, you can see that we hadn't adopted an overly relaxed monetary policy. After the COVID-19 outbreak, the productions and operations of some companies were abnormal and they faced difficulty in repaying their loans. A considerable number of enterprises may even face bankruptcy restructuring or bankruptcy liquidation, and even less ability to repay the loans. This is why the rise in NLPs is an inevitable trend. In 2020, we already started to increase our efforts to dispose of non-performing loans, with 3.02 trillion yuan in non-performing assets disposed of for the year. We have yet to set any definite goals for this year, and are communicating with banks to see their respective conditions. We might need to dispose of more NPLs this year and some may extend to next year as some are long-term loans. However, we have confidence and the capacity to dispose of those loans. While intensifying our efforts, we should seek steady progress to ensure that the impact of NPLs disposal is within the capacity of the economy and the banking system. For this question, I think bank chairmen can give you an authoritative response. Mr. Gu Shu, would you like to answer this question? Mr. Gu is now the chairman of Agricultural Bank of China (ABC) and used to be the president of the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC). So, he is quite familiar with the situations of both banks.

Gu Shu:

I'd like to give you some figures to support Mr. Guo's words. Reducing credit risk has long been a major part of our risk prevention and control efforts. Currently, we have credit assets of 15 trillion yuan. In recent years, under the direction of CBIRC, the Agricultural Bank of China has continued to increase its effort to dispose of NPLs. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, we disposed of a relatively high number of NPLs and maintained stability in our credit assets. As Mr. Guo just said, the banking system disposed of over 3 trillion yuan in NPLs last year. Our bank is a public company, so I'm not in a position to tell the exact number here today, but the scale of our NPLs disposals matches our position in the banking system. So, my first point is that we have intensified our efforts in disposing of NPLs and maintained stability in regards to our credit assets.

Second, despite the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of economic fluctuations, the asset management capacity of Chinese commercial banks is improving. Take the Agricultural Bank of China as an example. We have adopted very strict definitions regarding NPLs. According to the regulation, loans are considered non-performing if the borrower is 90 days past due. But in our definition, corporate loans are considered non-performing if the borrower is 20 days past due, in order to increase our foresightedness in asset management. Our bank's NPLs ratio was relatively high for some time, but it has already dropped to the average level of our counterparts. The end of this month is a critical point as the Central Bank, last year, extended the repayment of principal and interest of small business loans to March 31, 2021. We have been recently following the asset quality of those loans. As far as we know, those loans have a higher NPL ratio than other loans but are still under our control. According to our statistics, there is a risk that the NPL ratio may rebound. However, we believe that the risk is controllable under the direction of CBIRC and the concerted efforts of our staff.

That's all. Thank you.

Guo Shuqing:

I'd like to make an explanation here. He said he is not in a position to tell you the exact number of NPLs. However, that number will be announced in accordance with the banks' rules as a public company. Some other information will also be disclosed, such as the level of remuneration of senior executives. So please feel free to ask him any questions. The socialist economic system and market economy system with Chinese characteristics have many similarities with the market economy system and financial system in Western countries. We disclose information about our capital funds, competition, labor productivity, and cost-to-income ratio. Our cost-to-income ratio is less than half of the banks in Europe and the United States. The main reason is that our salaries are relatively low. China is still a developing country. We need to take taxes, dividends paid to our shareholders, and other contributions such as poverty alleviation as well as our social responsibilities into account. Large banks in China need to assume many responsibilities, but our counterparts in other countries don't. We follow the same business and sustainability principles but our national condition is different from Western countries. Thank you.

The Paper:

During the Spring Festival, new data about the birthrate in China drew wide attention, and many are worried that China's aging population may affect its economic sustainability. What kind of long-term and institutional arrangements will China's banking and insurance sector make regarding its participation in improving the social security system and developing the old-age insurance system? Thank you.

Guo Shuqing:

What you've asked is very important. China is a developing country and an emerging market economy, but it didn't take long for China to become an aging society. Currently, more than 12% of China's total population are aged 65 and over. This figure is much lower than Japan and Europe. It is also lower than that of the U.S., which is about 16%. Nevertheless, according to experts' analysis, China may surpass the U.S. in this regard pretty soon. Therefore, aging populating is indeed a big challenge for China. We have been doing research on many aspects. A couple of days ago, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security held a press conference and briefed on the issue. It said that relevant measures will be adopted, including raising the retirement age. In contrast with the past, people nowadays are not willing to have more children, and this is a big challenge. We will also take other measures, including developing the third pillar of old-age insurance. The Central Economic Work Conference made specific arrangements on the issue, urging regulation of the development of commercial endowment insurance, more commonly referred to as the third pillar of China's pension system. Mr. Luo will give more information in this regard.

Luo Xi:

Thank you for your question. This is an issue of public concern among the media and society. As we know, China has entered an era of high life expectancy, and it faces the challenge of an aging population. Just now, Mr. Guo introduced the situation. The large number of China's aging population, the country's fast speed into an aging society, as well as the arduous tasks it has for elderly care have been rarely seen in the world. Compared with some developed countries, China's pension system is relatively complete. More than 1 billion people have been covered by basic old-age insurance, which has basically achieved full coverage. The system of enterprise annuities, occupational annuities, and group annuities is developing gradually. Despite the small proportion these types of annuities take, they have been developed for over ten years. The development of personal pension has been rather slow, and the proportion it takes in China is much smaller than in Western developed countries.

General Secretary Xi Jinping made deployments on the issue at the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee and the Central Economic Work Conference. The State Council also held many meetings last year to study the issue. CBIRC conducted extensive research and formulated relevant policies and implementation plans. These efforts have sped up and strengthened the development of the third pillar of old-age insurance amid relevant reform and innovation efforts.

Compared with the first two pillars of old-age insurance, the third pillar has different functions and distinctive features. First, it provides a channel for personal pensions for high-income groups. Second, it provides a commercial guarantee of old-age care for employees of new business models and multiple working ways. Third, via the long-term funds for elderly care, we can promote the healthy development of the capital market, including cross-cyclical investment. There are more short-term investments and less long-term cross-cyclical investments in China. Thus, pension funds, especially commercial pension funds, can greatly promote the healthy development of the capital market once they enter into it.

In accordance with the deployments being made by CBIRC, The People's Insurance Company of China (PICC) has made some proactive efforts regarding the issue.

First, the PICC has proactively been introducing products of commercial endowment insurance. Through traditional life insurance products, nearly 330 billion yuan has been stashed away for people on elderly care and life insurance. In response to the deployments of CBIRC, we have been working to develop old-age insurance products which are suitable for the elderly of all income groups. In cities such as Shanghai, Fujian, and Suzhou, we have introduced tax-deferred personal commercial pension insurance. As the taxation is still insufficient, we suggest that the government make comprehensive considerations from multiple aspects and increase tax exemption appropriately. In addition, we took the lead and attempted to introduce reverse mortgages pension insurance in 29 cities. Traditionally, Chinese people are used to owning their own houses. How should people be financially prepared for elderly care when they get old? We have been proactively making attempts in this regard and opening a channel for them.

Second, the PICC has been actively introducing long-term care insurance, in a bid to address the nursing care issue of elderly people and those with disabilities and dementia. In 2020, the PICC established 96 long-term care insurance programs, providing services for some 42 million people. We have been actively working on these insurance services in all provinces and cities.

Third, the PICC has been proactively developing the pension industry. We have given full play to the advantages of long-term pension funds, established a PICC investment fund of senior care industry, and focused on the investment of senior care industries such as long-term care providers and comprehensive care providers for the senior. We have explored new insurance models of elderly care and launched the development of multi-layered elderly-care communities, in which elderly people have access to insurance, hospitals, and elderly care services for their various needs. The PICC is China's largest health insurance company, and we are also cooperating with some well-established global health insurance companies, in order to introduce some good business models into China.

Fourth, the PICC has actively participated in managing the funds of pension insurance. The amount of enterprise annuities and occupational annuities managed by the PICC has reached 250 billion yuan, more than twice the amount of last year. The rate of return of our business last year exceeded 10%, which played a good role in maintaining and increasing the value of our pension assets. 

The financial reform of pensions is crucial in coping with the aging society. The PICC will resolutely put into practice the deployments being made by the CPC Central Committee and work under the unified guidance of CBIRC, further giving full play to commercial insurance's role in pension risk protection and long-term fund management. The PICC will participate in developing a multi-layered and "multi-pillar" pension insurance system, accelerate the development of commercial pension products, and help develop the third pillar of old-age insurance. The PICC will make innovations on products and services, working to meet people's diversified needs on old-age care and make contributions in extending adequate old-age support. Thank you.

Bloomberg:

There is a question regarding fintech that I would like to ask Mr. Guo. What role should Ant Group's fintech company have in the domestic financial market? Are there any businesses that are not suitable for them? Thank you.

Guo Shuqing:

Thank you for the questions. Both domestic and foreign media are very concerned about the issue and have published quite a few reports. I believe you are well-informed about the situation. Four financial authorities (the People's Bank of China (PBOC), the CBIRC, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC), and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE)) have carried out regulatory talks with Ant Group's top executives, and released update of their discussions in a timely manner. Pan Gongsheng, deputy head of the PBOC, has also made remarks on the issue.

China takes leads the world in online platforms' provision of financial services, in terms of both scale and scope. Much positive progress has been made, especially in digital credit and digital insurance to micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, among other services. Many innovations have been rolled out, and we encourage innovation.

But at the same time, we require that all forms of financial services, without exception, should be regulated in accordance with the relevant laws, rules, and regulations. For example, CBIRC recently released a notice on regulating commercial banks' internet loan businesses. According to the notice, when commercial banks jointly contribute funds to issue internet loans with a partner, the proportion of capital from the partner in a loan should not be less than 30%. It also set out requirements on the proportion of the balance of internet loans from a bank to its net worth. A one-year grace period was given to ensure steady implementation of the requirements.

We also encourage the development of private online banks, such as MYbank under Ant Financial Services Group, WeBank under Tencent, and another one based in Sichuan province. But the operation of these banks must be regulated in accordance with financial rules. We don't think of these as constraints on their business. But all their businesses, such as insurance, trust, leasing and other financial services, should comply with the rules of the financial sector. I believe those institutions will meet the requirements and achieve more healthy development. Thank you.

Phoenix TV:

Mr. Guo, we noticed that the U.S. administration has imposed sanctions on some Chinese companies and individuals. What's the impact of the sanctions on China's financial market and system? Where do Chinese financial regulators stand and what measures will be taken in response to the sanctions? In addition, what new steps will be introduced this year to advance the opening-up of the financial sector? How will the security review mechanism on foreign investment affect the investment of foreign financial institutions in China? Thank you.

Guo Shuqing:

Every country has its own sovereignty. This is a long-established consensus among the international community. Both China and the U.S. are sovereign countries, and we all have our own sovereignty. Therefore, financial institutions in China must be regulated in accordance with Chinese rules, just as financial institutions in the U.S. must follow U.S. rules. The U.S. has interfered a lot in Chinese internal affairs, which we think is groundless and unreasonable. We firmly oppose such interference. CBIRC as well as China's banking and insurance system as a whole will never act in accordance with U.S. laws and regulations. We must implement China's laws and regulations. Financial institutions in Hong Kong, including Chinese-funded institutions and foreign-funded institutions, must conform to Hong Kong's laws and regulations. We will not implement the U.S. sanctions, and we firmly oppose such sanctions, which are totally non-binding. However, we are willing to cooperate with American financial institutions, companies in all sectors, and intermediary agencies. In fact, China's opening-up has been advanced at a fast pace. As I mentioned just now, over the past three years, we have approved the establishment of more than 100 foreign banking and insurance institutions in China. For example, German insurer Allianz was approved to set up a 100% foreign-owned subsidiary in China; Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank and Bank of China jointly established a wealth management subsidiary; the largest asset management company BlackRock cooperated with China Construction Bank in pension fund management; and British multinational asset management company Schroders is cooperating with the Bank of Communications. Up to now, we have approved the establishment of 25 wealth management subsidiaries. Many are in cooperation with foreign capital. We welcome more foreign investment, no matter if it's in the form of sole proprietorship or joint ventures. Many of the examples I gave now are joint ventures. This year, we will continue to consider expanding cooperation in these areas and further lowering the threshold for foreign investment to ensure they receive the same treatment as Chinese-funded institutions. In fact, no field is not opening up.

There is concern among the domestic public, including some officials and intellectuals, that foreign capital may bring about disruption and damage to China's financial market. As far as we know, foreign-funded institutions generally observe Chinese laws in their operations. The amount of their total assets, loans and deposits in the Chinese market is on the rise, but the proportion is in decline. For example, foreign-funded banks now account for only 1% of China's banking industry, down from 1.3% and 1.4% before. Their market competitiveness is limited. Foreign-funded insurance companies account for about 6%, higher than that of the banks, but their influence is also limited. Therefore, we continue to encourage foreign financial institutions to enter the Chinese market for common development. Thank you.

China Daily:

This year marks the start of the 14th Five-Year Plan. What measures are the banking and insurance sectors taking in terms of serving innovation-driven strategies, developing technological finance and supporting strategic emerging industries? What do you plan to do next? Thank you.

Guo Shuqing:

I would like to invite Mr. Zhao Huan, chairman of CDB, to talk about this issue. As we have just discussed, the development bank is involved in development finance. It is very courageous, doing business that others haven't, so its development business is pioneering. However, since the investment risks in the technology and innovation industries are very high, I asked him about how to manage the risks of investment loans. Since we do not have special policies for CDB, it has to achieve business sustainability on its own terms. So, I'd like to invite Mr. Zhao to answer this question.

Zhao Huan:

Thank you for your question. And thank you Mr. Guo for providing this opportunity to introduce the current situation, which demonstrates how development finance has served science and technology innovation and innovation-driven development.

In recent years, in order to implement the new development concepts, under the guidance and support of CBIRC and other departments, CDB has vigorously developed technological finance and served innovation-driven development, achieving positive results.

First, we have given our full support to major science and technology innovation projects. In 2020, we issued a total of 149.4 billion yuan in loans to support science and technology, which is an increase of 23% year on year. We have served a series of major scientific and technological projects, in such areas as integrated circuits and commercial aircraft, assisting new breakthrough achievements in core technologies within key areas.

Second, we have actively supported the development of strategic emerging industries and advanced manufacturing industries. In 2020, we issued 330.4 billion yuan in loans to strategic emerging industries, and issued 265.9 billion yuan in medium- and long-term loans to manufacturing industries, representing an increase of 37% year on year, which is a record high.

Third, we have vigorously supported investment in the integrated circuit industry. CDB's subsidiary companies have successfully completed the first phase investment for the national integrated circuit industry investment fund, and supported the rapid development of key enterprises in the integrated circuits industry, with the investment achieving a remarkable economic effect. We have been operating on a market-oriented basis. Last year, the value of technology companies increased significantly, and the funding investment also achieved a significant economic effect. The market-oriented operation was very successful. At the same time, we have also participated in setting up the second phase investment for the national integrated circuit industry investment fund, and raised a total of 200 billion yuan. The fund has now entered the investment phase.

This year marks the first year of the implementation of the 14th Five-Year Plan. CDB will earnestly implement the major decisions and deployments made at the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee and the Central Economic Work Conference. We will continue to support technological finance, provide services to make the science and technology industry more self-reliant, and better serve the innovation-driven development strategy. Our work will cover four measures:

First, we will set up special loans to serve and strengthen the national strategic science and technology capabilities. We will synergize with the 10-year action plan for national basic research, the strategic science and technology plans, and the construction of major national science and technology projects, laboratories, science and innovation centers. We will set up special loans for scientific and technological innovation and basic research, and plan to issue more than 50 billion yuan in special loans for major scientific and technological projects this year.

Second, we will continue to provide more credit resources and support the high-quality development of strategic emerging industries and advanced manufacturing industries. Starting this year, we are planning to launch special financial activities as part of the "Bailian Qianqi" program. We will select a hundred leading enterprises in the field of science and technology innovation and a thousand of their key upstream and downstream industrial chain businesses to provide special financial services. We are also planning to arrange more than 400 billion yuan in loans for strategic emerging industries and advanced manufacturing industries.

Third, we will increase equity investment and offer services for modernizing the industrial and supply chain. We will apply the industrial investment funds and science and technology innovation funds managed by the CDB and continue to increase equity investment in integrated circuits, advanced manufacturing, and science and technology innovation. We are planning to increase the equity investment by over 50 billion yuan.

Fourth, we will create new models for technological finance and provide effective support for innovation-driven development. We will use a combination of multiple financing models, including equity investment, credit loans, structured financing and "debt financing plus investment options," to support innovation-driven development. In addition, we will play a guiding role in partnering with other financial institutions to integrate various resources and social capital, and are planning to increase the intensity of serving innovation-driven development through syndicated loans, joint loans and joint investment.

Finally, I would like to thank you again for your interest in technological innovation-driven development and development banks. Thank you.

Cover News:

We know that in recent years, financial institutions have done a lot of work in poverty alleviation, but there are still many farmers and township enterprises reporting that there is a problem with loan difficulties. As the poverty alleviation task has been completed as scheduled, may I ask what new achievements will be made in terms of consolidating the results of poverty alleviation and rural revitalization? Thank you.

Guo Shuqing:

We should all give our respective answers to your question, but due to time constraints, we will get Gu Shu, chairman of the Agricultural Bank of China, to answer it.

Gu Shu: Thank you for your question. I understood your questions had two parts. First, what are the bank's plans for consolidating the results of poverty alleviation and rural revitalization? The second is to reflect on the availability of rural finance. I will answer them separately.

For the first part of your question, taking the Agricultural Bank of China as an example, I would say that we are ready to focus on three aspects in the next step. The first is to ensure that we embark on a program of rural revitalization after the victory in poverty alleviation. The second is to support the development of modern agriculture and rural industries. The third is to support rural construction. This is the answer to your first question. 

In terms of focusing on the effective connection between poverty alleviation in financial services and rural revitalization, I will talk about one main point due to the time limit. In the 832 key counties that have benefited from national poverty alleviation initiative, the Agricultural Bank of China will continue to provide strong credit lines and loans in 2021. The growth rate of loans to poverty alleviated counties continues to exceed the average growth rate of loans of the entire bank. This is the point I want to stress. In terms of modern agriculture and rural industries, we plan to focus on the national food security industry belt, the construction of high-standard farmland, and the turnaround of the seed industry, and provide financial support in these three areas. Our current loan balance in the field of food security is 160 billion yuan, and we plan to further invest more than 60 billion yuan this year. In addition, we will increase credit allocation for primary processing and deep processing of specialty agricultural producing localities. Previously, the Central Rural Work Conference pointed out that the main body of the industrial chain should be kept at the county level, and the benefits of the value chain should be reserved for farmers. The third is rural construction. We will focus on 11 key areas of national rural and agricultural investment, and continue to increase support for eligible rural aspects such as water, electricity, road, natural gas and housing. The Agricultural Bank of China's loan scale in the field of rural construction has exceeded 1 trillion yuan. We will further increase our investment in the future to ensure that the growth rate of loans does not decline. This is my brief answer to the first aspect of your question. 

Regarding the second part of your question, you mentioned the availability of financial services and the difficulty of obtaining loans in financial services. I want to talk about the plan of the Agricultural Bank of China.

Serving agriculture, rural areas and farmers are surely demanding us to be more down-to-earth, but on the other hand, we are also considering how to solve the problem of accessibility. The key point is that we think that the "three rural" services should not only be grounded, but also have wings -- the wings of technology. This is mainly reflected in channel innovation and product innovation, with two key points.

One is channel innovation. We will strengthen the construction of offline physical outlets and build more outlets in counties and towns, and at the same time increase the promotion of mobile banking in rural areas. Mobile banking is very common in cities, and next we must make mobile banking more in line with the needs of rural areas and farmers. By the end of last year, the Agricultural Bank of China had registered 165 million mobile banking customers in rural counties, and the number of its monthly active customers was close to 50 million. This year, we will further increase efforts in this area to allow farmers to obtain financial services more conveniently and quickly. The other aspect is product innovation. We will launch online financing products to make it easier for farmers to obtain loans and financial services. For example, an innovative online financial product has been launched called "Huinong e-Loan." This product realizes online application, online approval, online issuance, and online repayment of rural clients' loans, thus comprehensively improving the coverage and processing efficiency of rural clients' loans. It provides more credit and loan support to more farmers. By the end of last year, the balance of this product had exceeded 350 billion yuan, benefiting 2.76 million rural households. We plan to invest another 160 billion yuan this year to make the balance of "Huinong e-Loan" exceed 500 billion yuan. This product is very effective in many places, especially in some remote areas. Let me give you an example: Tibet. Based on the characteristics of its industry, our Tibet bank branch has innovatively launched a group of farmer-benefiting products that poor people can understand and find easy to operate, such as the "yak loan," "highland barley loan". At the end of last year, the balance of targeted poverty alleviation loans exceeded 6 billion yuan. More than 70% of poverty-stricken households with registered cards in Tibet received microfinance support from our bank, accounting for more than 90% of the loans provided by the financial institutions in Tibet. We are also making a lot of effort in this regard to solve the problem of financial availability for rural households, especially in hinterlands as you mentioned just now. Thank you again for your question.

New York Times:

I'm from New York Times. A question for chairman Guo and also a question for Mr. Song, please. Chairman Guo, some people argue that fintech companies have so much information on their customers that they don't need in the medium or long-term to make the same capital adequacy standard as banks. Do you agree with that or is your medium-term goal here or over next several years to push the fintech sector directly or indirectly towards the same capital adequacy standard as banks? And second, Mr. Song, you mentioned near the end of your remarks a 32% jump in compensation last year for Sinosure's payout, and we've all seen there have been tremendous difficulties in many commodity-rich developing countries that have borrowed a lot through Sinosure. So where does the money come from for that 32% increase in compensation? Did Sinosure need some kind of additional injection of money from the Finance Ministry or others, or was that mandatorily through big jumps in the premiums that you charge exporters? Thank you.

Guo Shuqing:

Your question is a very good one. As I mentioned above, if a company's financial operations are carried out through the internet platforms, whether it be banks, micro-loan companies, or consumer financing companies, we do require them to have adequate capital like other financial institutions. At a thematic meeting held by the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in May 2018, Vice Premier Liu He made some remarks, which I think are very informative for all sectors of society. First, he said you need capital to do business. You need even more capital in the financial sector. China's financial sector ran well as early as more than two thousand years ago, and back then people had capital. How do you promote finance without capital? The same is true of other industrial and commercial businesses. Second, Liu stated that money borrowed needs to be repaid. You lend money and you must get repayment, otherwise business is unsustainable. The same applies to banks. Why are there many illegal fundraising cases? Many people tricked into fundraising happily think that the profits are high, say 8%, 10%, and 12%. When explaining why the earnings from banks are so low, those behind the illegal fundraising say that banks face high costs due to a large number of employees and property, so they can't provide high returns. This is not true and the main reason is actually because of capital constraints. Banks are more cautious and they must get back what they have lent, otherwise, they would collapse. Third, Liu noted that investment involves risk. Whether it be for individuals, institutions, or enterprises, investment can be risky and we must be aware of this. Fourth, Liu remarked that you will pay a price for bad doings. Therefore, we require internet platforms to have the same capital adequacy ratio as long as they have the same financial business. However, for historical reasons, we have given them a transitional period, some until the end of this year and some until the end of next year, and we may do some research and make the period even longer for some platforms. In the past, some financial institutions served small and micro enterprises, especially low-end clients, and we had relatively low requirements for these institutions. They offered 2% or 3% of loans as intermediaries between lenders and borrowers. We don't want to affect these clients so that they can continue to receive loans steadily. The transitional period can be longer, for them and that depends, but the maximum is two years, after which all the institutions should move back on track and are subject to capital constraints.

Song Shuguang:

I'm happy to answer this question. Sinosure is a policy-backed insurance company but it also operates based on the market and following commercial principles, which forms both the backdrop and premise.

You mentioned the increase in compensation last year and wonder where the money came from. Well, we operate completely as a commercial company and we set aside reserves every year based on reported losses, settled yet-to-be-paid losses, and losses that have been compensated and paid. The accumulated reserves set aside over the years support our compensation and payment. Risks were on the rise last year but manageable on the whole. Thank you.

Hong Kong Economic Herald:

I have a question for Mr. Guo. You said earlier in Hong Kong that Hong Kong is an irreplaceable bridge. What new measures will the CIRC take to support and stabilize Hong Kong's status as an international financial center during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, especially to support Hong Kong as an offshore RMB center as well as the issuance of digital currency bonds?

Guo Shuqing:

Digital currency is mainly a matter of the central bank. Although I work in the central bank, today is a special session of the CIRC. You may seek an answer another time from the staff of the central bank.

My colleagues and I share the same attitude towards the issue of Hong Kong. We are full of emotion and we firmly support the long-term prosperity and stability of Hong Kong. As an important financial center in the world, Hong Kong has played an irreplaceable role in the past 40 years of reform and opening up on the Chinese mainland. As far as the utilization of foreign capital is concerned, the vast majority of foreign direct investment and the vast majority of foreign capital flowed in through Hong Kong. At present, investment in the capital market, such as the "Shanghai Hong Kong Stock Connect," "Shenzhen Hong Kong Stock Connect" and "Bond Connect," also came in through Hong Kong. I still remember that when I was the chairman of the CSRC in 2012, two officials from the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and the Shanghai Stock Exchange studied and put forward the idea of the "Shanghai Hong Kong Stock Connect". When we discussed it together, we thought it was very feasible and indeed it has played a very good role. In the course of future development, Hong Kong can also provide support for mainland enterprises in listing and issuing bonds. We support foreign debt, US dollar debt, foreign currency debt, RMB, Hong Kong dollar and other forms. We also support the listing of banking and insurance institutions in Hong Kong and the development of more Hong Kong banking and insurance institutions on the mainland. We hope to continue this trend in the future.

Recently, we have formulated the development plan of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, in which the financial sector accounts for a large proportion, and there will be many new initiatives. There will be more new initiatives especially in the aspect of financial management, such as financial links. These initiatives are now being studied and discussed and will be gradually implemented. We believe that Hong Kong's economic growth will turn from negative to positive this year, and there will be good prospects. Thank you.

Hong Kong Commercial Daily:

Mr. Guo just mentioned that the banking industry has fulfilled a lot of social responsibilities. Last year, financial institutions provided 1.5 trillion yuan worth of benefits to society. My question is, can this policy continue this year? What measures will be taken to support the real economy? Thank you.

Guo Shuqing:

A lot of existing policies will continue. Since the interest rate of the whole market is picking up this year, I expect the interest rate of loans will also rise. There may be some adjustments, but overall, the interest rate is still relatively low. In addition, there will be no big change in fees, and the reduced fees will not be recovered. We will continue to support enterprises and reduce their burden by supporting financial restructuring, debt restructuring, enterprise restructuring, debt to equity swap and other forms.

Zhao Huan: 

Last year, the China Development Bank provided 33.5 billion yuan worth of benefits to the real economy by reducing the loan interest rate, and reducing and remitting the charges for intermediary business. This is a direct transfer of benefits, not including the support for financial restructuring, bankruptcy restructuring, bad debt write-off and other aspects mentioned by Mr. Guo just now. This year, the China Development Bank will continue to actively support the development of the real economy and maintain a low level in loan pricing. Of course, the cost of loan capital will change with market changes. On the whole, the net interest margins of banks will remain at a low and stable level. In terms of charges, it will continue to provide benefits to the real economy to strongly support the "six stabilities" and "six guarantees". Thanks.

Shou Xiaoli: 

Today, our press conference lasted about 100 minutes. Thank you, Mr. Guo. Mr. Guo not only released information as a speaker, but also asked questions as a reporter. Thanks to all the speakers, and also to all the friends of the press. That's all for today's press conference. Goodbye, everyone.

Translated and edited by Cui Can, Guo Yiming, Liu Qiang, Zhu Bochen, Li Huiru, Zhang Liying, Wang Yanfang, Yan Xiaoqing, Fan Junmei, Zhang Rui, Wang Zhiyong, Xiang Bin, Mi Xingang, Huang Shan, Wang Wei, Wang Yiming, Yuan Fang, Gong Yingchun, David Ball, Jay Birbeck, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

Speakers:

Xiao Yaqing, minister of industry and information technology

Tian Yulong, member of the Leading Party Members' Group of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) and MIIT chief engineer and spokesperson

Chairperson:

Shou Xiaoli, deputy head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office (SCIO) and SCIO spokesperson

Date:

March 1, 2021

Shou Xiaoli:

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning. Welcome to this press conference held by the State Council Information Office (SCIO). Matters concerning industry and information technology are of crucial significance to the overall development of both the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Chinese government. Today, we are delighted to be joined by Mr. Xiao Yaqing, minister of industry and information technology, who will introduce the development of this sector and answer your questions. Also present at today's press conference is Mr. Tian Yulong, a member of the Leading Party Members' Group of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) and MIIT chief engineer and spokesperson. Now, let's give the floor to Mr. Xiao.

Xiao Yaqing:

Friends from the media, ladies and gentlemen, good morning. Welcome to today's press conference and thank you, Ms. Shou, for the introduction. I would like to take this opportunity to brief you on the situation of the industry and information technology sector in China. As you know, 2020 was an extraordinary year. Facing the challenging and complicated international situation, especially the once-in-a-century COVID-19 pandemic, the MIIT and other government bodies have been working under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, fully implementing the decisions and deployments made by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. The MIIT has earnestly fulfilled our duties to ensure the supply of protective materials and spared no efforts in helping promote the resumption of work and production of the whole industrial chain. We have also been making new efforts concerning the application of information technology in infrastructure, the development of the internet, and the digital economy. These efforts have provided support in obtaining strategic anti-epidemic progress and helping China's economy realize positive growth. Concrete steps have been taken in building China's strength in cyberspace and manufacturing. As the last year of the 13th Five-Year Plan period, 2020 has marked a successful end to the plan.

Looking back over the past five years, China's industry and information technology sector has made remarkable progress. In general, its overall capacity has been further strengthened. New progress has been made regarding innovation in key fields, while growth drivers continue to strengthen and the development environment keeps improving. These have provided strong support for the stable and healthy development of the real economy and even national economy as a whole. Here, I would like to present three groups of figures:

First, the total value-added of industry in China has grown from 23.5 trillion yuan to 31.3 trillion yuan, making China the world's largest manufacturer for 11 consecutive years. China has contributed nearly 30% of global manufacturing output. 

Second, during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, the average growth rate of the value-added output from China's high-tech manufacturing sector reached 10.4%, 4.9 percentage points higher than that of the value-added output from industries above designated size. The proportion of value-added output from the high-tech manufacturing sector in that from industries above designated size has increased from 11.8% to 15.1% since the 13th Five-Year Plan began.

Third, the value-added output from the information transmission and software and information technology service industries has also seen remarkable progress, surging from 1.8 trillion yuan to 3.8 trillion yuan, with the proportion in gross domestic product growing from 2.5% to 3.7%.

Looking ahead, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee has laid out the blueprint for the 14th Five-Year Plan and beyond, underscoring the need for China's economic development to focus on the real economy, and resolutely building China's strength in manufacturing and cyberspace. These are leading the way for our future works and serve as the basic principle. The industry and information technology system will work based on both domestic and international dynamics, bearing in mind the top priorities of both the CPC and the Chinese government. We will develop a full understanding of the new development stage and resolutely implement the new development philosophy. Following the general principle of pursing progress while ensuring stability, we will take high-quality development as the main theme and take supply-side structural reform as the main task, in a bid to ultimately fulfill people's growing needs for a better life. We will ensure both development and security, and work to modernize the industrial and supply chain. By further consolidating the foundation, making use of advantages and reinforcing weak links, we will work to make new progress in strengthening manufacturing and cyberspace in China.

First, we will further implement the strategy of innovation-driven development, and redouble our strategic support to build China's strength in manufacturing and cyberspace. As you know, new-generation information technology, new material technology and new energy technology are developing at an accelerated pace. This has led to profound changes in the developing pattern of the global economy and the international division of labor. Therefore, we need to stick to the basic requirement of being self-reliant in science and technology, giving full play to China's mega-sized market advantages and new types of national framework. We need to promote innovation-driven development, systematically improve innovation capacity, and pay extra attention to the R&D of core technologies. We must improve the supply system of generic basic technologies. In particular, we need to improve the enterprise-centered innovation system and encourage more investment from enterprises, so as to develop more original and groundbreaking technologies. To encourage innovation in this regard not only means developing more products and techniques from specific technologies and products, but also improving the innovation capacity of our manufacturing sector.

Second, we need to work to improve the stability and competitiveness of industrial and supply chains, in a bid to create new advantages for future development. A self-reliant, complete and resilient industrial and supply chain is crucial to the stable growth of the economy. China has the most complete industrial categories and most varieties of supporting industries, which have deeply integrated into the international division of labor. This not only ensures the stable and healthy development of China's economy, but also greatly contributes to global economic growth. We need to highlight improvements to the stability and competitiveness of China's industrial and supply chain, carry out action plans to improve and strengthen these chains concerning our manufacturing sector, and implement projects to rebuild our industrial foundation. We need to accelerate efforts to reinforce weak links, develop our advantages, and foster emerging industrial chains. We will work to build our capacity in developing self-reliant and controllable industrial and supply chains, effectively safeguard China's economic security and develop new advantages for future development, in a bid to firmly seize the initiative in the fiercely competitive global market.

Third, we will vigorously promote the optimization and upgrade of the industrial structure and improve the overall quality of the industry. The optimization and upgrade of the industrial structure are key to improving our economic competitiveness. We will focus on "accelerating the development of the modern industrial system," make efforts to "consolidate, strengthen, upgrade, and ensure unimpeded flows," while deepening supply-side structural reform, pragmatically transforming development patterns, and enhancing the adaptability of the manufacturing supply system according to domestic demand. We will accelerate the implementation of key technological transformation and upgrading and provide quality improvement. We will build a green manufacturing system, promote orderly relocation of some industries in the domestic market, and strengthen graded cultivation for superior enterprises. We will speed up the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, and foster the development of emerging and strategic industries such as integrated circuits, 5G, new energy, new materials, high-end equipment, new energy vehicles, and green environmental protection. We will also develop future industries to build industrial clusters with international competitiveness.

Fourth, we will accelerate the development of the digital economy and create new driving forces through a digital revolution. The economic digital transformation is an inevitable trend and we should grasp the direction in which digitalization, networking, and intelligentization are developing; give full play to China's existing foundation and advantages; and coordinate digital industrialization and industrial digitalization. We will fully implement a new generation of information and communication infrastructure via 5G, the industrial internet, and data centers, and promote digital transformation in manufacturing, intelligent manufacturing, and a digital revolution in SMEs. We will deeply integrate a new generation of information technology in manufacturing, as well as mix manufacturing with the service industry and speed up the development of the digital economy. The most fundamental pursuit is to promote the development of the real economy.

Fifth, we will further deepen reform, expand high-level opening-up, and enhance new development vitality. The development and achievements in the industrial and information industry rely on reform and opening-up. Implementing the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) and pursuing new development in the future, we also need to deepen reform and opening-up. In order to realize our goals of building China into a cyber power and a manufacturer of quality, we should devote more efforts to reform and opening-up, make better use of breakthroughs, and take a leading role in reform and maintain stability in manufacturing output. We will press ahead with reforms to streamline administration and delegate power, improve regulation, and upgrade services, and implement measures for reforming the market-based allocation of production factors. We will strengthen industrial policy guidance, make manufacturing more attractive to all types of resource factors, and deeply integrate reform and development. We will further promote efficient interconnection, expand opening up, fully open general manufacturing, and relax restrictions on market access. By doing these things, we can better utilize domestic and international resources and markets, form safer and more controllable industrial chains with more innovation and higher added value, and cultivate additional advantages for Chinese enterprises to participate in international cooperation and competition.

That's all for my introduction. Mr. Tian Yulong and I will now answer your questions. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

Thank you, Mr. Xiao. Now the floor is open to questions. Please state the name of your news outlet before asking your question. Thank you.

CCTV:

The 14th Five-Year Plan proposes fostering a new development paradigm with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other, which concerns all sectors of society. How do you see the status and role of China's industrial and information industry in fostering the new development paradigm? What are your plans and measures? Thank you.

Xiao Yaqing:

Thanks for your question. Fostering the new development paradigm is related to the overall systematic and profound reform, and is a strategic plan that focuses on both the present and the long term. Experience tells us that to foster the new development paradigm, the industrial and information industry is not only the main battlefield and main driving force but also a pioneer and forerunner necessary for development. We will unswervingly implement the decisions and deployments of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, target the right position, point to strengths and breakthroughs, and make great efforts to step up innovation in line with the new development paradigm. In order to achieve fairer, safer, and more sustainable development with higher quality and higher efficiency during industrialization and informatization, we will focus on the following aspects.

First, we will focus on domestic scientific and technological development to improve innovation capabilities within the industrial chain. New fields such as integrated circuits, critical software, new materials, and major equipment, as well as key areas including industrial internet and the relevant manufacturing sectors, will be highlighted. We will accelerate the establishment of a manufacturing innovation center and internet systems with a national manufacturing innovation center as the core, strengthen the dominant position of enterprise innovation, promote the application of new technology industrialization and large-scale utilization, and form new advanced manufacturing capabilities.

Second, we will focus on maintaining a complete industrial chain system to win the battle of advancing industrial foundation and modernizing the industrial chain. Consolidating and supplementing the industrial chain and rebuilding our industrial foundation will be emphasized via improving core basic parts, key basic components, advanced basic manufacturing technology and equipment, key basic materials, and industrial software, which I mentioned previously. We will fully intensify scientific and technological innovation and continuously strengthen the resilience and elasticity of the industrial chain to avoid leaving any loopholes.

Third, we will make efforts to expand domestic demand, ensure smooth flow of economic activity, and speed up improvements in the quality of the manufacturing supply system. We rely on expanding domestic demand since the domestic market is so large and has huge potential. Work to improve quality will continue according to domestic demand. We will also make efforts to increase variety, create brands, strengthen and boost information consumption, and further expand manufacturing equipment renewal and technological upgrading. Our high-end, smart, and green development will meet market needs in a systematic way.   

Fourth, with focus on domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other, we will further improve opening-up of the country's industry and information technology. We are going to fully open up general manufacturing, orderly lift restrictions on foreign investment in telecommunication, and attract more high-end manufacturing projects with foreign investment. Recently, we witnessed how a few world-famous companies invested in China when the COVID-19 outbreak was severe last year. We will attract more institutions and talents, especially in the manufacturing industry, and encourage strong Chinese enterprises to improve their international operative level and deeply blend into the global industrial, value, supply, and innovation chains. Economic globalization and global division of the industrial chain will be an irreversible trend. Based on joint efforts to build the Belt and Road, we will promote international cooperation on industrial chains, and foster a new development paradigm with domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other. Thank you for your question.

Thecover.cn:

The new energy vehicle (NEV) industry has seen major growth in China, but is also becoming increasingly competitive. How is China's NEV industry going in general? What measures will be taken to further support its development? Thanks.  

Xiao Yaqing:

Thank you for your questions. NEVs are the main driver for the green development, transformation, and upgrading of the global vehicle industry, and also a strategic choice for China's vehicle industrial development. In recent years, the MIIT and China's other relative departments jointly formulated approximately 60-plus supportive policies and measures. Relying on joint efforts made by local governments, departments, and enterprises, our country's NEV industry has made substantial breakthroughs in basic materials, parts, motor, electronic control, battery, and whole vehicle production. China's NEV production and sales volume has ranked first in the world for six consecutive years, and more than 5.5 million vehicles have been accumulatively promoted. 

Last year, the State Council unveiled a development plan for the NEV industry for the 2021-2035 period, making clear the direction of development and enhancing confidence in the industry, among enterprises, and with investors. Last year, the global NEV sales decreased, but our performance remained fairly good, with a high growth rate of 10.9%, and will continue its upward trend. However, we are also keenly aware that the industry is still at a crucial stage where we must work harder to overcome difficulties. The NEV market is very competitive itself and people are optimistic about the future of the industry. From technology, quality, and consumer perspectives, some problems still need to be dealt with.  

Next, efforts will mainly be made in the following aspects. First, improve quality. Based on early development, we will raise standards and strengthen quality supervision according to the needs of the market and consumer experience. Enterprises should continue boosting manufacturing levels to improve quality.  

Second, promote integration. People understand the concepts of "new energy" and "vehicle." However, NEVs incorporate many technologies. The development of NEVs also needs the integration of smart roads, communication networks, and cloud technologies to ensure a satisfactory experience. The further integration of electrification and intelligent networks will help develop new functions to better meet the needs of consumers. 

Third, optimize the environment. The development of NEVs is inseparable from the layout of charging stations. We need to improve environmental protection measures concerning charging and parking. Meanwhile, we will strengthen the electrification of public transport.  

Finally, expand opening up. We have fully lifted restrictions on foreign investment in the NEV industry. On that basis, we will be open for technological innovation, international trade, and even the formulation of standards and regulations, which will inject new momentum into the development of the NEV industry. Thanks. 

CNBC:

My question is, what specific goals or production plans does China have for the chip industry during the 14th Five-Year Plan period and amid global changes? Thank you.

Xiao Yaqing:

Thanks for your question. Let's invite Mr. Tian to answer it.

Tian Yulong:

Thanks for your question. Chips and integrated circuits are the cornerstone of the information society and an important foundation of information technology. The high-quality development of the chip industry is related to the development of the modern information industry and industrial chains. China saw a very impressive and constantly growing integrated circuit industry during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. According to the estimates of China's semiconductor industry, China's revenue of integrated circuit sales reached 884.8 billion yuan in 2020, an average growth rate of 20% and three times the growth rate of the global integrated circuit industry during the same period. We have also made breakthroughs in technological innovation, with significant improvement in manufacturing techniques, packaging technologies, and key equipment materials. Companies also grew steadily, a number of whom emerged as global leaders in design, manufacturing, packaging and testing, and other links on the industrial chain.

On the whole, the Chinese government highly values the chip and integrated circuit industries, and has issued policies for the high-quality development of the integrated circuit and software industries, while comprehensively optimizing policies for the high-quality development of the chip and integrated circuit industries. There are several main measures.

First, we have introduced further tax cuts for companies. The policies of reducing or exempting corporate income tax for profit-making integrated circuit enterprises have boosted their development. Second, we have further strengthened the foundation. The development of chips involves many basic aspects, including materials, techniques, and equipment, and relies on a considerably large industrial chain. Only by laying a solid foundation, can there be constant innovation and growth for the industry. In addition, the integrated circuit industry needs a very good ecological environment to build a platform that can form a complementary and mutually supportive process in the industry chain. Therefore, it is critical to have a platform and a good ecosystem. The development of the chip industry is completely guided by the application of its products. Therefore, the rapid development of the automobile sector, industry, medical care, and education, especially the online economy and digital economy since the COVID-19 outbreak, has provided a very broad market for the chip industry. The development of the industry also relies on talent, so the government and the country have adopted a series of measures to boost our talent reserves and training. Finally, the chip industry is globalized, and we should increase collaboration.

In general, the chip industry faces both opportunities and challenges. It is necessary to strengthen collaboration on a global scale to jointly build a global industrial chain and make it healthier and more sustainable. It will not only support the development of China's information society, but also support global applications of information technology. The Chinese government will create a market-oriented, law-based and international business environment and ecosystem for the industry with efforts at the national level. That's all I have to say for it. Thank you.

CNR:

We noticed the huge impact of the pandemic on the Chinese and global economy since last year, but China's industrial chains and supply chains have withstood the test and made important contributions to epidemic prevention and control and steady economic growth. What plans and measures do you have to stabilize and strengthen industrial chains and supply chains during the 14th Five-Year Plan period? Thank you.

Xiao Yaqing:

Thanks for your question. I agree with you in that the impact of the pandemic has been a real stress test on our industrial chains and supply chains. We can say that we have withstood the test over the past year, and showcased our advantages in having a comprehensive industrial system, strong capabilities in mobilizing resources and the ability to transform our industries. An obvious example is our early supply of anti-epidemic materials, such as protective clothing, masks, disinfectants, ventilators, and various drugs and auxiliary medical equipment, and our rapid resumption of work and production subsequently.

However, we must be soberly aware of our shortcomings and weaknesses in the industrial chains and supply chains shown in that process. Therefore, we already started analyzing our 41 major industries and their industrial segments, and drawing the map of key industrial chains to find out our gaps, weaknesses and shortcomings. Of course, we have many advantages. After analyzing our industry chains and supply chains, we will be able to accurately design them, implement targeted policies, and lay a solid foundation. This way, we can strengthen industrial clusters that we excel in, and make up for any prominent shortcomings and other weaknesses. In short, we will bolster our strengths and make up for shortcomings. This will ultimately make our industrial chain more resilient. 

To bolster our strengths means to develop our strong points, and strive for more say in development. For example, we will cultivate new industrial chains, as I have just mentioned, in fields such as 5G, new energy vehicles, high-end medical equipment, biomedicine and new materials, and maintain the integrity of industrial chains while improving the traditional ones. We have a number of traditional industrial chains in a wide range of sectors, with many of them producing the largest volume of products in the entire world. They not only meet the needs of China, but also contribute to global economic growth. Therefore, it is very important to maintain the integrity of our industrial chains. We will also optimize the regional layout of our industrial chains. Different regions in China have quite different economic characteristics. Therefore, we will further tap into the advantages of industrial clusters in accordance with regional characteristics and layouts to make the industrial chains more embedded and competitive.

To make up for shortcomings means to make improvements so that we do not drop the ball at critical moments. It mainly involves two aspects of work. One is to reengineer industrial foundation. It targets fields with obvious weaknesses and shortcomings. We will seek breakthroughs via new mechanisms, such as driving the overall industrial development with an application-oriented approach, and selecting the best candidates to lead key research projects. The other is to speed up the construction of national manufacturing innovation centers. We have set up 17 during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, achieving positive results. Next, we will further accelerate construction of national manufacturing innovation centers to boost industrial innovation. We will motivate local companies and improve our manufacturing innovation system and capabilities based on a market-oriented and international standard. Thank you.

Reuters:

How well does the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology believe Chinese technology companies are doing in protecting data privacy? What measures will the ministry take to strengthen data privacy and protection? For example, how will China ensure that apps no longer share personal information with a third party? Thank you.

Xiao Yaqing:

Thank you for your question. First of all, the Chinese government has always attached great importance to the protection of personal information. I think that as far as 2020 is concerned, it may be the best year in history for protection because we are in a process of continuous improvement. Secondly, we should see that information technology is developing very rapidly, and due to reform and opening up, the implementation of accommodative and prudential regulation, and our encouragement of innovation, we have been able to provide a wide variety of personal information service applications, and the public have gained a lot of convenience in all aspects of their lives. But at the same time, we have also seen that there are still many technologies for personal information application that need to be rapidly improved and strengthened. Take mobile phones that everyone uses as an example. The number of mobile apps is very large. According to incomplete statistics, some say the number exceeds 3.5 million, and even conservative estimates put it to be more than 2.5 million. So, it's unimaginable that there are now more than 2 million apps available for a person's mobile phone, like the one held by that reporter. So as for how to supervise, we have intensified management and remediation efforts in accordance with development and safety requirements over the years. You have also noticed that the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology launched a special campaign on apps last year, and we have worked with other departments to carry out special campaigns on a variety of problems that the general public have lodged strong complaints about, such as problems concerning the microphone on the mobile phone and the communication address book in the mobile phone. Generally speaking, the effect of the campaigns is obvious. As requirements further enhance this year, we will continue such efforts, and work to ensure that the use of personal information must follow the principle of minimum requirement in the key areas that people have reported. 

In the process of personal information protection, apps that refuse to accept rectification must be resolutely removed from the app stores. At the same time, as the supervisor, we must also improve our technological capabilities. First, we must be able to detect loopholes in information protection, so that the general public can use the apps with ease. For another example, it is very difficult to find the cross ("x") in advertisements that people don't like to see in many apps. Therefore, we will make sure that information harassment is blocked. If you are not willing to watch an advertisement, then it should be very obvious how to turn it off. We still receive many public complaints about such problems like other advertisements appearing before the Reuters page you want to see. I believe that the Chinese government's attitude toward protecting personal information is resolute, the law is constantly improving, and the level of technology is constantly improving. We must stick to our actions, and we will make sure everyone feels a sense of gain.

Here I would also like to announce a phone number that deals with complaints about unhealthy and spam information on the internet - 12321. If there is any problem, you can report it by calling 12321. This is also helpful for our work. Thank you.

Asahi Shimbun:

The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued a draft version of the regulations on rare earth management to gather public opinions in January. Why did you choose this time? Is it to counter the United States? In addition, more and more people in Japan are worried that China may reduce exports? What is your response to this? Thank you.

Xiao Yaqing:

Thank you for your question. In January this year, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the draft version of the regulations on rare earth management to gather public opinions. Everyone knows that rare earth is a strategic resource. The purpose of the regulations is to regulate the industry in accordance with the long-term development strategy of rare earth and the demands of the market and address problems in our actual development. The regulations aim to allow the market to play a decisive role in the allocation of resources. Of course, the government must also play a good role in maintaining market order, relaxing or tightening regulation as is necessary. China is a large rare earth country with the most resources and the most export. Some countries say that we restrict exports, but most of the things you buy come from China. First of all, there is a phenomenon worthy of our attention. Our rare earth does not sell at a "rare" price, but at an "earth" price. This is because of vicious competition and competitive price reduction. Precious resources are wasted. Second, if you have the opportunity to take a look at our rare earth production enterprises, you will find there are indeed many environmental protection issues, and local people have very strong complaints. The rare earth market is good, so enterprises mine hard, dig hard, and refine hard. Therefore, there are many complaints about environmental protection. Third, why is rare earth called rare earth? Because it is a rare resource. Now they are being exploited in disorder and resources are being wasted. Some only harvest the richest areas. In Chinese language, it is called "digging out cabbage heart." With the best part taken away, the efficiency of the comprehensive utilization of resources is very poor. From a long-term perspective, after a few years of use, the comprehensive utilization of resources will also be problematic. Fourth, the development of rare earth has a lot of low-level repetitions, while high-level rare earth products are indeed relatively few, which is not conducive to technological innovation and sci-tech progress. Therefore, we should learn from Japanese companies in this regard. Many Japanese companies have done a lot of work on high-end rare earth products.

The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, as regulator of the industry, needs to perform its duties well and do its own things well. I just talked about the international division of labor in the industrial chain. The globalization of the economy is a general trend. In this process, we are all closely interconnected. We need to join hands to respond to the various needs of resources, energy and products in the process of economic development and market development. We need to address our current problems towards healthy and sustainable development. Thank you.

Ta Kung Pao:

According to published data, China's industrial added value reached 31.31 trillion yuan in 2020. What is the MIIT's analysis and predictions for this year's industrial economy considering the huge uncertainties regarding the COVID-19 pandemic and the external environment? Also, what measures will you take to ensure steady development of industry and information technology?

Xiao Yaqing: 

Thank you for your questions. I'd like to invite Mr. Tian Yulong to answer you.

Tian Yulong:

Thank you for your questions. Since the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, General Secretary Xi Jinping has personally taken charge and planned the response. Under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee, we have made major strategic achievements in our response to COVID-19 and socio-economic development, which has become the focus of global attention. The economy has recovered steadily in China and the country has become the only major economy in the world to maintain positive growth. This is obvious to all. Generally speaking, China's economy will maintain its steady and long-term growth, as will its industrial economy going into 2021 under the strong support of the optimized manufacturing system, strong supporting services capacity and huge market potential. However, we still face challenges posed by uncertainties such as the pandemic and the economic situation, as well as other possible risks caused by breaks in the global industrial and supply chains.

In addition, while continuing to implement routine COVID-19 controls, some industries and enterprises are still recovering, and face pressure from operating difficulties. However, I believe they are gradually recovering. In general, China has demonstrated certain advantages in restoring its economy after experiencing severe challenges in the fight against COVID-19: First, we are under the centralized and unified leadership of the Party, and enjoy great strengths from the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. In addition, we have learned valuable experiences from implementing routine COVID-19 controls. Significantly, the proposals for formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 adopted at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee have not only drawn up blueprints for work in 2021, but also outlined plans for the following five or more years, which has provided strategic guidance for development of the industrial economy. In particular, Central Economic Work Conference held in December laid out a specific overall plan on the economy, while the approaching "Two Sessions" meetings will establish the main targets and tasks for socio-economic development in 2021. As the main department in charge of the development of industry and information technology, the MIIT will shoulder its responsibilities, remain confident, work with utmost concentration and overcome difficulties to implement all kinds of work in a down-to-earth manner. The main measures include:

First, strengthening innovations and breakthroughs in fundamental and key areas. Just now, Mr. Xiao mentioned that we would take modernizing the industrial chains and re-establishing the foundations of industries as our main work.

Second, stabilizing and optimizing the industrial and supply chain layout. As an important foundation of China's overall industrial economy and one our advantages, the industrial chain will be further upgraded through strengthening or supplementing.

Third, accelerating the shift to digitalization of manufacturing to promote integrated development. We will pursue innovative growth of industrial internet, map strategic routes of digitalized transformation, promote industrial digitalization and accelerate digital industrial growth.

Fourth, promoting high-quality development of the information communication industry. We have seen that the 5G network has so far achieved admirable progress. In the future it will be further upgraded in an orderly manner, and the deployment of the 6G network will be accelerated so as to foster optimized networks and maintain cyberspace security.

Fifth, expanding our support for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). We will focus on mitigating the financial difficulties of SMEs and protecting their lawful rights and interests so as to support enterprises of all sizes in pursuing development through collaboration with each other.

Sixth, taking solid measures on reform and opening-up. We will strengthen reforms to streamline administration and delegate power, and optimize the policy environment for the manufacturing industry, while supporting international cooperation between industries.

Seventh, ensuring that routine COVID-19 controls are implemented. The MIIT took up the responsibility of ensuring the availability of anti-epidemic materials. Our focus will transfer from safeguarding the sufficient supply of basic anti-epidemic materials last year, to the production and supply of coronavirus vaccines this year.

Finally, prioritizing the formulation of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) with relation to the fields of industry and information technology. We will redouble our efforts to make specific plans in key areas and for key industries to usher in high-quality growth. That is all from me. Thank you.

New York Times: 

Looking over the next five years, as you look for technological self-sufficiency, how will you measure that? What will be your benchmarks? Will it be, for example, market share? Will it be trade balance in these sectors? How will you choose the measures? Thank you. 

Xiao Yaqing:

Thank you for your question. Your question is a rather general one, so I will try to answer that from the perspective of industry and information technology. When it comes to self-reliance in science and technology, first of all, we make our goals according to the needs of China's industry and information technology development. For instance, China boasts the largest industry and information technology market, and has been the largest goods trading country for many years, with imported products constantly increasing. I came across a figure a few days ago. China imported the first ten Boeing 707 aircraft after President Nixon visited China in 1972; we imported the one hundredth airplane in about 1986; and the one thousandth Boeing airplane in 2013. Therefore, our need is large. Technological self-reliance means we should have the technology and ability to produce a lot of things by ourselves. 

Second, people's increasing need for industry and information technological products has pushed forward our development. For example, 5G technology, high-speed railway, household chemical products, and normal home appliances are all developed in accordance with the needs of our people, which can also lead to technological self-reliance. 

Third, in a country of over 1.4 billion people, it is impossible to buy the better life aspired for by our people since nobody could supply it. We need to produce to meet our people's needs. The process of technological self-reliance is a process of satisfying our people and in my own view, contributing to the world. If everyone buys a certain product in the world, I believe that no one could supply it. Therefore, our self-reliance in science and technology contributes to the world. 

Fourth, there are no boundaries in science and technology, which is the common wisdom of the globe and humanity. Therefore, China's technological self-reliance is bound to make contributions to the global development of industry and information technology. Take fast developing 5G technology for example: we have built over 718,000 base stations by the end of 2020 and a complete systematical network will be built during the next five years. We are also planning to develop 6G technology, and discover the future of communication technology, and what kind of services it can offer. This process must require the gathering of knowledge, talent and innovation, and we are open and cooperative to improve people's living standard with the rest of the world. The purpose of self-reliance is not for our own good, but also as a way to help create a community with a shared future for mankind. The process can provide knowledge and positive energy for the globe and the result can serve all of humanity. 

This puts forward new and higher requirements for industry and information technology to implement self-reliance, and we have to do this work well one by one. We will also strengthen openness and cooperation with countries and regions including the United States, Europe and other developing countries. Thank you.

CRNTT:

As a strategic emerging industry, the development of 5G has always been of great concern. Please tell us about the current construction and development of 5G in China, and what other key initiatives will be taken by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology to promote the development of 5G during the 14th Five-Year Plan period? Thank you. 

Xiao Yaqing:

Thank you for your question. China began its 5G network construction relatively early and has been leading the world in the number of total base stations, the quality of its network and the construction level of its communication equipment. We have world-leading enterprises. For example, Huawei, ZTE and other businesses have cooperated with globally renowned firms such as NOKIA and Ericsson. 

From a domestic perspective, we have just introduced that we have built over 718,000 5G base stations and invested over hundreds of billions of yuan in 5G, which now basically covers all cities above prefecture level across the country. We have arranged base stations in a standalone model, and provided services with large broadband and low latency with full use of network slicing technology. The scale of users has surged and the statistics change every day. Our 5G terminal connections exceed 200 million, probably the largest in the world. Satisfaction with 5G services is also higher than that of 4G compared with the same period of development. The average household usage of 5G mobile traffic is 50% higher than that of 4G. And the price per gigabyte is 4.4 yuan, down 46% in the past two years, and will decrease further in the future. Last year, the number of mobile phone terminals shipped reached 163 million units, with a large volume of 218 new models launched in the market. Innovative applications are increasingly abundant. In the consumer sector, 5G+Ultra HD and 5G+AR/VR technologies are widely used, and areas like gaming and entertainment, live events and residential services are being explored and practiced. Education and medical cares can provide services using 5G plus artificial intelligence and plus big data technology. During last year's epidemic prevention and control, our family education and smart medical care developed greatly. In the past two years, due to the rapid development of the "5G+industrial internet", there are now over 1100 projects under construction across the country, which have many very promising applications. I suggest you to have a look at COMAC in Shanghai, whose 5G application is very powerful. In the coal mines of Yangquan, north China's Shanxi province, the efficiency of underground production management and level of security have been constantly improved. Other good applications can also be found in Hunan Sany Heavy Industry Co., Ltd. and Xiamen port. 5G has greatly promoted the development of those sectors. 

Next, we will firstly cement the industrial foundation. Our country has a solid foundation to further achieve the development of 5G technology, with a batch of advanced big companies like Huawei. Secondly, we will deepen integrated application to promote technological innovation in various industries. Enterprises such as China Mobile, China Unicom, and China Telecom have done well in this regard. Thirdly, we will further open to the outside world and expand international cooperation. We should strengthen international communication and cooperation throughout the 5G development process, from R&D and application of technologies to the construction of facilities. During this upgraded process, we will build an industrial ecology for global coordination and a safer and more open environment for development with more mutual trust so that the benefits of innovative development can reach people all over the world. Of course, the development of the 6G industry, as I just said, is now in its exploratory stage. We are working with the international community in this regard to promote the development of common standards, long-term demands, and mature technologies. Next, we need to communicate and discuss with friends in this industry from all over the world to promote further development. Thank you.

Red Star News:

Recently, the MIIT has released a notice to support the establishment of national leading zones for new artificial intelligence (AI) applications in Beijing, Tianjin, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, and Chengdu. What support will these leading zones get? What role will they play in the innovative development of China's AI industry? What plans do you have next for the construction and development of the leading zones? Thank you.

Tian Yulong:

Thank you for your questions. As you just mentioned, AI technology serves as a major driver for a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation. The establishment of leading zones is just one of the important measures we have taken to implement the decisions and plans of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council to accelerate the integration of AI and the real economy. 

In 2019, the MIIT approved the establishment of three leading zones in Shanghai, Shenzhen, and the Jinan-Qingdao area. These zones were built to conduct pilot trials in areas such as system and mechanism innovation as well as a superior policy environment and improved data sharing to explore new paths and gain experience. Recently, the MIIT approved leading zones in another five cities, namely Beijing, Tianjin, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, and Chengdu. Together, the eight zones covering the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and the Chengdu-Chongqing region, play a role in the exploration, innovation, and demonstration of China's developing AI industry. We will step up our efforts in the following ways. 

First, we will explore new mechanisms and energize the market. We will energize market entities by enhancing policy guidance, improving the market environment, and strengthening the talent pool, so as to gain experience and explore successful development models.

Second, we will bolster the leading role of technological application and accelerate the introduction and application of AI technology. AI's strengths lie in big data, the huge available market, and enormous application. How should we leverage these advantages? With the government, enterprises, and the AI industry working together, we will jointly promote the practical application of AI technology, introducing it first to areas such as intelligent transportation, intelligent healthcare, and intelligent education to create new engines of growth and foster new growth drivers. 

Third, we will stay committed to following development with distinctive features and the creation of an intelligent economy in accordance with local conditions. The intelligent economy is now growing rapidly, and instead of applying the same measures to different conditions, we should carry out integrated development with distinctive features in accordance with different industries, local conditions, and areas. In this regard, different leading zones have offered their own development models. For example, Shanghai's development zone has been turned into a pacesetter for the national AI industry, while the zone in Shandong features AI and smart manufacturing, and the zone in Shenzhen boasts a hash rate platform. All of these zones have played an important role in the demonstration and promotion of the AI industry.

In general, leading zones are where local governments set up platforms and enterprises pursue integrated development. We will focus on reform, innovation, and pertinent policy support as the top priorities for the government's work. Also, we will promote technological applications and industrial integration, and ensure the government and the market fulfill their roles. As long as we step up our efforts in the above aspects, we will fully promote the development of the AI industry. Meanwhile, we will strengthen international cooperation to enforce a healthy, sustainable, and safe development of the AI industry around the world. Thank you. 

Economic Daily:

What has the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) done to help small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) tide over during the COVID-19 epidemic? Also, proposals for formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 pointed out that innovative SMEs should be supported to help them grow into important innovation sources. What measures will the MIIT take this year to strengthen the government's services for SMEs to cultivate their innovation capacities? Thank you.

Xiao Yaqing:

Thank you for your questions. Small and medium-sized enterprises are the most active and most numerous market entities in China. It has been reported that there are now 130 million market entities in the country, including more than 80 million self-employed individuals and over 40 million enterprises, among which, more than 95% are SMEs. Therefore, SMEs are the largest driving force in ensuring market stability and employment. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council have always attached great importance to the development of SMEs and have adopted numerous supportive policies. For example, in the fight against the COVID-19 epidemic last year, various parties introduced many supportive measures for SMEs facing difficulties, which helped boost their development. Last year, the MIIT, together with other departments, implemented the decisions and arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, which can be simply summarized as "subtraction in three aspects" and " addition in three aspects."

The three aspects of subtraction relate to tax, arrears, and financial cost. Last year, we made further tax and fee cuts of more than 2.5 trillion yuan, which greatly supported the development of SMEs. We also cleared overdue payments for private enterprises and SMEs, and over 161 billion yuan in non-negotiable payments. Financial institutions and enterprises have been very supportive of SME's advancement. Last year, the average interest rate of loans introduced to SMEs, especially small and micro enterprises, stood at 5.08%, down 0.8 percentage points from the beginning of last year.

The three aspects of addition relate to services, digitization, and financial scale. Last year, more than 90,000 events were held to serve SMEs across China, providing services for over 6.7 million applicants and reaching enterprises 50 million-plus times. Meanwhile, we carried out dedicated campaigns to facilitate the digitization of SMEs and organized activities to promote business startups and innovation in manufacturing, which has driven the cultivation of more than 30,000 SMEs characterized by professionalization, refinement, specificity, and novelty in various places as of last year. Among them, a total of 1,832 "little giant enterprises" (outstanding examples among SMEs that feature professionalization, refinement, specificity, and novelty) had been developed. The loans for small and micro enterprises supported by financial institutions exceeded 15 trillion yuan, up 30.3% year on year, which is a huge increase. With so many active SMEs, they cover a wide range of fields. In addition to national policy support, local governments where SMEs are active should also provide more precise supportive policies for the development of these enterprises.

For MIIT, we want to focus on the work of "three, two, one" for the SMEs' development. The so-called "three" relate to the further consolidation of foundations in three important areas: policy system, service system, and development environment. We will accelerate the formulation of the SME development plan during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, further improve the system supporting the development of SMEs, and upgrade the SME service system to combine public services, market-oriented services, and public benefit services. These service institutions should also be guided to provide standardized, refined, and personalized services.

"Two" indicate that we will concentrate on the two key points of financing, and rights and interests protection, and seek solid outcomes. We will strengthen the synergy between the government, financial institutions, and enterprises, deepen cooperation in production and financing, incentivize financial institutions to increase credit supplied to SMEs, and further reduce financial costs. We witnessed how banks and other financial institutions made numerous efforts last year to further widen direct financing channels.

"One" relates to focusing on the improvement of SMEs' innovation capacities and assisting SMEs to grow into sources of innovation. A large proportion of innovation in the past came from SMEs, so we should in a phased way improve systems which cultivate innovative SMEs. We will strive to foster more than 10,000 "little giant enterprises" characterized by professionalization, refinement, specificity, and novelty at the national level within three to five years, adding to the existing 1,800-plus already in operation, as well as 100,000 provincial-level small and medium-sized enterprises of this kind and one million innovative small and medium-sized enterprises. Thank you.

Yicai:

Mr. Xiao just responded to issues about various industries such as chips and new energy vehicles. We are also very concerned about the development of the steel industry. According to the 2021 National Conference on Industry and Information Technology, China will resolutely cut the output of crude steel this year. Is there a specific target? Industry watchers expect that the demand for crude steel will exceed 1.1 billion metric tons this year. On the one hand, we need to reduce the output of crude steel, but on the other hand, demand is increasing. Is there any contradiction? How can we deal with that? Thank you.

Xiao Yaqing:

Thank you for your questions, which are indeed issues that many are concerned about. First, since 2016, major headway has been made in the five priority tasks of cutting overcapacity, reducing excess inventory, deleveraging, lowering costs, and strengthening points of weakness. In particular, China has reduced steel production capacity by 170 million metric tons, making significant progress in reducing steel production and capacity. This year, we will continue to work on it. General Secretary Xi Jinping announced at the 75th UN General Assembly that China aims to have CO2 emissions peak before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. We will strive to achieve these high targets, during which the steel industry should take the lead.

There are several reasons why steel is in great demand. First, the rapid economic recovery, the resumption of production and new construction in various industries, are all generating a very large demand for bulk raw and auxiliary materials, including steel. It is also important to see that after the global recession last year, the economy is likely to have some good news this year, so expectations are rising and demand is further increasing.

Second, the per capita use of iron and steel is still in the development process, compared with total economic output. For example, cement, stone, and bricks and tiles are the main materials for construction. Steel consumption is not particularly high, especially in the vast rural areas. In addition, regarding transport, judging from the current number of cars per hundred people and the fact that China's per capita GDP exceeded 10,000 U.S. dollars benchmark, there's plenty of scope for growth. In this sense, the demand for steel is very strong.

Third, from the perspective of energy conservation and emission reduction, the output of iron and steel should be greatly reduced. In terms of the amount, the MIIT is cooperating with relevant national departments to formulate plans. At the same time, we will raise standards and improve the performance of the product, so that the unit steel consumption is further reduced with the total amount remaining unchanged. For example, we will further enrich our varieties of steel and improve their strength, toughness, and quality. In the process of cutting the output, we should pursue intensive development. If we don't exert control over the next few years, the total output of steel may be higher than it is now. Currently, resources are still distributed and the degree of dependence on foreign sources of raw materials and energy is still very high. All these problems need to be solved.

Finally, energy conservation and emission reduction are other key tasks. At present, the unit emission of carbon dioxide per metric ton of steel is declining, but the total amount is still relatively large. The total coal consumption per metric ton of steel has declined. The global average is 575kg of coal per metric ton of steel, but China's figure is 545kg. There is still potential to be tapped in this area given our large total amount. We must take energy conservation and emission reduction as important tasks of the steel industry and continue our efforts.

Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

Thank you, Mr. Xiao, Mr. Tian and friends from the media. Today's press conference is hereby concluded. Goodbye, everyone.

Translated and edited by Zhang Jiaqi, Fan Junmei, Zhang Tingting, Huang Shan, Xu Xiaoxuan, Wang Yanfang, Wang Yiming, Li Huiru, Guo Xiaohong, Li Xiao, Wang Qian, Zhu Bochen, Lin Liyao, Wang Wei, Yuan Fang, Zhang Rui, Liu Jianing, David Ball, Jay Birbeck, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speakers: 

Wang Zhigang, minister of science and technology

Xu Jing, director-general of the Department of Strategy and Planning of the Ministry of Science and Technology

Xie Xin, director-general of the Department of Resource Allocation and Management of the Ministry of Science and Technology

Ye Yujiang, director-general of the Department of Basic Research of the Ministry of Science and Technology

Wu Yuanbin, director-general of the Department of Science and Technology for Social Development of the Ministry of Science and Technology

Chairperson: 

Chen Wenjun, head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office (SCIO) and spokesperson of the SCIO

Date: 

Feb. 26, 2021

Chen Wenjun:

Ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon. Welcome to the State Council Information Office (SCIO) press conference. Innovation is the primary driving force behind high-quality development and the strategic underpinning for the fostering of a new development paradigm. Today, we have invited Mr. Wang Zhigang, minister of science and technology, to brief you on issues around making China a country of innovators and supporting the fostering of a new development paradigm, and to answer some of your questions. We also have with us four directors-generals at the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST): Xu Jing, director-general of the Department of Strategy and Planning; Xie Xin, director-general of the Department of Resource Allocation and Management; Ye Yujiang, director-general of the Department of Basic Research; and Wu Yuanbin, director-general of the Department of Science and Technology for Social Development.

Next, I will give the floor to Mr. Wang.

Wang Zhigang:

Ladies and gentlemen, friends from the media, good afternoon. First, I would like to thank our friends from the media for your interest in and great support of the science and technology sector. I am glad to meet with you before the annual meetings of the National People's Congress (NPC) and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) to exchange information on building China into a country of innovators.

At the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 2017, Xi Jinping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, clearly proposed making China a country of innovators. This is a requisite for building a modern country and a major task for implementing the new development concept and fostering a new development paradigm. During the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, it was proposed that we should adhere to the core position of innovation in China's overall modernization drive, and taking self-reliance in science and technology as the strategic support for national development. This provides important guidelines for making China a country of innovators in the new era. During the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016-2020), China made decisive achievements in building an innovation-driven country. Scientific and technological strength increased to a new level, reform of the science and technology system and governance were deepened, an enabling system for innovation was further developed, and the environment for innovation was improved. This provided strong support for economic development, improvements in people's livelihoods, and national security. Science and technology are playing an increasingly important role in implementing the new development concept and fostering a new development paradigm. It can be highlighted in the following six aspects.

First, we have systematically promoted basic research and achieved breakthroughs in core technologies in key areas. China's science and technology innovation capacity have increased significantly. For the first time, investment in basic research accounted for more than 6% of spending on research and development (R&D), including setting up 13 national applied mathematics centers. Original innovations have been developed in quantum information, iron-based superconductivity, stem cells, amid other areas. Progress has also been made in the R&D of high-speed railways, key components and basic software. Breakthroughs have been made in major scientific projects such as the Chang'e-5 (lunar probe) and Fendouzhe (deep-sea manned submersible). The development of national laboratories has been accelerated. The system of key national laboratories has been restructured. A group of national technological innovation centers were established, with enterprises as the main players.

Second, we have promoted the application of scientific and technological achievements in the development of the economy and society in an all-round manner, so as to foster "new growth drivers" for high-quality development. Remarkable development has taken place in key industries, led by major projects. Significant achievements have been made in mobile communications, new drug development and nuclear power. Technological support has been provided for major projects such as the large-scale application of 5G and the building of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge. The Beidou navigation satellite network now provides global coverage. The application of new energy vehicles and artificial intelligence has been accelerated. The number of high-tech enterprises has exceeded 200,000. International science and technology innovation centers in Beijing, Shanghai and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, 21 national innovation demonstration zones, and 169 national new- and high-tech development zones have helped speed up the formation of new areas of growth, growth belts and growth poles. Science and technology have supported the defining victory in the battle against poverty. Technicians have been sent to all registered poverty-stricken villages to offer technological assistance and promote business start-ups as a means to create more jobs. In 2020, around 167,000 college graduates were employed as research assistants.

Third, we have increased the pool of qualified scientific and technological personnel. Talent development has been accelerated. The full-time equivalent of R&D personnel in China reached 4.8 million man-years. The national science and technology programs and key laboratories have bolstered support for young talented personnel. The number of scientific and technological leaders is increasing. A group of outstanding scientists have won important international awards such as the Fritz London Memorial Prize. A unified work permit and visa system for foreign talent has been adopted, and has handled nearly 650,000 work permits.

Fourth, we have deepened reforms of the science and technology system in key areas and formed a "new ecology" for innovation and entrepreneurship. The reform targets have been preliminarily achieved in the management of science and technology programs, the application of scientific and technological achievements, and the sharing of resources. We have adopted an open competition mechanism in the first batch of pilot projects to select the best candidates. A science and technology innovation board was launched at stock market to provide a channel for connecting technology, industry and finance. Efforts have been made to reduce the burden on scientific research personnel and change the current academic evaluation system in key areas that is over-reliant on published papers, academic titles, educational background and awards. We have implemented a series of documents on promoting integrity and ethics in scientific research, which has brought about positive changes.

Fifth, we have actively integrated into the global innovation network, and new advances have been made in scientific and technological cooperation. We have established innovation dialogue mechanisms with many countries, and conducted joint research with more than 50 countries and regions. We have fully participated in major international scientific projects such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. Under the Belt and Road Science, Technology and Innovation Cooperation Action Plan, we have supported more than 8,300 young foreign scientists to work in China and established 33 joint laboratories. We have smoothed the entire process to ensure the central government's scientific and technological research funding can be extended to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) and Macao SAR.

Sixth, we have acted swiftly and tackled the scientific and technological difficulties in emergent response to the COVID-19 pandemic, making China's new contributions while addressing common global challenges. We have mobilized a national scientific and technological system that focuses on areas of clinical treatment and medicines, vaccine research and development, test equipment, and reagents. We finished the genome sequencing of the COVID-19 virus in one week and developed and approved COVID-19 test kits in 14 days. Vaccine development via five technological approaches is being advanced simultaneously. Seven vaccines have been undergoing phase III clinical trials and four have been approved conditionally. Eleven medicines or treatments have been listed in the country's diagnosis and treatment scheme for COVID-19. The country has joined 10 WTO working groups and carried out scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation with American, European, Asian, African, Latin American, and the Caribbean countries during the fight against the pandemic, sharing the latest results and providing Chinese solutions.

These results did not come easily. They have been attributed to the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, as well as the sacrifice and hardworking of a great number of scientific researchers. Here, on behalf of the Ministry of Science and Technology, I would like to express the highest respect for and sincere gratitude to all those in scientific and technological fields, especially those scientists and researchers working on the front lines of the COVID-19 pandemic. 

We should not only look back on our achievements but also have a clear understanding of what comes next. On one hand, the support of science and technology towards social and economic development is not enough, and some weak points still exist. To promote the country's social and economic development, improve civil affairs, and ensure national security, our demands for science and technology have never been as important and urgent as they are today. On the other hand, the outlook and space for scientific and technological development have no limits. Our understanding of the regularity of scientific and technological innovations and the pursuit of their diffusion and permeation is endless. We should work hard and further increase the all-round support and guidance of science and technology for the economy, industries, society, and security, and strive to contribute more Chinese power and results to the global scientific and technological development.

Those who dream big can succeed and those who embrace difficulties can progress. This year marks the beginning of the 14th Five-Year Plan Period (2021-2025). We will stick to the four principles of targeting the global science frontiers, serving the main economic battlefield, striving to fulfill the significant needs of the country and benefiting people's lives and health. We will strengthen strategic support for science and technology, adhere to self-reliance and self-improvement in science and technology, and give full play to its fundamental role in promoting high-quality development and in building the new development paradigm to achieve superior performance as a gift for the 100th anniversary of the founding of the CPC. Now, I will take any questions you might have. Thank you.

Chen Wenjun:

Thank you, Mr. Wang. The floor is open for questions. Please identify your news outlet before asking your question. Thank you.

CCTV:

This year marks the beginning of the 14th Five-Year Plan Period (2021-2025). How well have we met our targets for scientific and technological innovation during the 13th Five-Year Plan Period (2016-2020)? Are there any weaknesses? Additionally, are there any new arrangements from the Ministry of Science and Technology to support the building of the new development paradigm? Thank you. 

Wang Zhigang:

Thank you for your questions. As I mentioned in my opening remarks, our scientific and technological strength and innovation abilities have been greatly improved since the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016-2020), achieving historic, systematic, and structural changes. The total R&D investment increased from 1.42 trillion yuan in 2015 to an estimated 2.4 trillion yuan in 2020. Last year, China's spending on R&D was estimated to be 2.4% of its GDP. Specifically, spending on basic research was estimated to exceed 150 billion yuan in 2020, almost double that of 2015. As estimated, the contribution of scientific and technological advances to economic growth would exceed 60% in 2020, meeting the expected target. Citizens with scientific qualities accounted for 10% of our population. According to the "global innovation index" released by the World Intellectual Property Organization, China rose from 29th place in 2015 to 14th in 2020. On the whole, we have made decisive achievements in building China into a country of innovators.

Certainly, we should note that weaknesses still exist. Our innovative ability can't meet the need for high-quality development. First, key technologies are not independent and basic research and original research is weak. Second, the supply of high-quality technological results is not sufficient and can't support the industrial and supply chains well. Meanwhile, innovative abilities among enterprises are not good enough. Third, the overall efficiency of the innovative system is not high enough. There is still room to improve concerning the integration of colleges, research institutions, and enterprises into a whole innovative system, the sourcing of top talents and high-level teams, as well as the conduct and academic atmosphere within the science and technology field. 

During the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2020-2025), we will stick to the four principles of targeting the global science frontiers, serving the main economic battlefield, striving to fulfill the significant needs of the country and benefiting people's lives and health. We will emphasize the promotion of high-quality development in building the new development paradigm, and fully display the supporting role of technological innovation. First, to promote the high-end development of the industrial chain, we will step up breakthroughs in key technologies, intensify the arrangement of frontier technologies, and establish a batch of key technological projects in the areas of artificial intelligence, quantum information, and bio-breeding. Second, focusing on supporting real economic development, we will push forward the large-scale application of technological advances. Relying on national self-independent innovation zones and high-tech development zones, we will foster a number of clusters for high-tech industries and high-tech businesses, and step up the development of new forms of business and new models to strengthen new drivers in growth. Third, in order to safeguard people's health and lives, we will enhance R&D and application in the prevention and treatment of major diseases, as well as innovative medicines and medical equipment. Fourth, to realize our goals in cutting carbon dioxide emissions and achieving carbon neutrality, we will advance technological breakthroughs and promote their application in pollution prevention and control, efficient utilization of energy and resources, and combating climate change. Fifth, to improve the overall efficiency of the innovative system, we will put emphasis on stimulating the vitality of talents, launch a new round of reforms in the scientific and technological system, and improve the innovation environment.

We hope that through the next five years' hard work and unremitting efforts, we will notably improve our national technological innovative abilities and the overall efficiency of the innovation chain, so as to better support high-quality development and build a new development diagram. Thank you.

Yicai:

General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed that talent is the fundamental source of national scientific and technological innovation. I noticed that China has done lots of work to reform the science and technology evaluation system and inspire enthusiasm for innovation. You just mentioned that great progress had been made in reducing the burden of professionals in the sector and reforming the former evaluation standards. Can you add further detail for us? Also, what kinds of reforms will be introduced during the 14th Five-Year-Plan period? Thank you.

Wang Zhigang:

Thanks for your question. Innovation-driven development is essentially talent-driven development. Talent plays a decisive role in our push for innovation-driven growth and development in science and technology. It is also the principal part of various types of research. That's why we consider talent the most important factor. In recent years, we have put researchers first, relied on scientific and technological personnel, and served key players in innovation, such as universities, research institutions and enterprises. Specifically, we have built a talent policy system based on trust, with equal emphasis on incentives and constraints. We have also been carrying out classified evaluation. We value the effectiveness of tackling major problems in economic and social development and sci-tech progress, and also advocating for a type of peer review under which the judges know the project well. We will continue to focus on the ability, quality, effectiveness and contribution of scientific researchers; resolutely reverse the undesirable tendency of only placing importance on published theses, titles, educational background and awards; make efforts to reduce the burden of scientific researchers; create a good academic ecology; and motivate more scientific researchers to devote themselves to scientific research and carry out scientific research with dedication. We have built a diversified science and technology ecology and provided customized services for researchers in accordance with the different rules and characteristics of basic research, applied basic research, technological innovation, and the commercialization of scientific and research findings. At the same time, we have been actively advancing classified evaluation, with General Secretary Xi Jinping's requirements as the standard. He has said that scientific and technological development must target the global frontiers of science, serve the main economic battlefield, strive to fulfill the significant needs of the country and benefit people's lives and health.

First, we have been fighting against the four wrongful practices in evaluation mentioned above. We are against using published theses as the only evaluation standard. Theses themselves are good things and research needs to be published when there are new findings. However, if they are treated as the sole standard, we have the opposite problem. So, while we don't want published research to be the only standard, we still encourage young people to write papers when they start their research. It's a good thing if they are capable of delivering papers. Scientists of high caliber should produce high-quality theses, but they must be their own findings.

Second, we are breaking the practice of simply linking the titles of scientific and technological talents to the evaluation results. Many top scientists are academicians or professors. Yet when they started their research years ago, they had no such titles. We have to rely on the youth to advance the development of China's science and technology and that of mankind. It will constrain emerging talent if we only place importance on titles. We have to value them for their scientific research and findings, and not just their titles.

Third, we have been reducing the burden on researchers, enabling them to focus on scientific research. The government needs to serve them, rather than interrupt them. We have simplified planning schedules, streamlined reimbursement for expenses, reduced planning inspections, and promoted the sharing of information. Generally speaking, all these reform measures have truly reduced the burden on researchers and provided a targeted service for them. Thanks to the coordinated efforts of related departments, the reform of the talent system and evaluation work has seen sound development, and researchers now have an enhanced sense of gain. Surveys from our ministry and the media last year all showed that the seven burden-reducing programs launched by the MOST have been well-received among researchers, and ranked in the forefront in terms of how well they were reflected among the various reforms.

In the future, we will follow the deployments of the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee and continuously deepen reform which is for professionals in the science and technology sector and relies on them. The MOST will hear opinions, suggestions, and complaints from researchers both regularly and irregularly through symposiums or surveys, and take appropriate measures to maximize their sense of gain. The creativity of talents will then be further stimulated, and the building of a talent evaluation system complying with rules of sci-tech development and talent cultivation will be sped up on the basis of diverging from wrongful practices. We will develop our work style and study style in the science and technology field, strengthen our overall planning and synergize sci-tech work with education. We will also refine the income distribution policy designed to increase knowledge value, reinforce the cultivation of young sci-tech personnel, and build up more world-class innovative teams and leading talents so as to enhance the talent basis for sci-tech self-reliance. Thank you.

Bloomberg:

I have a little bit multi-pronged questions. First of all, I'd like to ask about semiconductors. How will China support the development of semiconductors during the 14th Five-Year Plan? What kind of projects are considered key in the next five years? What kind of measures will the government take to support China's chip R&D and manufacturing? More broadly, I'd also like to ask that the U.S. government has blocked business ties between some of China's companies and their U.S. chip suppliers, and some scientific collaboration between Chinese and American universities have also faced scrutiny, what's the Ministry's plan to resolve these issues in relation to the U.S. and their actions on not only semiconductor suppliers but also researchers? Thank you.

Wang Zhigang:

Thanks for your questions. Your first question is about how China will support the development of semiconductors. It can be said that in the information age, the semiconductor and integrated circuit industry is a core industry. It is a strategic, fundamental and pioneering industry that supports economic and social development, and a very important industry to lead the next round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. The Chinese government has always attached great importance to the semiconductor industry. In July last year, the State Council promulgated several policies for the high-quality development of the integrated circuit industry and the software industry in the new era, covering fiscal measures and taxation; investment and financing; R&D; import and export; talents; intellectual property rights; market applications; and international cooperation. In addition, the semiconductor industry is a globalized industry and the Chinese government has always upheld the principle of open development and win-win cooperation, making full use of global resources to continuously promote technological innovation and jointly promote the development of the global integrated circuit industry.

At present, China is the world's largest and fastest-growing integrated circuit market. We certainly hope that globalized cooperation will continue,but at the same time, China itself will continue to strengthen independent innovation. We will continue strengthening scientific and technological innovation in integrated circuit-related fields, improve technological innovation capabilities and the quality and autonomy of industrial development.

In terms of scientific and technological R&D, we will mainly focus on some key core technologies and cutting-edge research in integrated circuits, software, high-end chips, and new-generation semiconductor technologies. We will offer support via the national plan in key R&D; motivate companies to be key players in innovation; and promote the deep integration of industries, universities, and research institutes, to improve the environment and platforms for innovation in the integrated circuit sector and other fields. We will also cultivate talents to improve innovation capabilities.

As you mentioned earlier, there are now some problems with the cooperation between China and the U.S., which is not what we would like to see. We still hope to continue international scientific and technological cooperation in the semiconductor field and we value further international cooperation in the integrated circuit and software sectors. We make active efforts to create a good environment for global companies to invest and develop in China. We also encourage Chinese and overseas business communities to strengthen cooperation. During cooperation, we will also strengthen intellectual property rights protection; strictly implement the protection system for intellectual property rights in the integrated circuit and software sectors; put in place stricter punishments for intellectual property infringements; and vigorously develop intellectual property rights services related to integrated circuits and software.

In short, the integrated circuit industry is an important foundation for China's high-quality economic development, and it must be the focus of China's R&D as well as scientific and technological work. Next, we will actively promote international scientific and technological cooperation among companies, universities, research institutes, and other innovative entities based on mutual benefit, to enhance the scientific and technological innovation capabilities in integrated circuit industry. We will also strengthen China’s independent R&D capabilities in the field. We hope to have more outcomes to not only serve China's information industry and applications, but also support and serve the global integrated circuit industry. Thank you.

Nikkei:

China's basic research funding nearly doubled during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. Does the Ministry of Science and Technology have any growth goals for it during the 14th Five-Year Plan period? Will it be more than doubled?

Ye Yujiang:

In recent years, China has attached great importance to basic research. Its basic research funding practically doubled during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, reaching 133.6 billion yuan in 2019, surpassing 6% of the total R&D expenditure for the first time. It is expected to exceed 150 billion yuan in 2020. The overall growth rate reached into double digits at 16.9% during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. We will take further measures to increase investment in basic research during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. First, the central government will continue to increase investment. Second, we will guide companies and society to invest more in it. In this regard, we will formulate some motivating policies. Thank you.

Science and Technology Daily:

In recent years, there have been many new policies to reform China's science and technology innovation system and mechanisms. I am concerned about the reform of the management of science and technology planning projects. What's the current progress of reforms in that area? What specific plans do you have to select the best candidates to lead key research projects and funding non-consensus projects? Also, you have mentioned young scientists, so what are your favorable policies for them? Thank you.

Wang Zhigang:

Let's invite Mr. Xie to answer these questions.

Xie Xin:

Thanks for your questions. The national science and technology plan is an important vehicle for the government to organize scientific and technological innovation activities, and many of the major scientific and technological achievements introduced by Mr. Wang just now were formed with the support of our science and technology programs. During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, we worked hard in accordance with the CPC Central Committee's decisions and arrangements to address problems that many people had reported in the science and technology industry, such as repetition, lack of common goals and transparency, and inefficiency. In response, we formulated a new planning system, and established a more transparent and professional management and operation mechanism. In particular, we strengthened the coordination among government departments and that between government departments and provinces. We have achieved good results in setting common scientific research goals, designing tasks, and implementing projects. We plan to continue deepening reforms during the 14th Five-Year Plan period to further motivate scientific researchers and improve the overall performance of our science and technology plan.

In terms of specific reform measures, the first is regarding what you said just now about "selecting the best candidates to lead key research projects," which is a top priority in the 14th Five-Year Plan's goal to reform the science and technology program. In fact, during the vaccine research and development project last year, we already implemented such a model. The "best candidates" are actually the clinical task approval documents. When an approval document is obtained, we will provide support in stages and mobilize the research and development forces of all aspects of society. As a matter of fact, the core reform is to design our R&D tasks based on the urgent needs of the high-quality development of our economy and society. In the process of implementation, responsibilities are consolidated through reforms and via something akin to "military orders." Eventually, users will be required to evaluate our results so that our science and technology plans are able to focus more on national needs and strengthen our ability to tackle tough problems.

While organizing major R&D tasks, we also pay attention to the funding of non-consensus projects. In fact, the difficulty of this reform is that as we support non-consensus projects, we need to break the traditional practices of the past, and have a certain degree of tolerance for non-consensus projects. We will innovate in all aspects of the discovery, selection, funding, and evaluation of non-consensus projects, and truly support a batch of non-consensus projects that are groundbreaking and may have a huge impact on future industrial changes.

The third is to support young people. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, the young scientist project should be fully promoted and implemented for the national science and technology plan. In fact, young people are already the main force in the implementation of our current science and technology plan, but we must build a higher and larger platform for them in the 14th Five-Year Plan period. We must also let outstanding young scientific researchers take the lead, let them undertake tasks independently, organize national projects, boldly innovate in the project implementation process, and at the same time train a reserve of young researchers who can lead the way in China's future scientific and technological development. All these reform measures will be implemented in the first batch of projects during the 14th Five-Year Plan this year, and we welcome everyone to continue to pay attention to this. Thank you.

Hong Kong Economic Herald:

My question is for Minister Wang Zhigang. In the first year of the 14th Five-Year Plan, what new measures will the Ministry of Science and Technology take to support technological innovation in Hong Kong and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area? Thank you.

Wang Zhigang:

Thank you for your question. First of all, Hong Kong's scientific and technological strength is an important part of the national innovation system and national strategic scientific and technological strength. I myself have been to several universities, incubators, and youth entrepreneurship high-tech zones in Hong Kong and I can say that they do have a strong sense of science and enthusiasm for technological innovation as well as great enthusiasm and incentive to jointly promote national technological innovation with the mainland. Our work is to promote the construction of an international science and technology innovation center in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area under the guidance of the central government's work policy on Hong Kong, support Hong Kong's construction of an international innovation and technology center, and help Hong Kong's scientific and technological development integrate into the national innovation system and into the overall development of the country.

First, we will further expand the central government's science and technology fiscal plan to Hong Kong and Macao. We will also support Hong Kong's strong scientific research institutions and scientists to take the lead or cooperate with mainland institutions to undertake national basic research tasks, support Hong Kong and Macao scholars to participate in international scientific programs and projects, participate in international scientific and technological organizations, and play a greater role generally.

Second, we will promote substantial scientific and technological cooperation between the mainland and Hong Kong and Macao by taking scientific research project cooperation as an important starting point. We will continue to organize and implement joint R&D projects funded by the mainland and Hong Kong, further strengthen the top-level design, focus on people's livelihood and industrial applications, and encourage Hong Kong, Macao, and the mainland to carry out industry-university-research cooperation.

Third, we will vigorously support Hong Kong's construction of a national-level scientific research platform carrier. We'll strengthen the collaborative innovation of the two sides, deploy and build national laboratories, comprehensive national science centers, and national technological innovation centers in the Greater Bay Area, and attract high-level scientific research institutions from Hong Kong and Macao to participate. We will also promote the construction of a number of scientific and technological cooperation bases with Hong Kong and Macao in the mainland, especially in the Greater Bay Area.

Fourth, we will deepen scientific and cultural exchanges, support the innovation and entrepreneurship among young people in Hong Kong and Macao, encourage strong and willing universities and scientific research institutions in Hong Kong and Macao to join the national science and technology entrepreneurship research and training center system, support Hong Kong to continue to host activities for Hong Kong entrepreneurial youth to come to the mainland, strengthen exchanges and cooperation with mainland entrepreneurial incubators, and provide a development platform for outstanding Hong Kong scientific and technological personnel to launch their careers. We are planning the establishment of a Hong Kong youth science and technology cultural exchange program, helping young scientific and technological personnel from Hong Kong study and research at mainland scientific research institutions as well as create more opportunities for Hong Kong youth to develop in the mainland, especially in the Greater Bay Area.

I want to stress this in particular. Every time I go to Hong Kong and Macao, some experts and scholars in their universities, research institutions, and enterprises are indeed very enthusiastic about participating in scientific and technological innovation throughout the motherland and in the mainland, and they are very capable. Their laboratories, their achievements, their professional knowledge, professional ethics, and international vision all impressed me deeply. In our work, we must unswervingly regard Hong Kong and Macao's scientific and technological strength as an important part of national scientific and technological strength. This in turn will create more opportunities for them to participate in national scientific and technological innovation and development. Here, I would also like to express my gratitude to them. Thank you.

China Review News:

During the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2015-2020), China vigorously promoted the building of international science and technology innovation centers in Beijing, Shanghai, and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. This year marks the first year of the 14th Five-Year Plan, and what are China's considerations in planning regional innovation highlands and promoting the building of science and technology innovation centers? Thank you.

Wang Zhigang:

Mr. Xu will answer this question.

Xu Jing:

Thank you for your question. As we all know, this year is the first year of the 14th Five-Year Plan. The fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee clearly stated that we should make plans to build regional innovation highlands and support the development of Beijing, Shanghai, and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area into international science and technology innovation centers. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-2025), we will strive to create the main driver for science and technology innovation, foster regional innovation growth sources with distinctive features, and form a regional innovation pattern featuring clear main functions, complementary advantages, and high-quality development. We have three aspects to consider regarding this structure.

First, we should continue to support the development of Beijing, Shanghai, and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area into international science and technology innovation centers. We must also strengthen efforts to plan major national innovation bases and platforms and work hard to deepen reform of science and technology systems and policy innovation. In this regard, we hope that these three areas can play a leading role in policy innovation, research exploration, and promote the positive interplay and organic integration of science and technology and industry and finance. Through these, we hope companies take the lead in creating sources for science and technology innovation in China and form important driving forces for high-quality development.

Second, we need to support regions where conditions permit the establishment of regional innovation centers and build sources for regional innovation. The key is to strengthen the growth of national high-tech industrial development zones and independent innovation demonstration zones. In fact, national high-tech development zones have played an increasingly important role in high-quality development across the country in recent years. In 2020, facing the unfavorable environment produced by the COVID-19 pandemic, the 169 high-tech industrial development zones nationwide registered an operating income of 41.8 trillion yuan, up 8.4% from 2019. Therefore, during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, we will focus on promoting the high-quality growth of national independent innovation demonstration zones and high-tech development zones, optimize services for innovation, gather high-end resources, cultivate competitive industrial clusters and innovative enterprises, and build high-tech parks and innovative characteristic parks with international influence. At the same time, we will enhance support for the advancement of agricultural science and technology parks and agricultural high-tech development zones. We will take actions to upgrade science and technology innovation at the county level and promote the transfer, commercialization, and application of scientific and technological achievements.

Third, we must improve mechanisms for coordinated regional innovation advancement. In accordance with the national strategy for regional development, we will begin to promote the large-scale development of the western region, the full and all-around revitalization of the northeast, the rise of the central region, and the opening up of Hainan with the support of science and technology. We will increase support for scientific and technological work in old revolutionary base areas, border areas, and areas inhabited by ethnic minorities. We will speed up promoting high-tech development zones in the central and western regions to upgrade their innovation capacity and levels. We will support growing demonstration zones for science and technology cooperation between the eastern and western regions and actively explore and improve market cooperation models, such as offshore research and development centers, offshore science and technology business incubators, and ”enclave economy parks”.. Simultaneously, we will continue to deepen the Xinjiang "four-party cooperation mechanism,” which was vigorously promoted during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. Under this mechanism, the four parties of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the MOST, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Shenzhen will cooperate and promote the development of the western region. We will also deepen cooperation between Gansu province and Zhangjiang High-tech Park in Shanghai, Ningxia and the six eastern provinces and cities (Beijing, Tianjin, and the provinces of Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Fujian), Guiyang city in Guizhou province and Zhongguancun Science Park in Beijing, to strengthen the innovation-driven development of the western region and create a new driving force in innovation-driven growth. Thank you.

Cover News:

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, scientific research has played an important role in fighting the spread of the virus. What new progress has been made in China's research and development of vaccines and medicine? What are the long-term plans for science and technology in supporting health? Thank you.

Wu Yuanbin:

First of all, thank you very much for your question. Since the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, the science and technology community in China has firmly implemented the decisions and arrangements made by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council and established an MOST-led research and development team under the State Council's inter-agency task force. We have focused on the five areas of viral etiology, testing technology and products, clinical treatment and medicine, vaccine development, and animal model construction, organized scientific elite forces nationwide, and spared no efforts in promoting research breakthroughs. A series of practical and effective achievements have been secured and applied to the fight against the pandemic. From sharing virus gene sequences in a timely manner, screening effective drugs and conducting large-scale nucleic acid testing, and promoting the development and marketing of vaccines, China has demonstrated its "core anti-pandemic force" in scientific research for pandemic prevention and control.

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that during the process of COVID-19 pandemic prevention and control, our science and technology personnel have carried out scientific research in major fields including treatment, vaccine research and development, and prevention and control measures, which has provided strong support for and made great contributions to the coordination between anti-pandemic efforts and socio-economic development. These achievements are attributed to the personal planning of General Secretary Xi Jinping and the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council and have highlighted the strengths of China's socialist system. These outcomes have also benefitted from China's establishment of a science and technology innovation system and the overall improvement of innovation capacity. These of course would not have been secured without the efforts and struggles of our scientific researchers.

Just now you mentioned progress in the research and development of vaccines and medicine. In order to maximize the success rate of vaccine R&D, China has arranged parallel vaccine research in the five categories of inactivated vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, adenovirus vector vaccines, and live attenuated influenza vaccines. Currently, 17 vaccines are undergoing clinical trials and seven of them are currently undergoing phase-3 clinical trials. Four others have so far been authorized for conditional marketing, and have applied for the vaccination of key populations nationwide.

With regard to drug research and development, we started by focusing on strengthening effective drug sifting, with a total of 11 types of drugs — including traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions — included in the treatment plan. This played a significant role in clinical rescue, preventing deterioration, reducing the death rate and other aspects. The development and application of new treatment technologies, including convalescent plasma and stem cells, have achieved clear results in the treatment of severe and critically ill patients. In terms of research and development of specific drugs, we focused on promoting the R&D of neutralizing antibodies, and currently, seven single drug types and one combination drug have been approved for clinical trials.

Just now you asked about our work going forward. First, we will continue advancing scientific research into epidemic prevention and control, strengthening understanding of the epidemic trends and risk warnings, accelerating R&D of vaccines and antibody drugs, upgrading detection technologies and product inventions, and tracing virus mutations and their impact on vaccines, drugs and testing reagents, thus providing a solid scientific and technological underpinning for the pandemic control. Second, we will better align the long-term development on life and health. We will strengthen innovative capacity-building on healthcare technology, establish a scientific research system and a rapid support mechanism in preparation for both peacetime and wartime. In addition, we will focus on epidemic prevention and control, the prevention and treatment of major and severe diseases, reproductive health and aging population problems and other key fields, and make an overall plan for scientific tasks. Third, we will accelerate the addressing of shortcomings in etiology study and R&D of high-end medical equipment to better ensure people’s lives and health through scientific innovation. Thank you.

National Business Daily:

How basic research can be strengthened to improve our original innovative ability remains an issue of great public concern. The Fifth Plenary Session of the Central Committee proposed formulating a 10-Year Action Plan for basic research, so my question is, what major progress has China made in this regard? And what specific measures will be taken next?

Wang Zhigang:

I'd like to hand your questions to Mr. Ye Yujiang.

Ye Yujiang:

Thank you for your questions. Basic research is the main resource in scientific technology, and a central gear for all technical issues. A country's foundation and stamina of technological innovation is determined by its level of basic research, which is also a prerequisite for China to achieve self-reliance in scientific technology. After years of efforts, and particularly since the 18th National Congress of the CPC in 2012, our basic research has achieved remarkable progress. On the whole, we believe that we have entered a new stage from quantitative accumulation to qualitative leap, from point breakthroughs to systematic capability improvement. To summarize briefly on the following four points: First, the development of the discipline demonstrates a good momentum and a number of major original results have been achieved. They include: China's high-quality international papers have reached second place globally for several consecutive years; the number of citations of SCI papers in 12 disciplines also now ranks second in the world, and our number of highly cited scientists has been second in the world for two consecutive years. We have also achieved major results with international influence in the fields of material sciences, quantum science, nanoscience, and life sciences. Second, we have significantly increased investment in basic research, which I explained earlier, so I won't repeat myself. Third, the policies and systems which support basic R&D have been continuously improved. We have formulated and issued documents to support our basic research work, such as Several Opinions of the State Council on Fully Strengthening Basic Scientific Research, Strengthening Basic Research Work Plan 'From zero to one', and Several Key Measures to Deepen Basic Research in the New Situation. Fourth, important progress has been made in the construction of scientific research bases. Currently, there are more than 500 national key laboratories, while 13 national applied mathematics centers have been built. With regard to the basic conditions of scientific research, we are building national scientific database centers, and resource management libraries for biological species and laboratory materials, as well as national research stations for observing wildlife, and we have increasingly consolidated our basic conditions for scientific research.

Next, we will further our basic research guided by the 14th Five-Year Plan from the following two aspects: First, we will double our efforts aiming at the cutting-edge of world science. As a major country, the Chinese nation should contribute to global scientific development and the progress of human civilization. Second, we will stress the concept that application is the key to basic research. Currently, we are faced by many bottleneck technical challenges, the root of which is that our basic theoretical research still lags behind. Therefore, in the first year of the 14th Five-Year Plan, we will pay more attention to solving scientific problems in our production practices and guide more scientists in conducting aim-oriented basic applied research, so as to make breakthroughs in national development and security.

The other important step to strengthening basic research is to focus on scientific issues when conducting basic research. Asking scientific questions is the fundamental prerequisite for solving problems scientifically as scientific research always starts with problems. If we fail to raise truly meaningful scientific questions, there will be no theoretical or methodological innovations, let alone major scientific achievements. Therefore, we will encourage scientists to begin with the truly scientific questions and pursue original topics by proposing new theories, exploring new fields and blazing new trails when consolidating basic research. We will formulate the Decade Action Plan for Basic Research (2021-2030) in accordance with the requirements of the central government. This plan will formulate a systematic deployment and arrangement for the development of basic research in China over the coming 10 years. Here, I will briefly introduce the preliminary considerations as well as how to strengthen basic research going forward.

First, we will further optimize the structure of both academic disciplines and R&D efforts. We will support the development of emerging disciplines, unpopular disciplines, and weaker disciplines, and especially promote the integration of disciplines as well as interdisciplinary research. A number of research centers for basic disciplines in cutting-edge fields will also be built.

Second, we will formulate and implement strategic scientific plans and projects, advance application-oriented basic research, and improve the supply system of basic generic technologies. 

Third, we will accelerate the development of national laboratories, reorganize the structure of national key laboratories, and establish systematic strategic sci-tech strength.

Fourth, we will reform and improve the systems and mechanisms for basic research and further increase input in basic research. In particular, we will establish an evaluation system that centers on academic contribution and innovation value in a bid to support research personnel to make innovation breakthroughs. Thank you.

Hong Kong Bauhinia Magazine:

The proposals for formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 adopted at the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee said for the first time that enterprises will be supported to take the lead in establishing innovation consortiums and undertake major national sci-tech projects. What measures will the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) take next to improve enterprises' innovation capacity? Thank you.

Wang Zhigang:

I will take your question. What you've asked is very important. Enterprises are both market entities and a principal force in sci-tech innovation. They need to innovate to grow, and their innovation has great significance to the development of industries and society. Therefore, it is necessary to give full play to the role of enterprises as a principal force in innovation, and this is also a key aspect of sci-tech innovation. In addition, from the perspective of building a new development paradigm, we need to prioritize sci-tech innovation and enterprises need to take their fair share of responsibilities in this regard. In recent years, MOST has been working with relevant government bodies to carry out the national technology innovation project, and guide and encourage the flow of innovation resources to enterprises. Meanwhile, we have strengthened policy support and guidance for enterprises, and given full play to the market's decisive role in allocating resources. We have been working proactively to create a favorable environment with fair opportunities, rights, and rules so as to stimulate and improve the innovation capacity of enterprises via fair competition. This applies to Chinese and foreign enterprises under all types of ownership.

First, we focused on the implementation of policies. In 2020, more than 350 billion yuan in tax was cut or exempted from enterprises' additional tax-deductible R&D costs, up approximately 25% year-on-year. Second, we stepped up efforts to develop innovative enterprises. The number of new and high-tech enterprises and sci-tech SMEs have reached about 275,000 and 223,000, respectively. A number of innovative enterprises with international competitiveness are growing at an accelerated pace. Third, we worked to improve services concerning innovation. We promoted the opening and sharing of sci-tech resources, and provided innovative enterprises with services such as technology transfer, investment and financing, and those concerning intellectual properties. In 2020, the number of China's new and high-tech enterprises grew by 24% year-on-year. Their revenue, output value, and profit totaled 51.3 trillion yuan, 37.8 trillion yuan, and 3.8 trillion yuan, up 13.8%, 16.6%, and 20.1%, respectively. New and high-tech enterprises have greatly contributed to China's efforts to ensure stability on six fronts and maintain security in six areas, playing an important role in supporting the high-quality development of China's economy. Last year, when the epidemic situation was rather severe, new and high-tech enterprises were among the first to resume production and deliver positive growth and their performance ranked among the highest compared with all types of business. In the meantime, it should be clear that the principal position of China's enterprises in innovation has yet to be prioritized, and their capacity for technological innovation needs to be further developed. In addition, the innovation mechanism that integrates the efforts of enterprises, universities, and research institutes needs to be further strengthened to achieve better results.

Looking forward, MOST will earnestly implement the guiding principles of the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee and launch a program to improve enterprises' technological innovation capacities. MOST will look to enterprises as the main player in promoting technological innovation collaboration among universities, scientific research institutes and enterprises, in a bid to promote enterprise-led sci-tech innovation. First, MOST will step up efforts to develop innovative enterprises, foster a number of leading innovative enterprises in key fields, and give full play to big enterprises' role in leading and supporting sci-tech MSMEs to become sources for innovation. Second, MOST will pool premium resources for enterprises to help them improve technological innovation capacity. We will move faster to build national sci-tech innovation centers. Centering on enterprises, MOST will establish platforms for scientific research and generic technologies in a bid to provide innovation resources such as technology, funds, and talents to enterprises. In particular, we will work to attract high-level talents for enterprises. Third, MOST will promote profound integration between enterprises, universities, and research institutes via national projects. MOST will also support enterprises to take the lead in establishing systematic and task-oriented innovation consortiums. Leading enterprises are encouraged to head up or participate in national sci-tech projects. MOST will also provide guidance for all types of enterprises to participate, summarize, and put forward R&D projects to make breakthroughs in core technologies in key areas, and further build China's strategic sci-tech strength. Fourth, MOST will strengthen targeted policy support. This means strengthening the implementation efforts of existing policies, making sure that enterprises are able to receive all possible benefits available. Some existing policies require improvement, while others must be better implemented. There is still much work to be done in this regard. Additionally, MOST will put forward a number of new policies to foster new impetus and stimulate vitality for enterprises' innovation efforts. This includes encouraging enterprises to carry out basic research and improve innovation capacity, supporting the R&D and innovation efforts of SMEs, providing incentive policies for sci-tech personnel, and policies regarding intellectual properties, etc. Thank you.

Beijing Radio & Television Station: 

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee proposed that China should uphold the central role of innovation in its modernization drive and make self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology the strategic underpinning for national development. How can we understand what self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology means, and what are the next steps you plan to take? How can we better understand the relationship between self-reliance and open cooperation in science and technology? Thank you. 

Wang Zhigang: 

Thank you for your questions. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee stressed that China should uphold the central role of innovation in its modernization drive and make self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology the strategic underpinning for national development. This is a major strategic decision made by the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, with both current and long-term needs in mind. It is not a choice of expediency, but a consistent decision that must be adhered to on a long-term basis. Scientific and technological innovation has always played an important and irreplaceable role in the prosperity and development of any country and the progress of human civilization, and its role will become more prominent in the future. With the coming of the new era, China has bigger and more urgent requirements for scientific and technological development. In the next stage of development, a high level of sci-tech self-reliance and self-strengthening is the key to promoting high-quality development and fostering a new development paradigm. The core of self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology is to continuously improve the innovation capabilities in this regard. We must also make innovation the logical starting point for advancing our economic and industrial development. We must seek answers and solutions through innovation. We will continuously meet people's needs for a better life with sci-tech advancement, and enhance our industrial, economic and national strengths on a strong foundation of science and technology. By so doing, we will be able to make contributions to the world's scientific and technological development, responding to the common challenged of mankind, and build a community with a shared future for mankind.

The focus on how to achieve a high level of self-reliance and self-improvement is to highlight six areas:

First, we will focus on making breakthroughs in core and key technologies, and making up for technological shortcomings in key areas. We will deploy the innovation chain to match the industrial chain, and lay out the industrial chain around the innovation chain, so the two can complement each other and achieve rapid progress. We will apply new sciences and new technologies to spur the development of new industries and new economies. Efforts will be made to establish first-mover advantages and technological strengths in the frontiers of new scientific and technological development. This will ensure the security, stability, independence and controllability of the industrial chain and supply chain with innovation in science and technology.

Second, we are strengthening basic research and original innovation. We will enhance the ability to raise basic science questions in our production practice, and stimulate curiosity-driven basic research and application, and objective-oriented basic research. Mr. Ye has just talked about this issue. He said that asking good questions is far harder than finding answers, and that should be the key to basic research and scientific research. Therefore, we should attach great importance to worthwhile questions and our research orientations. This capacity allows us to start from basic research, and go forward to technological innovation and the industrialization of research results. It is why we say basic research is the master switch and fountainhead of scientific research. In addition, basic research produces not only technological research results, but scientific methods and new paradigms of scientific research. So, we say basic research should be strengthened in an all-dimensional and multi-layered manner. It is extremely important for us to build China into a science and technology giant. In the meantime, as China is entering a new development stage, we need to build a greater capacity for independent development and high-level development, and we should even be leading the world in certain areas. This will not only provide strong support and a solid foundation for China's economic and social development, but ensure the country can make more scientific and technological contributions to the international community.

Third, we are enhancing strategic scientific and technological strength. Efforts will be made to accelerate the development of national laboratories; restructure the system of key national laboratories; and give full play to the main forces for science and technology innovation, including universities, scientific research institutes, and enterprises, so as to foster a number of regional pacesetters for innovation with international competitiveness.

Fourth, we will strive to improve the technological innovation capabilities of enterprises, support them to take the lead in forming innovation alliances, undertake major national science and technology projects, promote integration and innovation of large-, medium- and small-sized enterprises, and implement more preferential policies for enterprises to invest in basic research.

Fifth, we will focus on stimulating the innovative vitality of talents, train and introduce good talents in all aspects, cultivate more world-leading talents and teams, and train a reserve army of young talents who are internationally competitive.

Sixth, we will promote reform of the science and technology system and mechanism; accelerate the transformation of government functions; promote the overall allocation of projects, bases, talents and funds in key areas; reform the evaluation and incentive mechanism; and promote ethical standards and improve academic practice in the science and technology field. Enhancing ethical standards and academic integrity is essential to scientific research — without ethics and integrity, the foundation of scientific research will not be firm. Therefore, at this point, we need to give full trust and strong incentives, and at the same time, we should also have restrictive measures.

With regards to scientific and technological self-reliance and open cooperation, they are not contradictory, but in a dialectical unity. Open cooperation is indispensable in pursuing the path of independent innovation with Chinese characteristics. We need to be self-reliant so that we can develop open cooperation in science and technology with equality and mutual respect. Without such a foundation and precondition, open cooperation will not prosper in reality. Furthermore, open cooperation provides mutual benefits and win-win results. In opening-up to the outside world, China has always put science and technology at the forefront. We have continued to contribute to global scientific and technological progress and socio-economic development, while at the same time, we have benefited greatly from international scientific and technological cooperation. At present, China's scientific and technological innovation and development are increasingly inseparable from the world’s, while global scientific and technological progress also increasingly needs China. Looking to the future, China will implement an international science and technology cooperation strategy that is more open, inclusive and mutually beneficial. China's desire to promote open cooperation in science and technology will be stronger. The door will be opened wider and greater steps forward will be taken. We are willing to work with countries around the world to actively carry out dialogues, exchanges and in-depth cooperation on science, technology and innovation. For example, first, in fields related to sustainable development — such as climate change, energy, resources and public health — we should establish global scientific research funds, actively contribute Chinese wisdom and jointly respond to global challenges. Second, in the prevention and control of major infectious diseases and in the public health sector, we should create scientific and technological cooperation mechanisms and promote more practical cooperation. As I said in my opening remarks, when the epidemic was at its most serious in China, an important part of our work fighting the epidemic was to carry out scientific research and share our experiences with other countries. Third, we need to work with other countries to promote scientific research and technological innovation that concerns the well-being of mankind. We need to jointly condense scientific issues and support scientists from all countries to cooperate in scientific research activities. We should also jointly promote achievements in scientific and technological cooperation to serve the development of all countries and the well-being of the people, so as to fulfill the mission of scientific and technological innovation in building a community with a shared future for mankind.

As the host said, this was the last question. I would like to again express my gratitude to friends from the media. I hope you will continue to follow, study and support scientific and technological innovation and development, and provide a better environment and more positive energy. Thank you, everyone.

Chen Wenjun:

Thank you, Minister Wang. Thanks to our speakers, and thank you all for participating in today's press conference. Happy Lantern Festival! 

Goodbye!

Translated and edited by Wang Yiming, Chen Xia, Fan Junmei, Li Huiru, Zhang Jiaqi, Zhou Jing, Xu Xiaoxuan, Zhang Tingting, Liu Qiang, Yan Xiaoqing, Guo Yiming, Wang Qian, Zhang Rui, Wang Wei, Liu Jianing, Yuan Fang, Zhu Bochen, Zhang Junmian, David Ball, Jay Birbeck, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speakers:

Wang Wentao, minister of commerce

Wang Shouwen, vice minister of commerce and deputy China international trade representative

Qian Keming, vice minister of commerce

Chairperson:

Chen Wenjun, head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office

Date:

Feb. 24, 2021

Chen Wenjun:

Ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon. China has entered a stage of high-quality development and is building a new development paradigm. The development of commerce plays a very important role in the building of this paradigm. Today, we are honored to be joined by Mr. Wang Wentao, minister of commerce; Mr. Wang Shouwen, vice minister of commerce and deputy China international trade representative; and Mr. Qian Keming, vice minister of commerce. They will explain related issues and answer your questions.

Now, let's give the floor to Minister Wang Wentao.

Wang Wentao:

Thank you, Mr. Chen. Friends from the media, good afternoon. It's a great pleasure to meet with you. On behalf of the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM), I would like to express my sincere thanks to friends from the media who have shown interest and supported us in the development of commerce.

The year 2020 was marked by a severe and complex international situation, and especially the coronavirus outbreak. Under the strong leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, the MOFCOM coordinated COVID-19 responses with economic and social development, and took solid steps to ensure stability on the six fronts (employment, finance, foreign trade, foreign investment, domestic investment, and market expectations) and security in the six areas (jobs, daily living needs, food and energy, industrial and supply chains, the interests of market players, and the smooth functioning of grassroots government).

We have stabilized the overall performance of foreign trade and foreign investment, promoted the recovery of consumption, made new breakthroughs in multilateral and bilateral economic and trade relationships, and steadily developed commerce, which performed better than expected. These efforts have contributed to social and economic development in China.

This year, the MOFCOM will continue to follow the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, accurately understand the new development stage, act on the new development philosophy, and accelerate the establishment of the new development paradigm. We will strive to achieve the high-quality development of commerce and make a good start on the new journey to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the founding of the CPC with great achievements.

My colleagues, Vice Minister Wang Shouwen and Vice Minister Qian Keming, as well as myself, will now answer your questions. 

Chen Wenjun:

Now the floor is open to questions. Please state the name of your news outlet before asking your question. Thank you.

Yicai:

Affected by a multiple factors including the coronavirus, there have been mixed views about China's foreign trade this year. What predictions do you have regarding China's imports and exports this year? What new policies and measures will the MOFCOM introduce to help foreign-trade companies stabilize industrial and supply chains? Thank you.

Wang Wentao:

Thank you. Your questions are about China's foreign trade outlook this year and what measures we are taking to maintain stability. First, let's quickly review its performance in 2020. Last year, General Secretary Xi Jinping made important instructions on stabilizing the overall performance of foreign trade and foreign investment, and the State Council adopted a series of policies and measures in this regard. All relevant departments and local governments made concerted efforts. Foreign-trade companies met the challenges head-on and worked hard. Generally, remarkable progress was achieved in China's foreign trade last year. The combined value of imports and exports for 2020 reached 32.2 trillion yuan, an increase of 1.9% year on year. These figures reveal three points: first, China was the only major economy that registered positive growth in foreign trade; second, China's foreign trade volume and international market share hit record highs; and third, the country maintained its position as the world's largest trading nation in goods.

The situation in relation to China's foreign trade will remain severe and complex this year. Demand hangs in the balance amid uncertainties caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Factors affecting the stability of industrial and supply chains are also still appearing. We will take firm measures to maintain stability in the overall performance of foreign trade and foreign investment. Efforts will be focused on plans to optimize imports and exports, integrate foreign trade industries, and promote unimpeded trade. More specifically, we will pay attention to the following aspects:

First, we will continue to strengthen policy support. We will collaborate with local governments and relevant departments to maintain the continuity, stability and sustainability of our policies. We will solicit opinions from foreign-trade companies on a regular basis and help solve their problems. For example, we are working to facilitate international logistics, lower logistics costs, improve export credit insurance, ensure the reasonable release of foreign trade loans, and support companies in stabilizing and expanding employment. We are also making timely adjustments as conditions change, all while maintaining the continuity and stability of policies.

Second, we will ensure the stability and unimpeded flow of industrial and supply chains in foreign trade. More efforts will be made to push forward industry convergence in trade sector. We will identify a batch of new foreign trade bases for transformation and upgrading, and foster a group of processing trade industrial parks. We will also establish a batch of national import trade innovation-oriented demonstration zones to expand the scale of imports and boost the quality and efficiency of related industries. 

Third, we will help foreign trade enterprises to secure orders and expand the market, focusing on giving further play to the role of various platforms. We have several good platforms, and we will continue to make good use of them this year. We will hold the Fourth China International Import Expo (CIIE) and China International Fair for Trade in Services (CIFTIS) 2021. We will also make full use of important exhibition platforms such as the Canton Fair and the first China International Consumer Goods Fair (CICGF) to stabilize orders and expand the market for enterprises. Meanwhile, depending on the pandemic situation, exhibitions and fairs will adopt both online and in-person. We will advance development of the international marketing system, especially upgrading overseas warehouses, to promote the integration of domestic and foreign trade. We will also negotiate with more trading partners, especially Belt and Road countries, to set up a working mechanism for the unimpeded flow of trade, and create a favorable international environment for foreign trade enterprises.

Fourth, we will take the initiative to foster new forms and models of foreign trade. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, new forms and models of foreign trade have played an important role, such as cross-border e-commerce and market purchase trade. In 2020, the trade volume of China's cross-border e-commerce reached 1.69 trillion yuan, up 31.1% year on year, while the export through market purchases reached 704.54 billion yuan, up 25.2% year on year. Both of these double-digit growth rates indicate that the new forms and models have strong vitality. Next, we will give them more support, and contribute to stabilizing foreign trade this year. Thank you for your questions.

CCTV:

The fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee proposed that the modern circulation system be improved during the 14th Five-Year Plan period to reduce enterprises' circulation costs. This was reiterated at the recent meeting of the Central Committee for deepening overall reform. What are MOFCOM's considerations regarding specific implementation measures? How can we develop a modern trade circulation system? Thank you. 

Wang Wentao:

As we all know, circulation connects production and consumption. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, commercial and trade circulation have developed rapidly in China, and an open and competitive pattern with diverse actors and models has basically taken shape. However, there are also some shortcomings in circulation. For example, China's national logistics costs as a percentage of GDP in 2020, often viewed and compared internationally, stood at around 14.7%, roughly 6 percentage points higher than that of developed countries. The cost of logistics in China is relatively high. Another indicator is cold chain logistics, which is China's weakest point. The loss rate of agricultural products during transport in developed countries is less than 10%, while in China it is about 12%, with fruit and vegetables even higher, registering around 18% — although some studies suggest it is over 20%. This indicates that we still have many shortcomings in terms of logistics and China's circulation companies are less competitive internationally. 

General Secretary Xi Jinping has stressed that an efficient modern circulation system is essential for both domestic and international circulations. MOFCOM's considerations mainly focus on making improvements in six areas with a problem-oriented approach to develop a modern circulation system.

First, we will improve the circulation network layout. If the circulation network is compared to the human cardiovascular system, the backbone network is just like the main arteries. So, we must first develop a sound backbone network before ensuring the smooth flow of basic network, and open up the "capillaries" to have a sound network system. As such, we need to focus our efforts on the backbone network by making a proper plan for commodity distribution centers, comprehensive logistics parks and public distribution centers among others. With a sound backbone network, we will then be able to ensure the last-mile "capillaries" of the network.

Second, we will improve the circulation infrastructure, which is still left behind when compared with developed countries. At present, the main shortcoming is the "last mile." Just now I talked about the establishment of a "backbone" network. Next, we need to open up the "capillaries," especially with regards to the last mile. The important thing is that the work should reach down to all levels. How can this be done in urban areas? We should ensure residents have access to convenience stores, vegetable markets and community centers, that is, we should focus on making them available within 15-minutes of people's homes. How can it be done in the countryside? In rural areas, we should focus on improving the commercial system, transforming the three-level commercial and trade circulation network of counties, townships and villages, improving the logistics distribution network, and unblocking the flow of industrial products to the countryside and agricultural products to cities. We have set a goal that by 2025, every county should have chain stores and logistics distribution centers, every town should have business centers, and every village should have express delivery. We should focus on reaching all levels in urban and rural areas to solve the last mile problem.

Third, we will enhance the competitiveness of the main circulation. As I said, compared with developed countries and large international circulation enterprises, our circulation enterprises still have many shortcomings. Now, however, new technology applications such as 5G, the Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing and artificial intelligence, have given circulation enterprises a good opportunity to catch up quickly. We are encouraging and guiding circulation enterprises to seize this opportunity and make great strides in digital, network and smart technologies to improve circulation.

Fourth, we will improve the circulation development model. There are shopping malls, supermarkets and retail outlets all over urban and rural areas. We should encourage and guide innovation and transformation. Innovation and transformation are based on digitization, intelligent transformation and cross-border integration. In some grassroots areas, retail outlets are not only outlets for consumption, but also logistics end-points. They have already started cross-border integration, selling things, receiving goods and sending express mail. At the same time, we should also develop green circulation.

Fifth, we should improve the level of supply chain modernization. We will focus on the creation of supply chain innovation and application demonstration, and promote the deep integration of circulation innovation and industrial change.

Sixth, we should enhance the integration of domestic and foreign trade. We will break through the blockage points in domestic and foreign trade circulation, and build a smooth channel for domestic and international markets. The key is to promote the connection of domestic and foreign trade in laws and regulations, regulatory systems, quality standards, certification and other aspects. At present, they are not connected closely enough, and the flow of domestic and foreign trade is not smooth enough. Investigations show that only about 10% of domestic and foreign trade can be connected in some places. Going forward, we need to expand the convergence of laws and regulations, regulatory systems, quality standards, certification and accreditation. We have long been promoting this work. This year, we will increase efforts to enhance the degree of integration of domestic and foreign trade.

Together, these six aspects form the answer to your question. Thank you.

CRNTT:

How does the MOFCOM see the next phase of China-U.S. economic and trade relations? The international community is paying much attention to the communication between China and the United States, and especially wonders if the two countries can re-establish the bilateral economic and trade dialogue mechanism. What's your position on this? Thank you.

Wang Wentao:

This is a question that attracts wide attention. On Feb.11, President Xi and U.S. President Biden held a phone call, exchanged ideas on China-U.S. relations and pointed out the direction of the future development of the bilateral economic and trade relationship. China upholds that the nature of China-U.S. economic and trade relation is mutual benefit and win-win results. The interests of the two sides are deeply integrated. The two countries stand to gain from cooperation and lose from confrontation. Cooperation is the only correct choice. Despite the global trade slump due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, China-U.S. trade has bucked the trend. China is the largest trading partner of the United States. Cooperation of trade and investment of the two sides has contributed to their economic recovery. This has proven that economic and trade cooperation drives the development of China-U.S. relationship, and has brought real benefits to both sides. 

In his call with President Biden, President Xi stressed that China and the U.S. should re-establish the various dialogue mechanisms, read each other's policy intentions accurately, and avoid misunderstanding and miscalculation. China is willing to deepen bilateral exchanges in economic and trade, and cooperate on the basis of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit. This serves the interests of the people in both countries and benefits the whole world. In the next stage, I look forward to joint efforts with our colleagues in the United States. By following the spirit of the phone call between the presidents of the two countries, we would like to step up communication, enhance understanding, focus on cooperation and manage differences in order to take bilateral economic and trade relations back on the track of cooperation. Thank you. 

Market News International:

China has expressed that it's readily considering joining the CPTPP after the signing of the RCEP. What's the role of your ministry in this regard? Is there any relevant timetable? What are the challenges to China's economic development if China joins the CPTPP, such as labor and environmental standards and intellectual property protection? Thank you.

Wang Shouwen: 

Thank you for your question. On Nov. 20 of 2020 at the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting, President Xi said that China would favorably consider joining the CPTPP. In December last year, the Central Economic Work Conference proposed again that China would actively consider CPTPP membership. As you know, the CPTPP covers a wide range of content, and we are doing our work in two aspects. The first is that we are conducting assessments, research and deep analyses of all CPTPP clauses including those you mentioned. Second, we have made informal contacts with some of the 11 members of the CPTPP. We also plan to engage with the rest of the members as well to talk at the technical level on issues involved, so we can have a more accurate understanding regarding the content of relevant agreements. Thank you. 

Phoenix TV:

I have a question about the WTO reform. We know that this year marks the 20th anniversary of China joining the WTO, but currently the WTO is facing a lot of difficulties and challenges. What will China do to advance WTO reform? Thank you. 

Wang Shouwen: 

Thank you for the question from Phoenix TV. This year marks the 20th anniversary of China joining the WTO. In the past two decades, China has fully complied with its obligations as a WTO member. We have opened our market, fulfilled our commitments, and actively participated in and contributed to some WTO negotiations, including negotiations on Trade Facilitation Agreement, on the expansion of the Information Technology Agreement, and about agricultural subsidies. China has actively reported to the WTO regarding its reforms and policy changes. Our trade policies have been reviewed by the WTO seven times and we are going to undergo the eighth. We have specially established a China Program, helping the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) integrate into the WTO mechanisms along with the efforts of the WTO Secretariat. 

After the paralysis of the Appellate Body of the WTO dispute settlement mechanism, China, together with other members such as the E.U., worked to establish the Multiparty Interim Appeal-Arbitration Arrangement. In this way, China as a member of WTO has made its own contribution to strengthening the authority and effectiveness of the WTO. As you have just mentioned, the WTO has encountered some difficulties, such as the challenges posed by unilateralism and trade protectionism, the paralysis of the Appellate Body and tough WTO negotiations. It needs to change in such a situation and China supports necessary reforms. In this regard, Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, was officially appointed as the new director-general of the global trade body on Feb. 15. China will actively support Okonjo-Iweala, and hopes the WTO, under her leadership, will resume its normal functions as soon as possible. For example, we hope the 12th WTO Ministerial Conference could be successfully held this year and an agreement on fisheries subsidies could be reached. 

With regard to WTO reform, China has released its position paper and submitted a proposal to the WTO Secretariat. In our view, the first thing on the agenda is to restore the normal operation of the Appellate Body. If it is functioning normally, we can effectively fight against unilateralism and trade protectionism. In addition, we believe the WTO needs to properly reform some excessive agricultural subsidies, especially in regard to some developed countries, where subsidies in agriculture can be huge. The issue of public food security and reserves is also an issue about which the developing countries are concerned, which we believe should be a priority for WTO reform. 

In addition, as we all know the WTO already has a history of 25 years. During this time , the world economy, international trade and cross-border investment have undergone huge changes. For example, we are trading much more in services than 25 years ago, and cross-border investment has also greatly expanded. E-commerce was still in its infancy at that time, but today it is thriving. We also hope that the WTO can keep pace with the times and consensus can be reached on domestic regulation in trade in services, investment facilitation and e-commerce.

Not long ago, the Davos Agenda was held by the World Economic Forum and President Xi Jinping delivered a special address in which he said that we should build an open world economy, uphold the multilateral trading regime; we should advance WTO reform and protect the interests and opportunities of developing countries. China is now at a new stage of development and accelerating the building of a new development paradigm. In this process, we will further open up to the outside world and are also willing to work with other WTO members to continue to support the strengthening of the WTO's authority and effectiveness, while at the same time, as the world's largest developing country, we are also willing to make more contributions and fulfil our obligations commensurate with our capabilities, based on the principle of balancing rights and duties. Thank you.

CNBC:

I would like to ask what special policies will be issued for the e-commerce sector in order to speed up the high-quality development of commerce? Thank you.

Qian Keming:

Thank you for your question. E-commerce has been developing very fast over the past few years. Along with a new round of technological revolution and industrial change, China has been at the forefront of e-commerce development in the world, and it has profoundly reshaped people's production and way of life, especially since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, under which we have all felt the changes. Online shopping has become an important consumption channel for people. Last year, online retail sales of physical goods accounted for nearly a quarter of total social consumption. Since the outbreak of the pandemic, e-commerce has played a prominent role in helping fight it, securing supplies, resuming work and production and promoting replenishment of consumption. It has become a stabilizer of social and economic development. Not long ago, the MOFCOM, in conjunction with relevant departments, guided the launch of the "2021 Online Lunar New Year's Shopping Festival", which generated online retail sales of over 900 billion yuan nationwide and ensured market supply for people not travelling during the Spring Festival.

The MOFCOM, as the competent department of the e-commerce industry, always insists on developing and regulating the sector at the same time, and constantly optimizes the environment for the development of e-commerce. This year, we will focus on the following aspects.

First, we will improve top-level design. At present, we are pressing ahead with the devising of the 14th Five-Year Plan involving e-commerce development. Based on the new development stage, implementing the new development concept, and serving the building of the new development paradigm, we will put forward a series of targets, major tasks and supporting measures for the high-quality development of e-commerce in the 14th Five-Year Plan period, so as to provide new momentum for the building of a modern socialist country in all aspects.

Second, to promote innovation-driven development. We will actively develop and accelerate new types of consumption via platforms such as livestreaming e-commerce and fresh food e-commerce. We will build platforms, such as "Brand and Quality Online Shopping Festivals," to upgrade consumption and enrich content for online consumption. We will promote the integration of online and offline consumption and support the digital transformation of brick-and-mortar businesses and guide e-commerce platforms to energize small and medium-sized companies. We will also deepen the development of e-commerce in rural areas. Mr. Wang just mentioned the building of business systems in rural areas. E-commerce is a major part of that. We will ensure that poverty alleviation and rural vitalization are well integrated and coordinate government and social resources. We will carry out campaigns to boost agriculture through e-commerce and develop new infrastructures to support the rollout of e-commerce in more rural areas and help farmers increase their income. We will also ramp up efforts to advance cross-border e-commerce and expand cross-border e-commerce retail import pilot programs, inviting more and more friends and partners to join Belt and Road cooperation. We will deepen exchange and collaboration with our Belt and Road partners concerning e-commerce and share the new opportunities of the digital age. 

At the same time, we must also be aware that with the fast development of China's e-commerce platforms, unfair competition and suspected monopolistic practices, among other related problems, have already aroused wide public concern. The MOFCOM will strengthen the management of e-commerce development. On the one hand, we will guide the creation of a social creditability system, put in place a credit filing system for e-commerce companies, and promote self-discipline within the industry. On the other hand, we will enforce mandatory and binding rules We will improve the laws and regulations regarding e-commerce, and conduct supervision of each company's compliance to prevent the uncontrolled expansion of business. We will work in collaboration with relevant departments to maintain an environment characterized by fair market competition. Thanks. 

Jiemian:

I'd like to ask a question about how to ensure stable foreign investment. In 2020, utilized foreign investment in China went against the global trend and became the world's top destination for foreign direct investment (FDI). Data shows that China saw faster growth and utilization of FDI in January compared to 2020. Will this trend continue and how does the MOFCOM view this year's foreign investment? In addition, with the global vaccination campaign rolling out and many countries having unveiled their coronavirus relief packages, we can assume that there will be increased competition regarding the utilization of investment. What kind of measures will the MOFCOM take to ensure stable foreign investment? Thanks.  

Wang Wentao:

I will answer this question. Just like you said, last year, China's actually utilized non-financial foreign investment increased by 4.5%, becoming the world's top destination for FDI. This January, the growth is also impressive. But we believe ensuring stable foreign investment this year remains complicated and severe because of ongoing uncertainties. As you mentioned, these uncertainties are arising from the epidemic and economic recovery. On the other hand, competition for investment across the world is increasing. However, we also see some opportunities. For example, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has projected that we'll see a further 5-10% decrease in FDI in 2021 based on a global decrease of 42% last year. The situation is severe but also provides opportunities. We will act per the policy decisions and plans of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, and step up efforts to stabilize the total volume of FDI, optimize its structure, and improve the quality regarding FDI utilization. The concrete measures are as follows: 

First, we will continue to open up, which is fundamental. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that China will open its door still wider to the world. As for the MOFCOM, we will continue to lower the entry threshold for FDI as well as implement the 2020 national negative list for foreign investment and the negative lists for foreign investment in pilot free trade zones and ports. We will also employ the new version of the Catalogue of Encouraged Foreign Investment Industries to create more opportunities for investment. The new version has 127 more items. Together we will share the benefits brought by China's reform and development. 

Second, we will make the best use of platforms for opening up. The MOFCOM will step up efforts to build pilot free trade zones and ports and national economic development zones. These are the major platforms and means for attracting foreign investment. We will build high-quality pilot free trade zones and ports and improve the planning of free trade zones, implement the overall plan for building the Hainan Free Trade Port, and carry out policies that support the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment. China now has 217 national economic development zones. We need to further expand opening-up, push forward the transformation and upgrading of economic development zones, and build new highlands for reform and opening up in a bid to better serve the new paradigm of development. We will also launch further comprehensive trials for opening up the service sector to guide these pilot areas to take bold steps in exploring new ground and methods that are best suited to local conditions.

Third, we will create a better business environment. We all know that with unremitting efforts, China has made a big jump in the World Bank's business environment ranking, reaching No. 31 in 2019. Under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, we will further improve the business environment, better implement the Foreign Investment Law and its relevant regulations, enact, revise, and repeal supporting regulations as necessary, and advance reforms to streamline administration and delegate power, improve regulation, and upgrade services. We will well implement the rules on handling complaints from foreign-invested enterprises, intensify the protection of legitimate rights and interests of foreign businessmen, and continuously promote the marketization, legalization and internationalization of business environment. By doing so, foreign investors will get a better environment, better development and better rewards when doing business in China. Thank you.

International Business Daily:

China and the EU have substantively concluded the negotiations on the Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI), so when will the agreement be signed? How do you see the future development of China-EU economic and trade relations? Thank you.

Wang Wentao:

China-EU relations enjoy a solid foundation, close high-level exchanges, and fruitful economic and trade outcomes. Last year, Chinese President Xi Jinping had 23 online meetings and phone calls with leaders of the EU and European countries. In February, President Xi chaired the Summit of China and Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) via video link. Last year, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang co-hosted the 22nd China-EU leaders' meeting via video link. High-level interactions between China and the EU have increased mutual trust, laid a sound foundation, and indicated the direction for further development of China-EU economic and trade relations. 

China-EU economic and trade relations are very close, and showed great resilience and potential amid the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Bilateral trade volume rose by 4.9% to $649.5 billion, making China the EU's largest trading partner for the first time. The investment confidence of both sides remains undiminished. The EU's direct investment in China reached $5.7 billion, while China's direct investment in the EU reached $4.7 billion. Last year, China and the EU also signed a geographical indications agreement, which will take effect this year on March 1.

As you mentioned, the negotiations on the Comprehensive Agreement on Investment concluded last year as scheduled. This is a landmark in China-EU economic and trade relations. The investment agreement is a high-level, balanced, mutually beneficial and win-win agreement, and provides many investment opportunities for enterprises of both sides. Creating a better business environment will be beneficial not only to China and the EU, but also to the recovery and growth of the world economy. At present, we are carrying out relevant work including text reviewing and translating, and striving to sign it as soon as possible based on established procedures.

I would like to emphasize again that China and the EU are partners rather than opponents; cooperation between the two sides is far greater than competition. We should expand common interests through cooperation, and solve problems during development. China is willing to strengthen cooperation with the EU in fighting COVID-19, promote pragmatic cooperation in the fields including economy and trade, , green development and digital economy, and maintain the stability of the global industrial chain and supply chain, so as to contribute to the recovery and growth of the global economy in the post-pandemic era. Thank you.

Bloomberg News:

My question is about Australian trade. What has to happen for China to end the ban or the block on the importation of Australian coal, and for the removal of other impediments to exports from Australia to China? Thank you.

Wang Shouwen:

Thank you for your question. The economic and trade relationship between China and Australia, I should say, has a very good foundation. There is a free trade agreement between our two countries and in the past 12 years, China has been Australia's largest trading partner and Australia's largest export market and source of imports. In bilateral economic and trade relations, Australia has a surplus in goods trade and service trade. Meanwhile, China's investment in Australia is more than Australia's investment in China so it can be said that China-Australia commercial relationship has brought huge benefits to Australia.

Take last year as an example. Everyone knows that the world economy is in recession due to the pandemic and while Australia's global trade declined, its trade with China increased. Australia's global export dropped as much as 8% but its export to China was down by less than 3%. You can see that the China-Australia bilateral economic and trade relationship has brought benefits to Australia, and of course, it also brought benefits to China. We believe that this is a mutually beneficial and win-win relationship. This economic and trade relationship is worth attention and care from both sides.

However, it is very regrettable that some individuals in Australia have stigmatized bilateral economic and trade relations, investment projects, and some normal economic and trade cooperation, adopting some restrictive and even discriminatory measures which have damaged bilateral economic and trade cooperation. We always believe that a healthy and stable China-Australia relationship is very beneficial to economic and trade cooperation, and is of common interest for both sides. We hope that Australia can take more actions that are conducive to increasing trust and cooperation and that are more in line with the spirit of the comprehensive strategic partnership between the two countries. This in turn will promote the healthy and stable development of bilateral economic and trade relations. Thank you.

China News Service:

We have noticed recent reports that the progress of some "Belt and Road" construction projects have been affected due to the pandemic, and some Chinese companies may face a relatively high risk of default. Under the complex and volatile international situation, what measures will the Ministry of Commerce take to guide Chinese enterprises to better "go global" and serve the Belt and Road construction? Thank you.

Qian Keming:

Thank you for your question. Since President Xi Jinping put forward the major initiative of jointly building the Belt and Road, China and relevant countries have adhered to the principle of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits, and have continuously deepened practical cooperation in various fields, achieving fruitful results. The "Road and Belt" initiative has attracted worldwide attention and made very important contributions to promoting the construction of an open world economy and building a community with a shared future for mankind.

Last year, in the face of unfavorable factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic, China and relevant countries helped each other to overcome difficulties side by side, and promoted the Belt and Road cooperation to achieve new progress and results. The annual trade volume of goods with countries along the Belt and Road route totaled $1.35 trillion, a year-on-year increase of 0.7%. Meanwhile, non-financial direct investment in countries along the route was $17.79 billion, an increase of 18.3% year-on-year. Major projects, including the China-Laos railway, the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed railway, the China-Belarus industrial park, and many others have made positive progress.

The fifth plenary session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) made new arrangements for Belt and Road cooperation, which guided our next steps. The Ministry of Commerce will resolutely implement the decisions and deployments of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, centering around building a new development paradigm, focusing on economic and trade cooperation of the Belt and Road, and promoting high-quality Belt and Road cooperation. This year, we will focus our work in four aspects:

First, we will improve the quality of trade. We will work hard to expand two-way trade with Belt and Road partner countries, and in particular, increase the import of quality products from these countries so that more countries can share the dividends of our super-sized domestic market. Meanwhile, we need to develop "Silk Road e-commerce", and promote the integrated development of new forms and models of business such as cross-border e-commerce and the BRI to create new impetuses for the construction of major trade passageways such as the China-Europe freight train services and the New International Land-Sea Trade Corridor. Simultaneously, we will also promote the establishment of high-standard free trade zones to create a free and convenient international environment for the BRI cooperation.

Second, we will make innovations in investment cooperation. We will take measures to innovate overseas investment cooperation, promote upgrading overseas contracted projects, and expand third-party market cooperation. By doing this, we aim to promote the development of high-quality cooperation projects and carry out foreign assistance programs that will benefit the people and encourage capable domestic enterprises to go global. Meanwhile, we need to attract more enterprises from BRI partner countries to invest in China and promote the building of industrial chains, supply chains, and value chains that benefit both sides.

Third, we will establish platforms. We will spare no effort in holding a series of important events including the fourth China International Import Expo and China International Fair for Trade in Services 2021. We will also play a supportive role for platforms such as the China Import and Export Fair, China-ASEAN Expo, China-Africa Economic and Trade Expo, China-Arab States Expo, China-Russia Expo, and China-CEEC Expo, etc., and build more platforms to deepen BRI economic and trade cooperation. 

Fourth, we will strengthen the building of institutions. We will actively boost collaboration in strategies, plans, and mechanisms with BRI partner countries. Within the framework of bilateral economic and trade joint commissions and mixed commissions, we will set up additional working groups for the promotion of unimpeded trade and working groups for investment cooperation, and improve working mechanisms in fields such as trade in services and e-commerce to provide institutional guarantees for the BRI cooperation. Thank you.

Chen Wenjun:

This is the final question.

Hong Kong's Bauhinia Magazine:

So far, 21 pilot free trade zones (FTZs) have been established in China. What roles can these pilot FTZs play in fostering a new development paradigm? What are the specific considerations? What are the new measures for the construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port? Thank you.

Wang Wentao: 

Thank you for your question. I'll answer this one. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that we need to link up the construction of a new development pattern with the implementation of the strategy for coordinated regional development and the construction of pilot free trade zones to create a new highland of reforms and opening-up. As you mentioned, China has set up 21 pilot FTZs, which has formed a nationwide pattern of reform, opening-up and innovation. A total of 260 achievements of institutional innovations have been replicated and applied across the country, effectively giving full play to their role as a pilot ground for deepening all-round reform and expanding opening up on all fronts. The most important role played by pilot FTZs is the pilot ground for deepening reform and opening-up. It is fair to say that they will play an increasingly larger role in, and make great contributions to, shaping a new development pattern.

Regarding specific considerations for the next step, we will mainly work on four aspects, namely, connecting markets, coordinating rules, integrating industries, and mutually promoting innovation. I'd like to provide more details regarding these.

We will boost connectivity between markets with profound reform measures. We will continue to grant greater autonomy in reform to pilot free trade zones, put forward more preliminary measures of profound reform, and break down barriers and solve difficulties existing in connecting domestic and global markets. We will further optimize our business environment, which is based on market principles, governed by law, and meets international standards, to energize market entities. In the meantime, we will work to foster more innovative measures and promote them across the country as long as they are proven to be effective.

We will promote the connectivity of rules with high-quality opening-up measures. Whilst promoting opening-up based on the flow of production factors, we also need to foster opening up based on related institutions. Thus, we can promote the connectivity of rules via free trade zones. This means that we will work to elevate our pilot free trade zone to high-level international economic and trade standards. By doing so, we will draw up and publish negative lists for cross-border service trade for our pilot free trade zones and further promote institutional opening-up such as those concerning rules, regulations, management, and standards. Just as I've mentioned, opening up must be based not only on the flow of production factors but also on institutions. By further improving the rules, regulations, and management standards of free trade zones, we will foster institutional opening up, and achieve a higher level of opening-up.

We will promote the integrated development of industries by opening up the industrial chain. There are 21 pilot free trade zones across China, each with its resource advantages and industrial features. We encourage pilot free trade zones to develop their unique features of reform and opening-up based on their strategic position and resource advantages. That includes developing businesses that leverage local strengths with a focus on high-quality market entities so that they can act as leaders in domestic industrial transformation, improve the quality of the industrial and supply chain, and achieve high-quality development.

We will foster innovation by pooling high-end factors of production. We will support pilot free trade zones by pooling more resources from China and abroad, especially talent, capital, technology, and data. We will strengthen international communication and cooperation, focus on basic research, and step up original innovation. By doing so, we will work to make pilot free trade zones the cradle of sci-tech innovation, and foster driving forces for high-quality and innovative development.

I would also like to elaborate on the Hainan free trade port as it has drawn wide attention. The building of the Hainan free trade port has acted as a model and a flagship of China's reform and opening-up efforts. It also represents a significant and novel approach in this field. Since the release of the master plan for the Hainan free trade port last year, we have seen some promising results. According to statistics from Hainan province, its regional GDP in 2020 grew by 3.5% and the import and export of goods increased by 3%, both higher than the national average. Policies also started to pay off since the master plan was released. A total of 310,000 new market entities were established in 2020, up 30.9%. Meanwhile, 1,005 new foreign companies opened businesses in Hainan, up 197.3% year-on-year. The province attracted some 122,000 talents overall, up 177% year-on-year. Since implementing the offshore duty-free policy, the average daily sales of offshore duty-free shops in Hainan exceeded 120 million yuan by the end of 2020, up more than 200% year-on-year. The future of the Hainan free trade port is very promising.

Next, we will fully grasp and put into practice General Secretary Xi Jinping's important instructions on building the Hainan free trade port, stay focused on China's overall development and major strategies, and spare no effort to effectively implement all tasks and polices stipulated in the master plan in a bid to continuously promote trade and investment liberalization and facilitation and secure greater progress in building the Hainan free trade port. Thank you.

Chen Wenjun:

Thank you to all the speakers and friends from the media. Today's press conference is hereby concluded. Thank you.

Translated and edited by Yang Xi, Xu Xiaoxuan, Wang Qian, Zhang Liying, Zhang Rui, Huang Shan, Lin Liyao, Zhang Junmian, Cui Can, Liu Qiang, Wang Yiming, Fan Junmei, Liu Jianing, Guo Yiming, Xiang Bin, Duan Yaying, Li Huiru, David Ball, Jay Birbeck, Geoffrey Murray, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speakers: 

Tang Renjian, director of the Office of the Central Leading Group for Rural Affairs, and minister of agriculture and rural affairs

Zhang Taolin, vice minister of agriculture and rural affairs 

Wu Hongyao, a member of the CPC Leading Group of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) and director of the Secretariat of the Office of the Central Rural Work Leading Group

Chairperson: 

Chen Wenjun, head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office (SCIO) and spokesperson of the SCIO 

Date: 

Feb. 22, 2021

Chen Wenjun:

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning! The Opinion of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Advancing Rural Vitalization Across the Board and Accelerating Agricultural and Rural Modernization, or the "No. 1 Central Document," was released recently. To help people more accurately understand this important document, today we have invited Mr. Tang Renjian, director of the Office of the Central Leading Group for Rural Affairs and minister of agriculture and rural affairs, to brief you and answer your questions. We also have with us Zhang Taolin, vice minister of agriculture and rural affairs, and Wu Hongyao, a member of the CPC Leading Group of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) and director of the Secretariat of the Office of the Central Rural Work Leading Group.

Next, I will give the floor to Mr. Tang.

Tang Renjian:

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning! As the Spring Festival has recently concluded and farm work resumes, Xinhua News Agency yesterday released the Opinion of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Advancing Rural Vitalization Across the Board and Accelerating Agricultural and Rural Modernization, or the "No. 1 Central Document" in 2021. This has been the 18th No. 1 Central Document released by the CPC Central Committee in succession since the beginning of the new century, sending Spring Festival "policy" gifts for the Year of the Ox to the vast rural population. It is my pleasure to briefly introduce the document to you all. 

I. Background

Under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, China overcame tough challenges caused by COVID-19 and maintained the momentum of steady and sound agricultural and rural development in 2020. This has contributed to the accomplishment of all the goals set in the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020). In particular, substantial progress was made in the following aspects. First, agricultural production capacity increased to a new level. Last year was the sixth consecutive year that national grain output exceeded 650 million metric tons; the science and technology contribution to agricultural growth surpassed 60%; improved varieties were used in the production of nearly all major crops; 71% of plowing, sowing and harvesting were mechanized; and the amount of agrochemicals applied declined for four years in a row. Second, a decisive victory was won in the battle against poverty. All people classed as impoverished by current standards were lifted out of poverty, and the 832 poor counties were removed from the national list. As a result, China has successfully eradicated absolute poverty and region-wide poverty, creating a miracle in the history of poverty reduction. Third, the income of rural residents registered continuous and rapid growth. The income of rural residents has grown faster than urban residents for 11 successive years. The urban-rural income gap narrowed from 2.64:1 in 2019 to 2.56:1 in 2020. The per capita income of rural residents doubled that of 2010 one year ahead of schedule. Fourth, rural areas took on a fresh look. Rural living conditions improved significantly, while weak areas such as infrastructure and public services were strengthened at a faster pace. With rural reforms gaining momentum, more vigorous drivers have been forged for rural development. New and historic achievements in agriculture and rural areas have laid a solid foundation for completing the task of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects as scheduled.

Riding on the momentum of earlier success, we have entered the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-2025), which marks the first five years on a new journey toward the second centenary goal of fully building a modern socialist China. The 5th Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee also made strategic arrangements for prioritizing agricultural and rural development and advancing rural vitalization. While addressing the Central Rural Work Conference at the end of last year, General Secretary Xi Jinping sent a clear signal to all CPC members and the whole of society: Along the new journey, work related to agriculture, rural areas and farmers ("sannong" work) remains a crucial matter that cannot be neglected and requires hard work. Taking into account both domestic and international dynamics, General Secretary Xi pointed out that national rejuvenation calls for rural vitalization, and keeping "sannong" fundamentals stable will anchor efforts to address changes in a new landscape. He stressed that, in our endeavor to fully build a modern socialist China and to realize national rejuvenation, rural areas hold the most challenging and arduous tasks, but also the most formidable and broad-based strength to tap into. Such important remarks have identified the path which should be taken and the principles to follow while drafting the No. 1 Central Document and continuing with "sannong" work in the new development stage.

II. Overview

This year's No. 1 Central Document was prepared in line with the remarks of General Secretary Xi Jinping and outcomes of the 5th Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee. It aims to advance rural vitalization and accelerate agricultural and rural modernization by providing guidance on all work related to agriculture, rural areas and rural people. It consists of 26 articles in five parts. The key points can be summarized into "two ensured aspects, two well-started aspects and one strengthened aspect."

The "two ensured aspects" are the consolidation of the outcomes of the poverty eradication program and food security. The document highlights the importance of a transitional period for the smooth progression from poverty eradication to rural vitalization, and ensuring that large-scale poverty does not ever reappear. It also calls on provincial-level governments to maintain the acreage of grain planting and increase yields to ensure a constant annual production of 650 million-plus metric tons in the 14th Five-Year Plan period.

The "two well-started aspects" refer to making a good start in agricultural and rural modernization. In terms of agricultural modernization, China will strive to address two critical issues of seeds and arable land, strengthen the development of modern agricultural science and technology and farming equipment, build a modern rural industry system and agricultural operation system, and push for green development. In terms of rural modernization, under the framework of the rural development program, China will launch a number of key projects and activities to improve rural residents' living environment and access to infrastructure and public services, boost rural consumption, and promote urban-rural integration at the county level.

The "one strengthened aspect" refers to strengthening the CPC's comprehensive leadership on work regarding agriculture, rural areas and rural people. The document sets out specific requirements to enhance Party leadership on and work mechanisms for rural affairs and strengthen community-level Party building and governance in rural areas. It also stresses the need to ensure the input for prioritized development of agriculture and rural areas.

It is fair to say that the document is both timely and visionary. On one hand, it is firmly grounded in current realities by laying out tasks that must be completed this year. On the other hand, it is of strategic significance and shows the direction by specifying considerations and priorities for the 14th Five-Year Plan period. In conclusion, it serves both as a set of instructions for this year and a blueprint for the next five years.

That's all for my introduction. Now, my colleagues and I will take any questions you might have. Thank you.

Chen Wenjun:

The floor is open for questions. Please identify your news outlet before asking your question. Thank you.

CCTV:

Food prices generally rose last year and many countries around the world have tightened grain control in their favor. Given that societies are very concerned about food security issues, what is the current food security situation in China? What measures have been taken to ensure food security this year? Thank you. 

Tang Renjian:

Thank you for your question. Your first question regarding food issues references how all sectors of society are very concerned about this issue, so I will answer this question first. 

At the central rural work conference last year, General Secretary Xi Jinping made it clear that food security is the greatest priority for our country. Of all matters that concern the people, food security is the greatest. For a country like China with a population of 1.4 billion, ensuring food security is a constant, and I think we can never stress this enough. China has seen bumper harvests for several years in a row. Last year it reached 669.5 billion kilos, a record high, and an increase of more than 5 billion kilos compared to the previous year. The country's grain inventory is currently very abundant, so whether it is regarding production, sales, or inventory, I can report that China's food security is completely guaranteed and we can secure our rice bowls. In response to the COVID-19 epidemic last year, grain and all-important subsidiary agricultural products were well-produced, supplied, and sold. We withstood the big test. 

However, on the other hand, we must also realize that the situation of food supply and demand in China has always been tightly balanced. In the future 14th Five-Year Plan period, or a longer period of time, as the population continues to grow, especially with the upgrade of consumption, the demand for food will increase steadily. At the same time, external uncertainties and instabilities will also increase significantly. So on the issue of food security, we must not take it lightly and we must also make our outlook as secure as possible, produce as much grain as possible, and store more food. We also need to counter external uncertainties by stabilizing domestic production and supply, so that when we truly have food in our hands, we feel safe in our hearts. 

General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized that we need to tightly grasp food security initiatives, that the awareness of food security can't be keener, and that food production must be prioritized every year. His words fully demonstrate how food security plays an extremely important role in the overall strategic situation and the big picture of China's overall development and security. To ensure food security, the focus is to do well in the "two storings," that is, "storing grain in the ground and storing grain in technology." This is the material basis for ensuring national food security. Farmland is the lifeblood of food production. Without farmland, there is no food. In the next step, we will take hard measures to implement the most stringent farmland protection system, resolutely curb the "non-agriculturalization" of cultivated land and prevent the "non-grainization" of cultivated land, and firmly maintain the red line of 1.8 billion mu of arable land, and at the same time ensure that 1.55 billion mu of permanent basic farmland is planted with annual crops such as grains, melons, and vegetables. In addition, we must ensure that the planned 1.075 billion mu of high-standard farmland will be built and we must work hard to produce food. Speaking of high-standard farmland, this is a key tool for us to improve soil fertility and increase yield. Specifically, it is used to improve the standards and quality of construction to ensure that one season can produce 500kg of grain, while two seasons can produce 1 ton on such farmland. This is the high standard. At the same time, we should protect and make good use of black land, the gold standard of cultivated land, and we should especially preserve and build the northeast of China as the country's leading large granary. China only has finite land and water resources, therefore, the fundamental way to increase food production is to rely on science and technology for yields and benefits, insist on self-reliance in agricultural science and technology, and be determined to promote the food production industry and use modern agricultural technologies and material equipment to strengthen the support of food security. 

At the same time, we must also establish a mechanism guarantee of "two supplements," which is supplement by benefits and supplement by obligations. "Supplement by benefits" refers to allowing farmers to make additional profits from growing grain and to adhere to and improve agricultural prices and subsidy policies in terms of policy measures. "Supplement by obligations" is to consolidate the obligations and responsibilities of local Party committees and governments on food security. Therefore, this central rural work conference and the "No. 1 central document" both specify that the next step is to implement the same responsibility shared by the Party and government for food security, which builds on each provincial governor's responsibility system we stressed previously. Through these efforts, we will ensure that sown areas and output of grain in various provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) can remain stable and continue to increase if conditions permit. 

To ensure supply, we must not only ensure the quantity but also consider ensuring diversity and quality as the next step. That's because maintaining diversity and quality simultaneously is not only to meet the needs of our market demand but also to increase farmers' income and improve agricultural efficiency. Therefore, we must further the supply side structural reform in agriculture, make it detailed and solid, and adjust and optimize the agricultural production structure, including the regional layout and product structure. We must also promote the cultivation of good varieties of produce, improve quality, build brands, and standardize production. This strategy was mentioned by General Secretary Xi Jinping at the central rural work conference. We understand that it means providing additional varieties of agricultural products at better quality, via smoother sales channels, with better profits, which can better meet the diversified consumption needs of urban and rural residents. Thank you. 

Red Star News:

The seeds are the "microchips" of agriculture, and the central government vows to "fight a turnaround" in the seed industry. I would like to ask how is China's seed industry situation right now and how will you "fight a turnaround" in the seed industry? Thank you.

Tang Renjian:

Your question is timely and to the point. I will be pleased to answer this question but as Mr. Zhang Taolin is responsible for the relevant work related to this issue, I would like to invite him to answer first.

Zhang Taolin:

Just now, Mr. Tang said that the way to ensure food security is to effectively implement a food crop production strategy based on farmland management and technological application. In terms of grain storage technology, the seed industry, including seed scientific research, is the most important aspect. The seed industry is the foundation of agricultural modernization and stands at the base of the entire agricultural industrial chain. Seeds are a vital part of ensuring food security, as is arable land. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council have paid significant attention to this issue; so do all sectors of society. Especially in recent times, the development, overall situation, and the future work of the seed industry have been a source of much concern. At the annual Central Economic Work Conference, the central government proposed to "fight a turnaround" in the seed industry. The just-released "No. 1 central document" for 2021 unveils a comprehensive arrangement for the future work of the seed industry. This is a key decision in the CPC Central Committee's policy deployment, as well as a significant initiative to ensure food security and consolidate the foundation of the seed industry to accelerate agricultural and rural modernization and improve people's livelihoods.

As to the development of the seed industry, generally speaking, we can guarantee the security of agricultural use of seeds and control its risks. Especially since the 18th CPC National Congress, the science and technology and industrial development of the seed industry has achieved significant results. Currently, China is self-sufficient in agricultural products seeds, especially grain seeds. The planting area of agricultural grain varieties independently selected by China accounts for more than 95% of the total planted area, mainly meeting the goal of "Chinese grain depends on Chinese seeds." The provenances of some characteristics of aquatic products, poultry, and livestock such as pigs, cattle, and sheep, are guaranteed to be based in China. At present, the self-sufficiency rate of core provenances of livestock and poultry, as well as aquatic products have reached 75% and 85%, respectively. All of these have provided essential guarantees and support for stable production and assured the supply of grain and important agricultural and sideline products.

Regarding the current situation of the seed industry, in the new development stage, China is working to foster a new development paradigm. We should note that, compared with the internationally advanced standards, there are still many areas of inflexibility and weak links in the seed industry, which urgently need us to create means to handle these issues.

First, there is a distinct gap in agricultural breeds. We all know that the per unit area yield of Chinese soybeans and corn is still not high; less than 60% of that of the US. The planting area of foreign vegetable varieties accounts for 13% of the total area. Of course, different varieties achieve different proportions. Among them, the import ratio of a few special varieties such as storable tomatoes and sweet peppers is relatively high, exceeding 50%. The efficiency of pig reproduction, feed conversion rate, and cows' annual milk yields are only about 80% of the advanced international level, especially of the white-feathered broiler, whose breeding hens are mostly imported. The development level of these breeds is directly related to the quality, speed, and benefit of the development of China's agriculture-related industries.

Second, the problem also exists within the seed industry itself. This issue mainly manifests in the insufficient protection and utilization of agricultural germplasm resources. Some local or rare germplasm varieties are at risk of extinction. Our independent innovation capacity is not strong, especially regarding theory and key and core breeding technologies. There remains a relatively large gap in advanced levels. The innovative competitiveness of seed companies is still weak. Some of them are overlapping projects, or projects of sub-scale, fragmented, with low yields.

Third, we need to take action to keep abreast of the times. The requirements to ensure domestic food and seed security of important agricultural products have become urgent. The diversified demands of agricultural products grow continuously when people pursue a better life. We lack high-quality species and products with special functions and we must cultivate more high-yield, high-quality, water-saving, feed-saving, and machine-friendly (suitable for mechanization), professional, and fine varieties. At present, the world's seed industry is embracing a scientific and technological revolution in modern biological breeding marked by technology integration development such as gene editing, synthetic biology, and artificial intelligence. Facing this situation, we should grasp the opportunity, accelerate innovation, and "fight a turnaround," to achieve leapfrog development in the seed industry.

Zhang Taolin:

What will we do next? The No. 1 central document has provided top-level and systematic planning to "fight to create a turnaround" in the seed industry, covering all areas from the protection of agricultural germplasm resources, scientific research and development on seed breeding, to overall management of the seed market. In general, we must stay alert against potential risks and focus on solving problems to ensure national food security and the quantity, variety and quality of major agricultural and sideline products. Meanwhile, we should follow the law of development in seed industry innovation to resolve bottlenecks, address inadequacies and further strengthen advantages. Specifically, we will carry out our work in the following five aspects.

First, we must protect our agricultural germplasm resources, which are the source of sci-tech innovation in the seed industry. We will intensify efforts to investigate and collect germplasm resources of crops, livestock and poultry, and aquatic products. Such fundamental work must be carried out well. We will also conduct accurate resource assessment and evaluation. A national germplasm resource bank will be established and a system for the protection and utilization of its resources will be established and improved.  

Second, we must promote independent innovation, which is a key factor for development of a sound seed industry. We will step up efforts for breakthroughs in core technologies. It is especially important to accelerate the implementation of major scientific and technological projects in modern agricultural biological breeding, deepen efforts in joint research on the development of crops, livestock and poultry, and take orderly steps to promote the industrial application of bio-breeding. Meanwhile, we should strengthen basic and advanced research. In particular, we will advance the construction of innovation centers such as Nanfan Silicon Valley.

Third, we must develop strong seed enterprises, which are key entities of sci-tech development as well as development of the overall seed industry. We will select a batch of superior enterprises and focus on providing them with strong support. Reforms to streamline administration and delegate power, improve regulation and upgrade services will be intensified. We will also pool resources from enterprises, universities, and research institutes; promote the cultivation, reproduction and dissemination of superior crop strains, and establish a sound commercial system for breeding. 

Fourth, we must upgrade agricultural breeding centers as the foundation for safeguarding our germplasm resources. We will develop modernized seed cultivation and production centers, national livestock and poultry breeding centers, and centers for cultivating original and superior aquaculture varieties. We will also improve the system of emergency support for superior varieties supply.

Fifth, we must optimize the market environment, which provides guarantees for innovation of the seed industry. To ensure a clean seed market environment, I think the key is to strengthen intellectual property rights protection, which requires innovation protection, strict product variety management and market supervision.

In general, we will accelerate the establishment of an innovative system in the seed industry, consisting of a system for the protection and utilization of germplasm resources, an industrial system and a governance system. We will also comprehensively raise our capacities of independent innovation, enterprise competition, seed supply support and law-based governance. That's all for my answer. Thank you. 

Tang Renjian:

The situation of China's seed market and seed industry is not as severe as people outside China expected recently. On the other hand, we do lag behind international advanced level in some varieties, areas and links. To sum up, there is no problem for us with the supply of some varieties essential to human survival. However, for many superior varieties, we do have a long way to go. What shall we do next? Our answer is to "fight to create a turnaround" in the seed industry.

Cover News:

The price of pork has always been a central issue in people's lives. We have noticed that prices have been rising recently. What has the ministry done to ensure the production and supply of market pigs? Will people be able to eat cheaper pork this year? Thank you.

Tang Renjian:

The price of agricultural products, and especially the price of "vegetable basket" products, has always been of great concern to consumers, and a central issue in people's lives. Since last year, we have been taking various measures to support the restoration of hog production capacity, and stabilize the production and market supply of hogs. According to the original plan, by the end of last year, the hog inventory was to be returned to that of normal years, in other words, 80% of the level in 2017. By the end of last year, the inventory had returned to more than 92%, which was 12 percentage points higher than expected. Therefore, recently, and especially before and after the "two festivals" (New Year's Day and Chinese New Year), there has not been such a substantial increase as in the previous period. At present, the overall momentum of market supply and demand remains good.

Going forward, as the newly increased hog production capacity gradually turns into pork production, the tensest period of pork market supply has now passed, and the relationship between supply and demand will become more and more relaxed. It is estimated that in the first quarter of this year, around March, the pig population will be around 40% higher than it was during the same period last year. By the second quarter, or around June, the hog inventory will have returned to the normal level of 2017. In the second half of the year, market pigs slaughtered and pork supply will gradually return to the normal annual level.

This year's No. 1 central document attaches great importance to this issue, and requires the protection of hog production capacity and improvements to the long-term mechanism for the stable and orderly development of the pig industry. Therefore, we should not only focus on the current recovery, but also on stable, long-term production. We are very familiar with the hog cycle. We were thrown off course by this cycle, and cannot let this happen again in the future. For that reason, we are now studying and considering — in addition to comprehensive measures — how to preserve the hog production capacity. When there is large supply, prices are low, and some enterprises cannot pay their bills, effective measures are needed to prevent the enterprises from killing sows and cutting the size of their pig farms. We should focus on this key task to preserve production capacity and manage the hog cycle. We will closely monitor the dynamics of production development, and be quick to introduce specific measures to stabilize and preserve production capacity, so as to ensure the stable development of the pig industry.

I would also like to mention something I observed during my travels to Beijing, Tianjin and other places before the Spring Festival to inspect the production and promotion of the "vegetable basket." The first impression at that time was that generally, we felt satisfied that although many people stayed where they worked during the Spring Festival holiday, the growth of production was sufficient. We were also thinking of various ways to break through blockage points in the market. But on the other hand, we saw that the price of some items had fallen, such as eggs, which dropped to around 8 yuan per kg, and the cost is 8 yuan per kg. Therefore, the price of agricultural products, including "vegetable basket" products, should not be as low as possible, because if the price is too low, farmers will no longer be able to produce them and the next cycle will be full of fluctuations. Therefore, we should work to find a balance of interests. Thank you.

NTV.cn:

Recently we have seen that vegetable prices have been increasing to varying degrees in some places, and people are very concerned about their "vegetable baskets." I'd like to ask the ministry about the production, supply and market trends of "vegetable basket" products. Thank you.

Tang Renjian:

This is quite a comprehensive issue. As I just answered the question on pork, I'll let Mr. Zhang Taolin take this question. 

Zhang Taolin:

The "vegetable basket" is indeed closely related to the livelihood of the people. Just now, Mr. Tang answered the question on pork. I would like to answer the question on vegetables.

Vegetable production is quite seasonal, especially during March and April when winter and spring vegetables rotate to summer vegetables, and the number and variety of vegetables available on the market decrease and prices rise relatively, which is what we usually refer to the "off-season of spring." Affected by the previous cold wave and low temperatures as well as rising production and distribution costs and other factors, vegetable prices have recently increased in some areas. I believe this is still a seasonal and regular fluctuation.

The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) has set up a special work team to stabilize the yield and guarantee the supply of products in the "vegetable basket." First, we have strengthened monitoring of the production and prices. Second, we have organized experts and agricultural technicians at all levels to provide timely technical guidance to ensure the steady production of vegetables. Third, we have guided localities to select and identify some reserve bases for emergency vegetable supplies, set up hotlines, and strengthen production and marketing coordination to resolve prominent problems and remove the barriers of production.

Under our current arrangements, the planting acreage of winter and spring vegetables nationwide is 85 million mu (about 5.67 million hectares), an increase of 1 million mu compared with previous years. Especially since last November, the average monthly volume of vegetable products for sale on the market has remained more than 54 million tons, up 2% year on year. Fluctuations in weather are relatively large currently. As it gets warmer, vegetable production will gradually enter its peak season. Therefore, based on previous trends, the production capacity and supply of main vegetable varieties can be guaranteed. It is also expected that prices will follow the trends of seasonal fluctuation as defined by regular production years and feature a general downward trend.

Next, we will continue to step up efforts to stabilize yields and guarantee the supply of the vegetables. We will guide localities promptly to coordinate epidemic prevention and control and vegetable production to ensure that vegetables can be produced and supplied as needed. Thank you.

China Review News Agency:

2020 was the final year in the poverty alleviation campaign. All 832 poverty-stricken counties in China have been lifted out of poverty but some of them are still at the risk of falling back into poverty. Going forward, the key is to ensure the smooth transition from consolidating and expanding the achievements in poverty alleviation to rural revitalization. What are the plans and detailed measures in this regard? Thank you.

Tang Renjian:

In addition to food security, this issue is another major concern of all parties both at present and in the future. MARA has proposed a "two-ensured-aspects" approach to this year's work and during the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-2025). One goal is to ensure a constant annual grain production of 650 million-plus tons and the other is to ensure that no large-scale poverty ever appears again. I think this answers your question.

General Secretary Xi Jinping has reminded us long before that being lifted out of poverty is not an end in itself but the starting point of a new life and a new pursuit. After the tasks of poverty alleviation in the new era are fulfilled, work related to agriculture, rural areas, and rural residents should shift to comprehensively promote rural revitalization. The central government calls for consolidating and expanding the gains in poverty alleviation to make a smooth transition to rural revival. The bottom line mentioned above is to ensure that large-scale poverty doesn't occur ever again. People living in poverty-stricken areas have cast off poverty, which means that their living requirements for food and clothing have been largely met and they have access to compulsory education, medical care, and housing. Nonetheless, the foundation of their development, especially their capacities for self-development, is not strong, and the basis of their industries — and fundamental support — is not that solid. Hence, consolidating the outcomes of poverty alleviation and preventing falling back into poverty remains an important task. This year and during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, we require that priority be given to the smooth transition of consolidating and expanding the achievements in poverty eradication to rural revitalization. We will continue to fully perform our duties and ensure that there is no gap in our work and policies.

The general requirement is to set a five-year transition period from the date of eradicating poverty in those counties that have ended poverty. General Secretary Xi Jinping and this year's No. 1 central document require that major policies should be stable on the whole and at the same time be adjusted and optimized on a case-by-case and classified basis to give counties a leg up to get them going. To be specific, the key for those counties that have been lifted out of poverty is to make efforts in dynamic monitoring and assistance to prevent them from falling back into poverty. There is only one request: early detection, early intervention, and early assistance because if there is no detection, action will come too late. Industrial assistance is still the fundamental way to help people alleviate poverty and consolidate relevant achievements. We need to focus on this key point and continue to strengthen it. The main approach is to reinforce the weak points, including technology, facilities, and capital, so that the industries that have aided poverty reduction can be upgraded. To provide follow-up support to the 9.6 million people relocated from inhospitable areas, the key is to still develop industries to boost employment and increase incomes and make them better-off as soon as possible. Meanwhile, efforts should also be made to improve infrastructure and provide public services, to help relocated citizens integrate into their new communities. In addition, we need to enhance regular assistance to low-income people in rural areas, who sit just above or under the poverty line. 

We will make areas that have cast off poverty a priority in rural revitalization and give them greater support. An important measure we need to adopt is to continue identifying priority counties in the western region that need assistance in terms of rural revitalization. We will focus our support on fiscal and financial services, land, human resources, infrastructure, and public services, etc. In addition, we will also encourage localities to select some priority counties themselves to receive rural revival support.

Ensuring no large-scale poverty occurs ever again is the bottom line, and we need to promote a steady transformation of the work system as well. In the fight against poverty, relevant central government departments have issued more than 200 policy documents, forming an effective policy and work system regarding organization and mobilization; factors in production guarantees, policy support, coordination, and assistance; and assessment and supervision, among other areas. Since the goals of poverty alleviation have been achieved, we need to adapt to the shift of work focus to comprehensively promote rural revitalization and promote effective coordination between the poverty reduction work system and that of the revitalization to gradually realize the smooth transition from focusing on poverty alleviation to comprehensively promoting rural revitalization. Thank you.

Phoenix TV:

The fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee has noted that China will implement an action plan for rural construction. What are the priorities of the rural construction initiative and what are the construction ideas? Thank you.

Wu Hongyao:

I'm glad to answer this question. In the process of rapid industrialization and urbanization the shape of the countryside is rapidly evolving and the village pattern is being transformed and reshaped. What kind of villages to build and how to build them are questions of the times that we are facing and must answer. As you've mentioned, the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee has noted that China will take actions to develop rural areas, and stressed that the construction of the countryside should be placed in an important position in the construction of socialist modernization. This year's "No.1 Central Document" has also made comprehensive plans in this regard. Just now Mr. Tang stressed that works should be done this year to ensure a good start in agricultural and rural modernization. Specifically, to properly plan and carry out the rural development program is one of the important tasks for rural modernization. The rural development program should include both hardware and software. The hardware is to strengthen the infrastructure of rural areas, and the software is to strengthen public services in rural areas. In the meantime, efforts should also be made to promote the integrated development of urban and rural areas. I would like to talk about the specific deployment of the rural construction action from the following four aspects.

First, construction plans for rural areas should be formulated. Rural planning is the blueprint for rural construction. Without planning, houses will be built disorderly and there will be illegal appropriation of land, which will cost a lot of administrative efforts. Therefore, planning should always take priority before the construction begins, so as to properly determine the pattern of villages. Villages with advantages and needs can start construction earlier. In the meantime, we stress that construction plans should be formulated based on the current conditions. Practicability should be emphasized. Large-scale demolition and reconstruction should be avoided. The unique landscape of each village should remain unchanged, in a bid to keep its original sense of rural life and avoid homogenization in rural construction. The dismantling and merging of villages should be strictly regulated, and no farmers should be forced to move into apartment buildings against their will.

Second, rural living environments should be improved. Since the campaign to improve rural living environments was launched in 2018, the dirty, disorderly, and unsanitary parts of rural areas have been significantly improved, especially garbage treatment. The major field of weaknesses currently exist in rural toilets and sewage treatment, particularly the latter. Next, we will launch a five-year action plan to further improve rural living environments. This will include renovating rural toilets in an orderly and categorized manner based on local conditions, and emphasizing sewage treatment efforts, in a bid to effectively improve the livability of rural areas and people's sense of satisfaction.

Third, rural infrastructure should be developed. Infrastructure facilities in rural areas have been significantly improved in recent years. Basically, all administrative villages can be reached by roads and have access to water, electricity, and gas supplies. However, there are still obvious weaknesses in the internal infrastructure of villages. In the next step, we should continue to focus on the construction of public infrastructure in rural areas, and make every effort to reach more villages and households. The villages in this regard refer to non-administrative ones. For example, since rural areas have access to safe drinking water now, we need to improve the ability to guarantee that water supply. Given that electric power in rural areas is basically ensured, we also need to improve the capacity of its supply for production activities in rural areas. As basically all administrative villages have tarmac and cement roads, we need to accelerate the effort to build main roads inside non-administrative villages to help develop local industry, tourism, and resources. In the meantime, we will strive to solve the "last-kilometer" problem existing in the storage, cold-chain logistic, and delivery process between villages and towns. A long-term management, maintenance, and operation mechanism should be established, so as to bring convenience and benefit to the general public in the long run.

Fourth, public services in rural areas should be improved. Currently, we have worked to basically ensure the availability of public services in rural areas. But the quality of such services has yet to be improved when compared with those of cities as well as farmers' actual needs. Next, we need to establish a balanced allocation mechanism of public resources between urban and rural areas, paying attention to key issues farmers are concerned about, such as education, medical care, elderly care, and social insurance. We will continuously promote the equitable access to basic public services in urban and rural areas, in a bid to essentially achieve fairness out of the current inclusiveness.

In addition, the document also stressed that rural construction does not mean blindly constructing in rural areas. Instead, it requires coordinated efforts with specific focuses. County level areas should be taken as important focal point in the integrated development of urban and rural areas. We need to coordinate the developing efforts of infrastructure and public services between urban and rural areas with layered focus, and work to satisfy farmers' varied needs, so as to make sure that the functions are complementary, and the resources are well-coordinated. General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed that rural construction is undertaken for farmers, and their will must be respected. We will take a face-based, bottom-up approach, and do everything in our capacity to bring tangible benefits to the people.

Tang Renjian:

"Constructing for farmers" is very important, and this is not only what General Secretary Xi Jinping has stressed, but also the specific requirement stated in the "No.1 Central Document." Rural construction is not for you or me, but for farmers. Their needs and feelings must be taken care of, and all works must be done based on the actual situation of rural areas. We must do well in this regard during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, fighting against subjective will, formalism, and bureaucracy which could ruin our efforts. This is very important. Thank you.

CCTV Agricultural Rural Channel:

My question is about rural residential land. After some farmers move to the city, their rural residential land becomes inefficiently used as its residential function is less prominent. This is essentially a waste of land resources. Given that the "No.1 Central Document" noted that farmers settling in the city should be ensured the right to use their rural residential land, how can we revitalize this rural residential land while ensuring their right to use?

Wu Hongyao: 

In recent years, the central government has published a series of policies to strengthen the management of rural residential land in accordance with the law, and in general to advance the reform of the system of rural residential land in a steady and prudent manner and effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of farmers. Last year, the Office of the Central Leading Group for Rural Affairs and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, in collaboration with relevant departments, launched a new round of trial reforms on the system of rural residential land in 104 counties and three prefectural-level cities across China. The core of the pilot scheme is to explore forms of separation of ownership, eligibility and use rights on rural residential land. The trial reform prioritizes protecting the land rights and interests of farmers who have registered as urban residents. . We are exploring mechanisms to safeguard farmers' eligibility, and at the same time, increase the property income of farmers via transfer, mortgaging, voluntary paid withdrawal and paid-use of their land usage rights. 

The reform of rural residential land is in the vital interest of all farmers, and is a sensitive and complex issue. We must act on the requirements of the central government and be patient in dealing with the issue. We should strictly keep the three bottom lines: never change public ownership of land, ensure that China's arable land remains at or above the red line, and fully protect farmers' interests. At the same time, we should make it clear that it's forbidden for urban residents to build villas and private clubs on rural residential land. It's also forbidden to force famers to give up their homesteads and move into apartment blocks. We should always make sure that reform is moving forward in the right direction. Thanks.

National Business Daily: 

Recently, the General Office of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs published a notice on encouraging original innovations in agricultural genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and regulating biomaterial shifts. Does it mean that the industrialization of agricultural GMOs is being prioritized into the fast lane of development? And why did the ministry publish the policy? Thanks.

Zhang Taolin:

Thanks for your attention to this issue. My colleagues have answered questions on GMOs many times. China's attitude toward GMOs is consistent and clear. That is, insisting on independent innovation in research, ensuring safety in promotion and application, and implementing strict supervision in management. Publishing the notice is one of our daily jobs, which demonstrates our work requirements to promote innovation on the one hand and strengthen management on the other hand. You may have noticed that the Central Economic Work Conference and the "No. 1 Central Document" all made it clear that we should respect science, tighten supervision, and push forward with the industrialization of bio-breeding in an orderly manner. Agricultural GMOs are a major part of modern bio-breeding technology, which is also the fastest-growing and most widely used modern biological technology. According to statistics, since GMOs were approved for commercial use in 1996, genetically modified crops have taken up over 40 billion mu of land across the world, spanning 29 countries. That means 29 countries have planted genetically modified crops. There are also more than 40 countries and regions that import genetically modified agricultural products. For the industrialization of agricultural GMOs, we will continue to push forward in line with the principles of respecting science, strict management, abiding by laws and regulations,, and ensuring safety, so that GMOs and other modern agricultural biological breeding technologies can better benefit our people. Thanks.

Farmers' Daily, farmer.com.cn:

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that we need to deepen rural reform and speed up reforms regarding key links in rural areas. What major measures will you take to deepen rural reform this year and during the 14th Five-Year Plan period? Thanks. 

Tang Renjian:

Rural reform mainly concerns micro business entities, market systems and support and protection policies. Over the past years, we have carried out reform in various aspects. Entering the new stage of development, the biggest driving force to advance rural vitalization across the board is to reform. However, we are facing new requirements, limits, environment and conditions in deepening reform, which urges us to push forward with it in a steady, prudent and appropriate manner and apply down-to-earth measures for solid progress. We should especially avoid flip-flopping on reform issues. General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized that reform concerns famers' fundamental rights and interests, so we should stay patient and proceed when we are sure what measures are fit. The Office of the Central Leading Group for Rural Affairs and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs will act in line with the general spirit of rural reform. I'd like to invite Mr. Wu to introduce the concrete measures.

Wu Hongyao:

Mr. Tang just briefed us on the general principles and major points in deepening rural reform. Now I'd like to talk about the concrete measures. 

Since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, the CPC Central Committee has set out an overall and systematic plan to further agricultural and rural reform. We surmounted many obstacles to carry the reform further by formulating a series of major reform plans and laws and regulations. The main framework for improving the healthy development of agriculture and rural areas with "multiple pillars" has been established. For the next step, to advance rural vitalization across the board and accelerate agricultural and rural modernization in the new stage of development, we should continue to vitalize resources in rural areas by stepping up reform in major links and areas. The "No. 1 Central Document" introduces the main tasks regarding this, and the three major aspects are as follows:

Firs, we must consolidate and improve the basic rural operation system. After years of effort, we have basically completed the work to determine, register and certify contracted rural land rights. Rights on 1.5 billion mu of contracted land have been certified and over 200 million famers have received their certifications. For the next step, we should consolidate and make the best use of the progress we have made. We will carry out trial reform on extending the second round of land contracts for another 30 years upon expiration, and keep land contracting practices stable and unchanged on a long-term basis. In the meanwhile, we will update the agricultural operation system and focus on fostering the two new agribusiness models, namely, family farms and farmer cooperatives, while supporting the development of organizations that provide specialized agricultural services. This will help us guide small household farmers to move forward with agricultural modernization. This year, we have another major rural reform task to complete, which is to basically finish the reform of rural collective property rights system. It consists of three parts: first, to confirm the members of collective economic organizations across the board; second, to steadily push forward the reform of collective operating assets based on a shareholding cooperative system; and third, to actively search for effective ways to develop a new type of the rural collective economy.  

Second, we will deepen reforms of the rural land system, focusing on contracted land and rural homesteads. We've mentioned these two areas just now. The new round of pilot reforms of the rural homestead system has started. As this involves the vital interests of rural residents and the situation is quite complex, we will deepen trial reforms, making innovations before dispensing with the old patterns, and carrying out reforms in a steady and prudent manner. While completing our basic work in investigation, confirmation and registration of rural homesteads, we will focus on separating ownership, qualification and use rights and seek to tangible achievements in our pilot reforms. Another part of our reform is rural collective land for development purposes. As the newly revised Land Administration Law has taken effect, the legal barrier on marketization of these lands has been removed, but there needs further clarification on trade requirements and procedures, on ownership, qualification and use rights, and on distribution of income as we further explore such marketization. Moreover, in terms of rural land accessibility, the No.1 central document clarifies the need to make good use of idle and existing land for construction, carry out negative list management, and prioritize land use for rural industrial development and rural construction. In view of the actual needs in developing industries like rural tourism, we will explore flexible and diverse land use measures and ensure that land accessibility won't stand in the way of rural vitalization.

Third, we will establish a guarantee system to prioritize the development of agriculture and rural areas. The key to rural revitalization is to prioritize the development of agriculture and rural areas through huge investment and solid efforts. The No.1 central document has issued a specific requirement on increasing investment and put forward major policy measures to guarantee spending. It has introduced five measures on government spending. First, the general public budget should prioritize spending on both agriculture and rural areas. Second, central government spending on agriculture and rural areas should be expanded. Third, we need to establish and implement a set of evaluation methods for increasing the share of revenue from land transfers diverted to agriculture and rural areas. We introduced these methods last year and we need to review and evaluate the implementation. Fourth, we need to further improve the long-term mechanism for integration of different rural development funds. Fifth, we must support local governments in issuing general bonds and special bonds for modern agriculture facilities and rural development.

It made four requirements in regard to financial support. First, it is necessary to increase medium- and long-term credit support for agricultural and rural infrastructure development. Second, we have to expand small loans to rural businesses. Third, we must encourage the development of special financial products to support new agricultural businesses, as well as foster new industries and new business models in rural areas. Fourth, we have to scale up the practice of awarding instead of subsidizing special agricultural product insurance around the country. Moreover, we must also support the establishment of rural vitalization funds through market-based measures to mobilize social capital in its support to rural industrial development. Thank you.

Chen Wenjun:

As time is limited, we will take one more question.

China National Radio (CNR):

Rural vitalization efforts have been carried out in China for some time. At the beginning of this century, China put forward the idea of building a beautiful countryside. The country put forward the strategy for rural revitalization in 2017 and introduced the National Rural Vitalization Strategic Plan in 2018. In 2020, rural vitalization centered on both the central rural work conference and proposals for formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025). My question is, how the form, content and targets of the rural vitalization strategy has evolved over the years? Thank you.

Tang Renjian:

This is a good question. Rural vitalization is not a new concept. It was first introduced during the 19th CPC National Congress and has been making steady progress over the past few years. However, we formerly focused our efforts on poverty alleviation. What's different now is that we now highlight the all-round vitalization of the rural areas. After the strategy was introduced in the 19th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee and State Council formulated a guideline which charted a strategic roadmap for rural vitalization. Shortly, the National Rural Vitalization Strategic Plan was published, outlining the targets and policy framework for the ensuing five years. Moreover, the CPC Central Committee also published a regulation on rural work, a major document that systematically specifies the CPC's all-round leadership on rural work, aiming to transform the political advantage of the Party's leadership to impetus in the cause of advancing rural revitalization. Currently, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is reviewing a draft law on promoting rural vitalization, which will offer a fundamental institutional guarantee for making further progress in the strategy. We also established a series of special policies focusing on rural industries, rural governance, social etiquette and civility, and urban-rural integration development. Generally speaking, multiple institutional framework and basic policies for rural revitalization have been established and various valuable explorations are seen in different regions around China.

As we enter a new development stage, our priority in rural work has been shifted to comprehensive advancement of rural vitalization. It's time for full-fledged efforts. The central rural work conference last year and this year's No.1 central document have further mobilized efforts and mapped out plans to boost rural revitalization. Many of the questions we answered just now are related to the all-round approach for rural vitalization. To put it simply, we aim to adopt more forceful measures and mobilize stronger efforts to boost the strategy. You may find three changes: we have evolved from top-level planning to all-round implementation of specific measures; from explorations and pilot programs to a country-wide campaign; from focusing on key areas to comprehensively covering our efforts in vitalizing industry, talent, culture, the environment, and organizational structures in rural areas. Through all-round efforts, we will improve areas of weakness in modernization of agriculture and rural areas and make sure that the development of agriculture and rural areas won't fall behind our overall national modernization effort. This is how the concept of rural revitalization has evolved through the years. Thank you.

Chen Wenjun:

Thank you, Mr. Tang and other speakers today. Thanks to the friends from the media. This is the end of today's press conference. Goodbye.

Translated and edited by Zhang Rui, Liu Qiang, Lin Liyao, Li Huiru, Xiang Bin, Zhang Liying, Xu Xiaoxuan, Zhu Bochen, Fan Junmei, Wang Qian, Li Xiao, Wang Wei, Wang Yiming, Yang Xi, Guo Yiming, Cui Can, Zhang Junmian, David Ball, Jay Birbeck, Geoffrey Murray, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speakers: 

Zhao Chenxin, secretary general and spokesperson of the National Development and Reform Commission

Zeng Yixin, vice minister of the National Health Commission (NHC)

Guo Yuqiang, director of the Department of Child Welfare of the Ministry of Civil Affairs

Zhang Ying, director of the Department of Employment Promotion of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security

Wang Yang, chief engineer of the Ministry of Transport and director of its department of highways

Zhu Xiaoliang, director of the Department of Market Pperation and Consumption Promotion of the Ministry of Commerce

Wang Bin, inspector of the Bureau of Disease Prevention and Control of the NHC

Chairperson: 

Shou Xiaoli, deputy head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office

Date: 

Jan. 27, 2021

Shou Xiaoli:

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning and welcome to this press conference. Recently, the general offices of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and the State Council issued a circular on how to ensure services and supplies to people who stay put during the Spring Festival holiday. The document has drawn significant attention from across society.

To help people better understand the circular, we have invited Mr. Zhao Chenxin, secretary general and spokesperson of the National Development and Reform Commission; Mr. Zeng Yixin, vice minister of the National Health Commission (NHC); Mr. Guo Yuqiang, director of the child welfare department of the Ministry of Civil Affairs; Ms. Zhang Ying, director of the employment promotion department of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security; Mr. Wang Yang, chief engineer of the Ministry of Transport and director of its department of highways; Mr. Zhu Xiaoliang, director of the department of market operation and consumption promotion of the Ministry of Commerce; and Ms. Wang Bin, inspector at the bureau of disease prevention and control of the NHC. They will brief you on the circular and answer your questions. Now, I would like to give the floor to Mr. Zhao Chenxin.

Zhao Chenxin:

Good morning, friends from the media. 

Currently, the coronavirus continues to spread abroad, while clusters and sporadic cases have been reported domestically, intensifying the pressure of "preventing inbound cases and domestic resurgence." As the Spring Festival holiday approaches, we will see an increase in domestic travel, returning to their hometowns and taking part in gatherings. This means that there is a higher risk of transmission and a more complex situation for epidemic prevention and control. In this context, calling on people to avoid non-essential travel and ensuring the livelihoods for those who stay put are significant factors in reducing the risks of transmission, protecting people's lives and health, and guaranteeing people a happy, peaceful, and safe Spring Festival.

Approved by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, the general offices have recently issued a circular on how to secure services and supplies for people who stay put during the Spring Festival holiday. According to the circular, local authorities and government departments should perform their regular duties well and strengthen epidemic control. At the same time, they are required to focus on the following seven aspects in response to an increase in the number of people who will stay put during the holiday.

First, guide people in a reasonable and orderly way. All residents in high-risk COVID-19 regions shall stay where they currently reside; in principle, people in medium-risk regions should also stay put; and those in low-risk regions are advised to also do so. In addition, staff members of government agencies, public institutions, and state-owned enterprises shall take the lead in staying where they live and work during the holiday.

Second, ensure the supply of daily necessities. Effective measures should be taken to ensure the supply of daily necessities and energy, as well as the availability and price stability of major commodities. Efforts should also be made to meet people's needs for various online and offline cultural, sports, and tourism activities during the holiday.

Third, improve management and services. Local authorities and government departments should enhance grid-based and meticulous management of communities in both urban and rural areas; reinforce the livelihoods and safety management of people who stay put during the Spring Festival holiday; and provide subsidies and assistance to special groups and people living in difficult circumstances.

Fourth, guarantee smooth logistics and transportation services. Work should be done to ensure convenient and orderly public transport services; provide better transport services for the elderly and other special groups; facilitate the transportation of supplies for emergencies, work, and daily life; and ensure unimpeded delivery via postal services.

Fifth, protect lawful rights and interests. Enterprises are encouraged to guide employees to stay at work while guaranteeing their livelihoods as well as salary and vocation rights. Efforts should also be made to ensure that those who work during the holiday enjoy due overtime payments in accordance with relevant laws.

Sixth, build a positive environment. Local authorities and government departments should publicize the measures to ensure the supply of daily necessities, improve transport services, and suitable care for the needs of the people. They should also pay close attention to hotly debated issues on staying put during the holiday and give a timely response to people's concerns.

Seventh, ensure full implementation. Local authorities and government departments must constantly hold in their hearts the interests and concerns of the people, take coordinated measures to strengthen epidemic control, and guarantee services and supplies with high political awareness to ensure that the people enjoy a safe and secure Spring Festival holiday.

We noticed that many localities have introduced initiatives, policies, and measures to encourage people to stay in their current place of residence during the holiday, and many people have decided to stay put. However, some are concerned as to whether remaining where they are is mandatory, and whether they will face strict prevention and control requirements if they have to return to their hometowns. Regarding those concerns, I would like to emphasize two points:

First, policies concerning Spring Festival travel are implemented based on different categories and levels. Areas with medium and high risk of COVID-19 should strictly carry out relevant regulations that are clearly stated in the document. People in low-risk areas are encouraged to spend the Spring Festival where they work and avoid nonessential travel. If they really have no alternative, we hope they avoid traveling to medium- and high-risk areas. When implementing these policies, local governments at different levels should not put forward additional requirements of their own, and it is absolutely forbidden to impose total uniformity on the implementation process. People's travel and return to their hometowns should not be prohibited, and more support and convenience should be provided to the general public.

Second, we should ensure people's livelihood is well-supported when spending Spring Festival where they work. The notice clearly states that leading officials of local governments across the country should act and make arrangements on strengthening the coordinating works, improving detailed measures, and fulfilling government's responsibilities at different levels, in a bid to ensure the supply of daily materials and the stabilization of prices during the Spring Festival holiday. Local governments should make coordinated efforts to support services such as transportation, logistics, salary and vacation, culture and sports activities, and social assistance. They should work to solve people's problems and difficulties in a timely manner, so that everyone can feel relieved and spend an enjoyable Spring Festival holiday where they work.

Last but not least, I want to say that practice has proven that China did a good job in epidemic prevention and control last year, and this has benefited not only the general public, but also our country as a whole. However, to prevent and control the epidemic requires everyone's participation. Of course, there are many ways of doing this, and choosing to avoid Spring Festival travel is one of the important ways currently. In regard to nationwide initiatives, the needs for epidemic prevention and control, as well as the support provided for people's livelihood, avoiding traveling during the Spring Festival holiday is the greatest support for the prevention efforts. In doing so, we can also celebrate a more meaningful Lunar New Year.

That's all of my introduction. My colleagues and myself are willing to answer your questions later. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

Thank you, Mr. Zhao. Next, Mr. Zeng will have the floor.

Zeng Yixin:

Ladies and gentlemen, Mr. Zhao has elaborated on the arrangements for the Spring Festival holidays just now. Next, I'll brief on epidemic prevention and control.

As we all know, COVID-19 cluster infections have been spotted in China since last December. Multiple transmission chains have occurred simultaneously in the same province and city, and cases linked to cluster infection are seen amongst family members and communities. In general, new elements have emerged amid the current epidemic prevention and control works.

The first change is that epidemics often occurred in cold northern part of China. Virus can survive for a longer time in low temperatures. Besides, current epidemics are found mostly in rural areas where these are relatively fewer preventive efforts are available, thus, it is easy for the epidemic to spread.

The second change is that the number of imported COVID-19 cases has surged significantly. The average number of such cases per day in January was nearly twice that recorded last November, so China still faces mounting pressure in preventing imported COVID-19 cases.

The third change is that, as the Spring Festival approaches, the flow of people and logistic services will increase, and there will be more cluster activities such as group dining and gatherings. These will increase the risks of the spread of epidemic. Therefore, it is estimated that the risks of regional spread caused by imported COVID-19 cases and relevant objects are still high, and the epidemic situation is severe and complex.

To effectively cope with the emerging challenges of epidemic prevention and control, meanwhile working with relevant government bodies to prevent epidemic during the Spring Festival travel rush and support people to spend the holiday where they work, we will carry out work in the following aspects:

First, we will continue to take measures to reinforce weak links existing in epidemic prevention and control in rural areas. As I mentioned, current epidemics are found mostly in rural areas. In addition to urging all areas to strictly implement the measures listed in work plans for epidemic prevention and control in rural areas in winter and spring, such as nucleic acid testing, epidemiological investigation, quarantine, patient transfer, medical treatment, and information release, we will further specify the requirements needed for travel for people in areas with different risk levels. In regard to the increasing demand of nucleic acid tests for those returning to their hometowns during the Spring Festival, we will help local government improve their testing capabilities, working proactively to reduce the cost of these tests, making arrangements to help improve timeliness and convenience. China can offer 15 million nucleic acid tests for COVID-19 daily at present, and this is the figure when using a single tube, which means using one test tube to contain the samples collected from one person. If we use one test tube to contain five or even ten persons' samples, the nucleic test capacity will be further improved, and this will provide strong support for the epidemic prevention and control works.

Second, we will further standardize the handling of clustered epidemics. We have comprehensively sorted out some of the problems exposed through handling the epidemics in places such as Xinjiang's Kashgar, Hebei's Shijiazhuang, and Heilongjiang's Suihua, and refined, actualized and standardized the process of handling cluster cases throughout. We asked local governments at all levels to promptly activate their emergency command systems and quickly organize specialized epidemiological investigations and contact tracing. This work is particularly important. Once an epidemic occurs, we must locate the source as soon as possible and understand how the epidemic has occurred so that we can better take targeted measures to control the outbreak. We must then promptly, scientifically, and accurately demarcate and adjust the medium and high-risk areas, implement measures such as community and individual isolation control and nucleic acid testing in different regions and levels, and strive to keep the initiative in epidemic prevention and control in our hands. 

Third, we must continue to prevent imported cases. Above all, it is necessary to further strengthen the standardized management of the entire chain for international arrivals, from the airport to quarantine venues, and then to the community. We require all localities to prepare enough isolation rooms, comprehensively strengthen the management of isolation sites, standardize services, and avoid cross-infection. Moreover, we demand strict implementation of the responsibilities of industries and entities such as those that import cold chain food and goods. Relevant key practitioners must strictly perform personal protection and key personnel should be given priority when it comes to receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. This work is ongoing. 

Fourth, we will continue to intensify the popularization of health science. Recently, various health science popularization activities have been carried out with regards to winter and spring pandemic prevention and control, and personal protection, etc. We shall widely popularize scientific protection knowledge, encouraging the masses to develop good habits in mask wearing, frequent hand washing, and social distancing. People are also advised to keep personal and environmental hygiene, maintain good ventilation, enhance personal protection awareness, and improve self-protection capabilities. This aspect is particularly important because if everyone is able to do their part well, these measures are practically effective for epidemic control.

The above is my brief introduction to the current situation. Next, my colleagues will be happy to answer your questions. 

Shou Xiaoli:

Thank you, Mr. Zeng. Now the floor is open to questions. Please inform us of the news organization you are with before asking questions.

China Daily:

It seems that it is the first time in history that people have been encouraged to stay where they are for the Spring Festival holiday. Will more cultural and leisure products and services for people who do not return to their hometowns be provided, and how will a good atmosphere be created so that everyone feels at home if they choose to stay? Thank you. 

Zhao Chenxin:

Thank you for this very important question. We need to provide good services as people are advised to stay where they work during the holiday. We will offer more colorful cultural and sports-related activities so that people who stay during the holiday can feel at home, and enjoy a good new year's celebration. 

In order to create a good festive atmosphere and better meet the spiritual and cultural needs of those who stay during the Lunar New Year, it has been clearly stated that the supply of cultural and sports programs via the internet, TV, and radio be increased, as well as the provision of free online entertainment and free screenings of films for a limited time on video streaming apps. Under the premise of doing a good job of epidemic prevention and control, as well as implementing staggered appointments to limit the number of visitors, it is necessary to ensure set opening hours for public spaces and the supply of tourism products. The relevant departments are making full and thorough preparations in accordance with these requirements, and will solidly promote various measures to be put into practice so that people can enjoy these conveniences. 

First, in terms of enriching the supply of programs, we encourage art and theater troupes and groups in low-risk areas to increase the frequency of performances in spacious venues and conduct online broadcasts under the premise of effectively preventing and controlling the epidemic. We guide local satellite TV stations to arrange and broadcast a series of TV series, shows, galas, documentaries, cartoons, etc. of various themes and genres to meet the needs of people of different ages. There will also be many high-quality movies released during the Spring Festival holiday. 

Second, in terms of expanding online services, we encourage all localities to actively organize cloud theaters and live art broadcasts, encourage libraries, museums, theaters, and other public cultural venues to carry out online services, and encourage internet audio-and-video platforms to set up special channels or sections for the Spring Festival. We will also promote a variety of national fitness events and also advocate for fitness at home. Through these means, we should be able to meet the online and offline cultural and sports needs of the masses during the festival. 

Third, in terms of holiday travel, we encourage local governments to provide rich tourism products and holiday leisure activities such as rural tours and surrounding area tours dependent on actual conditions. Outdoor spaces such as parks and stadiums should be opened to better meet the needs of local tourism and leisure for those people who stay. At the same time, scenic spots should properly control the number of visitors, improve appointment management measures, and encourage tourists to travel in staggered groups. 

Fourth, there are also relevant requirements for epidemic prevention. We will supervise various public cultural venues to implement epidemic prevention and control requirements. Cinemas, theaters, and other entertainment venues in low-risk regions must open operate at less than 75 percent capacity. Measures for epidemic prevention such as health monitoring, disinfection of venues, and registering when entering public places must be effectively implemented to reduce the risks that may be posed by gatherings.

Relevant departments will resolutely follow the deployment of the Party Central Committee and the State Council and do their best to ensure services and supplies to people who stay put for the Spring Festival holiday. We will try to make people feel at home, no matter where they are, so that the 2021 Spring Festival will still provide a happy and wonderful new year experience.

That's all I'll say. Thank you.

Economic Daily:

Migrant workers who choose to stay for the Spring Festival holiday are likely to face some inconveniences in their work and life. How can we ensure that those people can celebrate the festival in the place where they work? 

Zhang Ying:

Thank you for your question. Workers staying behind for the festival will help reduce the chances of the virus spreading, but some difficulties and problems may arise. We need to provide essential supplies and thoughtful services to make their festival comfortable and happy. As required by the circular on ensuring services and supplies to people who stay for the Spring Festival holiday released by the General Office of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and the General Office of the State Council, we will implement the special action plan of "providing support and stabilizing employment during the Spring Festival" to guarantee the legal rights, such as correct salaries and leave, and interests of people who choose to stay put. The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security will work with the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Ministry of Transport, the State Council Leading Group Office of Poverty Alleviation and Development of China, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, and the All-China Women's Federation to seriously implement the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, and further implement the special action plan. We will do this by rolling out four major measures to provide care for workers who stay put, companies who resume operation, and those rural migrant workers who return to work after the Spring Festival. The four measures include:

First, we will provide wholehearted support. We will work to ensure that people who stay where they work can still enjoy a festive atmosphere. We will offer guidance for local governments to organize various forms of group activities to celebrate the Spring Festival and offer assistance. We encourage companies to give bonuses for people staying on the job. By offering this support, we hope the workers can enjoy a happy new year. 

Second, we will enhance policy support so that people can keep their jobs. For those who choose to stay, there must be proper work and arrangements. We will encourage and guide companies to take into account the production needs and willingness of the workers to reasonably arrange work, stagger employees' leave or holiday for working extra shifts, and effectively protect the legal rights and interests of workers, such as their salary and leave. At the same time, we will further enforce policies such as refunding unemployment insurance premiums to help enterprises maintain stable employment and reduce layoffs. Policies will be implemented to help enterprises retain workers' posts and salaries.

Third, we will stabilize production and retain workers. We will strengthen labor dispatch mechanisms for key firms such as those engaged in the production of medical supplies and daily necessities. We will create temporary work such as anti-epidemic and disinfection tasks and community services as needed, to balance labor demand and supply. We will strive to ensure that those who want to work can contribute to the fight against the epidemic in the city where they reside. We urge companies to pay for workers according to the law if they work during the Spring Festival.

Fourth, we will provide excellent services to support people who stay put during the Spring Festival. We will provide "131" services to job seekers in need, namely: one session for career guidance, three pieces of suitable job information, and one training program recommendation. We will hold several job fairs across various sectors and types of work. Additionally, unemployment insurance benefits and temporary living allowances will be given in time to people eligible for unemployment benefits. Wholehearted services will be offered to better meet the needs of workers during the Spring Festival.

Recently, many places have rolled out a series of measures to encourage workers to stay put. For example, subsidies and consumption coupons will be offered to workers who stay where they work in regions such as Tianjin, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Meanwhile, in Anhui, Guangdong and other regions, free admission to scenic spots will be offered and trips will be organized to enrich people's lives during the holiday. In Tianjin, Fujian, Guangxi and other places, the government will support and reward enterprises if they maintain full capacity, stabilize employment or recruit workers. In Hunan, Gansu and other major labor exporting provinces, Spring Festival gifts will be given to left-behind families to reduce migrant workers' worry about their loved ones at home.

We will summarize and promote the exact measures across various regions in time and implement the necessary action so that those people who stay put can enjoy a happy and healthy Spring Festival. Thank you.

Beijing Radio & Television Station:

Recently, many localities have issued circulars advocating people to stay where they are currently residing during the upcoming Spring Festival holiday, and introduced detailed rules on travelers from high-, medium- and low-risk areas. It is necessary to stay put for the holiday to help prevent and control the pandemic, but will local authorities adopt a blunt, one-size-fits-all approach? Thank you.

Zeng Yixin:

I'd like to answer first, and then I'll give the floor to Ms. Wang Bin to add more information.

As I just said, the current epidemic prevention and control situation remains severe and complicated. All residents in areas at high risk of COVID-19 shall stay where they currently reside to prevent the spread of the virus; in principle, people in medium-risk areas had better stay put, and for those who need to travel under special circumstances, they shall get the permission from the local epidemic prevention and control authorities; people in low-risk areas are advised to avoid traveling unless necessary. We have rolled out a range of targeted anti-virus measures for people from areas with different risk levels who really need to travel, so as to avoid a blunt, one-size-fits-all approach. We suggest local authorities should strengthen epidemic prevention and control with scientific and targeted measures, to guide people returning to their hometowns to cooperate in the implementation of local prevention and control policies. This is a macro-level requirement. Now, I will pass over to Ms. Wang to further answer your question. 

Wang Bin:

As Mr. Zeng just said, we suggest local authorities issue detailed rules to implement anti-virus policies according to local conditions. Zhejiang province is currently dividing rural areas into three areas defined by red, yellow, and blue colors, signifying the number and place of departure of rural returnees. The local government will apply necessary adjustments during the Spring Festival holiday. Guizhou province has encouraged and guided people returning to the countryside to cooperate in the implementation of local prevention and control policies, and increased government subsidies to reduce nucleic acid test fees. Rural returnees will only pay 30 yuan to receive a nucleic acid test, with the other 50 yuan being subsidized by local governments. This can effectively motivate people to cooperate in the implementation of local prevention and control policies.

As you can see, we suggest local authorities should strengthen epidemic prevention and control with scientific and targeted measures and not adopt a blunt, one-size-fits-all approach. We hope that local authorities could provide convenient, friendly, and warm services for the people, and ensure public health and safety during the holiday period. Thank you.

The Poster News APP: 

How to ensure the supply of important domestic goods during the Spring Festival? Thank you.

Zhu Xiaoliang:

Thank you for your question. The Spring Festival is China's traditional peak season for consumption as well as a crucial period to ensure market supply, provide the conditions for people to celebrate the festival, and get off to a good start in economic development. This year's situation is special. To better contain the epidemic and implement disease control and prevention measures, more people have chosen to stay where they work during the Spring Festival, bringing new features to the consumption amid the holiday. This will also set new requirements for maintaining market supply. Attaching great importance to this issue and resolutely implementing the decisions and arrangements of the CPC and the State Council, the MOC has carefully analyzed the market situation and taken targeted measures in a timely manner. We have provided a systematic guide for all regions to carry out various measures and do everything possible to ensure market supply amid the holiday while taking strict disease anti-epidemic measures. 

First, we have intensified the organization and delivery of goods for our people to have a carefree Spring Festival. According to the changing situations, we will work with relevant departments to release 20,000 to 30,000 tons of meat from central reserves every week to add to the market supply during the Spring Festival. We have arranged all regions to scientifically predict the needs of the people who stay where they work during the holiday and release the local reserves in accordance with the actual situation. We have guided and urged large circulation enterprises to adapt to the new changes of this year's consumption market during the Spring Festival to ensure the security of supply and demand as well as the production, sale of, and dispatching of goods. In light of recent key areas in epidemic prevention and supply maintenance, we have arranged key supply maintenance enterprises to ensure access to goods and stand ready for emergency transportation of them. We have guided and coordinated relevant areas to establish and improve joint maintenance and control mechanisms across nearby regions.

Second, we have taken measures to ensure transportation and procurement channels are unblocked so that people are able to shop comfortably. By cooperating with the relevant enterprises, we have unblocked both the main channels and the micro-circulation of domestic materials. We have also made sure that service networks, such as wholesale markets for key agricultural and sideline products, restaurants, hotels, and supermarkets, will stay open and extend their opening hours during the Spring Festival, and offline daily consumption will be made more convenient. E-commerce platforms and logistics enterprises are asked to not stop deliveries to meet reduced-contact consumption needs. 

Third, we have tracked and released market information so that our people can consume assuredly. We have conducted dynamic monitoring in 185 large-scale agricultural product wholesale markets regarding their business volumes and wholesale prices. We have launched 36 daily report mechanisms for market supply situations in large and medium-sized cities to monitor and deal with unusual situations such as market fluctuations. We have published supply and demand information through multiple channels to strengthen public opinion guidance, stabilize social expectations, and boost consumer confidence. 

Fourth, we have provided supplementary activities and services so that people can spend a heartwarming Spring Festival wherever they may be. We will hold a national online New Year's shopping festival, coordinated online and offline, to carry out various promotional activities full of festival air. All regions and enterprises are encouraged to provide warm activities such as gift bags and on-duty "red pockets" for people in difficulty, vulnerable groups, and people who stay where they work for the Spring Festival, in order to raise people's sense of gain and happiness in spending the holiday amid the epidemic. 

On the day before yesterday, the MOC issued a work notice, and tomorrow we will hold a national video conference to mobilize and arrange the next step in market supply maintenance. We hope that through our work the people will have a carefree, comfortable, and heartwarming Spring Festival. Thank you.

Xinhua News Agency:

After the proposal of staying put for the Spring Festival, more people will remain in cities, and transportation needs will increase. What measures will the relevant departments take to ensure safe and convenient transportation? Thank you.

Wang Yang:

Thank you for your question. More people will answer the call to stay put during the Spring Festival and remain in the cities, and the need for transportation will increase. To ensure safe and convenient travels, we will focus on the following aspects. 

First, we have taken regular epidemic prevention and control measures. In light of this Spring Festival's epidemic prevention and control situation and summarizing the past experience in regular epidemic prevention and control, the MOC has raised the standards in epidemic prevention and control and adopted a region-specific and multi-level approach. We have specifically made the Guidelines on a Region-specific and Multi-level Approach to Epidemic Control and Prevention in Transportation Stations and Vehicles. We have guided the passenger transportation enterprises in cities to strictly implement the requirements of epidemic prevention and control, and prevent epidemic transmission through urban transportation by taking measures of scientific organization and dispatch, increased capacity allocation, and the strict control of load rates. 

Second, we have reinforced transportation service security. We have guided local transportation departments to make full use of technological methods such as big data to strengthen scientific analysis of cities' transportation needs, and monitor passenger flow in real-time. City buses, rail transportation, and taxi enterprises have been ordered to reasonably adjust their transportation capacities and operation hours in a way that meets the travel demands for shopping, relaxation, and entertainment of those people who do not return to their hometowns during the Spring Festival. 

Third, we will meet the daily travel demands of the elderly. In order to make travelling easier for seniors, my ministry will implement the plan issued by the General Office of the State Council to help seniors overcome barriers to using smart technologies. We will strengthen traditional mobility services while also promoting smart services, and improve our measures in checking up passengers' health code in urban transport. We will also help major car-hailing platforms to optimize their "one-click car-hailing" function to provide convenience for seniors, and call on taxi drivers not to ignore elderly people trying to hail a taxi on the street when they have not booked a service in advance.

The Spring Festival is a time for celebrations. During the holiday, we will continue to prioritize workplace safety. Along with other related departments, we will organize safety inspections, eliminate safety hazards in time, and urge local authorities to perform their regulatory responsibilities and for businesses to fulfill their primary responsibilities in ensuring workplace safety. We will also improve safety awareness among drivers, ensure vehicles are kept in good condition, strengthen our dynamic monitoring of vehicles in motion, preserve order of stations in order to guarantee safety and order of urban transportation during the holiday.

China Central Television:

As people are advised to stay where they work during the Spring Festival holiday, will this impact the supply and prices of daily necessities as well as energy supply? While strictly continuing epidemic prevention and control measures, what steps will be taken to meet people's daily needs? Thank you.

Zhao Chenxin:

I will take this question. Thank you. I think it will have little effect on the supplies of daily necessities and energy. No matter where we are, our needs for basic necessities and energy remain the same. However, as people celebrate the Spring Festival in the places where they work, the regional demand structure will change accordingly. The NDRC has been working with other related departments in a series of online meetings to come up with various measures to ensure supplies and price stability during the Spring Festival holiday. We have also established many cross-departmental working groups to closely monitor the situation, develop an early warning system, ensure production and market supply, and put reserves into the market if needed. We will also focus our work on the following five aspects to ensure that people can celebrate the holiday with sufficient supplies.

First, we will make coordinated efforts to ensure production and supplies. We will help large and medium-sized cities coordinate vegetable production, especially the popular fast-growing leafy greens and sprouts during the Spring Festival, facilitate the shipment of pork and other meat products, and ensure smooth trans-regional logistics as well as sufficient supplies in the market. We will also guarantee the supply of coal, electricity, oil and gas.

Second, we will precisely adjust reserves. We have done a lot of work in this regard in recent years. We will help local authorities to adjust and enrich their reserves of major necessities, continue to release frozen pork from central reserves, organize major northern cities to release their winter and spring vegetables reserves, and put into market small packaged grains and cooking oil in a timely way depending on the situation. We will also coordinate the distribution and deployment of gas and electricity, and increase the coal reserves in major regions and among power plants.

Third, we will ensure unimpeded shipment and logistics. Mr. Wang Yang from the Ministry of Transport has talked about their work arrangements. I would like to add that while implementing epidemic prevention and control measures, we have been working with other departments to help local authorities adjust and improve transportation management, clear traffic blockages, encourage logistics and delivery companies to increase their manpower and shipment capacity, to guarantee the normal shipment of products purchased via e-commerce platforms, and ensure that people's normal life won't be affected.

Fourth, we will seek to guarantee normal marketing channels. We will guide agricultural product wholesale markets, farmers' markets, grocery stores, and e-commerce platforms that sell fresh products to better manage their supplies. Currently, these businesses are restocking before the holiday. Moreover, we also encourage community-based sales outlets to open for no less than eight hours every day during the Spring Festival holiday.

Fifth, we must guarantee people's basic livelihoods. We will urge local governments to continue the practice of increasing social security assistance and benefit payments in step with price increases, and in a timely way initiate and provide in full temporary price subsidies. We will work with market regulators to strengthen market inspections, punish behavior like hoarding, profiteering and price collusion, and safeguard market order and stability.

Through these measures, we believe that people's needs for daily necessities and energy will be guaranteed. I'm sure people will be able to celebrate the new year with no worries. Thank you.

Lianhe Zaobao:

China is encouraging residents to spend the Spring Festival holiday at their current residing localities to prevent spreading the epidemic. What impact will this measure have on the economy during the traditional Spring Festival holiday? What policies will the authorities adopt to encourage people to stay where they work and live to celebrate the Spring Festival whilst boosting consumption and the overall economy? Thank you.

Zhao Chenxin:

Thank you for your questions. We undertook an immediate analysis as soon as the circular was released, and we will also discuss the issue with local governments and relevant departments in the days to come. Regarding your questions, I would like to introduce some information based on our preliminary analysis. 

This is the first time ever for us to encourage people to celebrate an in-place Spring Festival, we have to keep monitoring and undertaking follow-up analysis into the relevant impact which, I think, could be multifaceted. For example, many are concerned about the impact the policy may have on various industries, such as tourism, transportation, as well as the accommodation and catering sectors. However, we believe it will also have some positive effects.  

First, staying in cities where people work and live can be definitely conducive to epidemic prevention and control, and that will promote sustained economic recovery. If many people decide to stay in place, it will significantly reduce large-scale personnel flow and gatherings. Moreover, people will save a lot of time that they spend on travel or in finding new jobs, which will benefit resumption of business activities and recovery of industries after the holiday.

Second, it can boost consumption in local areas. If a lot of people decide to stay where they work and live, those cities and towns with a relatively large population staying put will see an increase in consumption demand. 

Third, it can promote consumption for recreational activities. Local governments have stepped up efforts to provide convenient services for colorful cultural and recreational activities, as well as excursions. People who spend the holiday where they live and work will feel the warmth there, and at the same time, the consumption during the holiday can be promoted. 

Moreover, the circular also encourages local authorities to consider people's needs during the Spring Festival holiday, and provide various consumption items and social services featuring less contact and gathering. It is expected market vitality will be spurred, and more customized, intelligent, green and high-quality products will emerge during the holiday, which will further connect urban and rural areas, cover online and offline, and in-store consumption services, so as to better meet the public's diversified and personalized consumption demand during the holiday, and unleash the potential for new-type consumption, as well as generate new driving forces for consumption. 

The information I've mentioned above are somewhat based on preliminary analysis. Going forward, we will make a further study with relevant departments, and keep monitoring, studying and analyzing the economic performance and social consumption during the holiday, so as to offer targeted measures in a timely manner. We will ensure that everyone can have a relaxed and happy Spring Festival while working together with the public to promote steady and sound economic and social development, so that every individual can enjoy the fruits of development. Thank you.  

Southern Metropolis Daily:

People are encouraged to stay in cities where they work during the upcoming Spring Festival. However, in this way, some empty nesters and left-behind children probably cannot reunite with their family. For those elderly and children, are there any measures in place which will make the epidemic prevention and control both effective and more thoughtful? Thank you.

Guo Yuqiang:

Thank you for your concern for the elderly and children left behind. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council have always attached great importance to the care for the elderly, children and other special groups. In this regard, authorities have rolled out a set of measures to ensure the livelihood of those in need, as well as services and supplies for those who stay where they work during the holiday. All these measures have made clear that targeted support for the elderly and children left behind must be provided. 

In order to ensure that these disadvantaged groups have a safe, comfortable, and peaceful Spring Festival, civil affairs departments at all levels are operating under the unified command of the local Party committees and governments to take a series of measures and actions:

First, we will conduct thorough checks. Local authorities should carry out further checks on empty-nest elderly and left-behind children before the Spring Festival. Based on existing data, we will further investigate the family and migrant labor status within these two groups.

Second, we will strengthen the guidance work for providing assistance specifically designed to suit different groups. There are four aspects of the work that we have conducted. First, we have guided village (neighborhood) committees to increase regular visits to empty-nest elderly and left-behind children. Particularly, village (neighborhood) committee officials, directors and supervisors in charge of child-related works should take advantage of their experiences from front-line work and familiarity with their designated areas to find out residents' needs and provide necessary assistance. Second, we have implemented assistance and guarantee measures and provided various services which include daily care for elderly people with difficulties due to the epidemic. We have also required local authorities to optimize and simplify confirmation, review, and approval procedures for de facto unattended children, orphans, and other children in difficult situations during the epidemic prevention and control period. For those who meet these conditions, we have required that the related departments make an application, receive approval, and provide a living allowance within one month. Third, we have enhanced guidance relating to family guardianship. It is required that migrant workers have to assign a qualified caregiver to take care of their left-behind children. If it is difficult to assign someone due to practical difficulties, it should be reported to the village (neighborhood) committee. The village (neighborhood) committee should then assign qualified caregivers to the left-behind children and make sure that they are properly taken care of. Fourth, we encourage migrant workers to stay where they live and work during the holiday and encourage them to make regular phone calls and video calls to their elderly relatives and children left at home.

Third, we should conduct epidemic prevention and control work properly. We have provided instructions to local authorities to further involve empty-nest elderly and left-behind children in the unified deployment of local joint prevention and control mechanisms. Village (neighborhood) directors of child-related works should adopt suitable methods for left-behind children in order to strengthen their education on epidemic prevention and control. At the same time, under the local epidemic prevention and control requirements, directors should also provide psychological counseling services and conduct care activities.

Fourth, we should provide aid to and protection for children without guardianship due to emergencies. On Jan. 13, the Ministry of Civil Affairs, together with nine government departments, including the National Development and Reform Commission, the NHC, jointly issued documents, requiring that the village (neighborhood) committee or organizations for minor protection should be coordinated to take on temporary care duties and provide care services for those children whose parents and other guardians or entrusted caregivers cannot fully perform their responsibilities in raising and guarding them due to an emergency, such as treatment due to confirmed infection, need for centralized medical observation, or otherwise affected by the needs of epidemic prevention and control work. That's all. Thank you.

Global Times:

It was reported earlier that China plans to inoculate 50 million people against COVID-19 before the Spring Festival. so how many people have been inoculated so far? In addition, some outbreaks have revealed obvious loopholes in the epidemic prevention and control in rural areas. Have these loopholes been plugged? Thank you.

Zeng Yixin:

Thank you for your attention to the vaccination issue. Mass administration of safe and effective vaccines is the most economical and efficacious measure to prevent and control infectious diseases. Therefore, we are now conducting the inoculation program with certain priorities and in a steady and orderly manner, vaccinating key population groups at a higher risk of infection across the country. We have mainly focused on vaccinating the tens of millions of people working in key areas involving border ports and international and domestic transportation, as well as in key industries such as health care, social resources security and basic social operation services. In general, the relevant work is progressing in a smoothly and orderly way, so that the number of people vaccinated in various regions is increasing. As of Jan. 26, a total of 22.77 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine have been administered in China.

We have mainly done the following work: first, we have made meticulous and thorough arrangements concerning the vaccination task and provided relevant technical guidance to localities. These have, in a coordinated manner, set up vaccination organizations and teams, and carried out pre-vaccination professional training, while taking into account their needs regarding vaccination and epidemic prevention and control, as well as local medical and health resources. Second, the standardized management of inoculation has been strengthened. We have given full play to the role of the immunization information system and promoted IT applications in vaccine management so that every vaccine can be fully traced. Before vaccinating, the subjects must be asked whether they have contraindications so as to ensure standardized inoculation. Third, efforts have been made to monitor adverse reactions and conduct medical treatment. The monitoring of adverse reactions is very important and must be conducted in strict accordance with the regulations and fully reported to the relevant authorities. In addition, professional medical workers should be present at the vaccination sites to ensure medical treatment in a timely manner in case of any adverse reactions. This is my answer to the first question.

Now, I will talk about how to plug loopholes in epidemic prevention and control in rural areas. From the perspective of recent cluster cases, problems of weak awareness of epidemic prevention and control, insufficient anti-epidemic supplies and relatively poor technologies do exist in rural areas. Some localities have even witnessed super-spreading events caused by gatherings. In order to enhance pandemic prevention and control in rural areas, the NHC, along with relevant departments, has specially put forward anti-epidemic requirements for rural areas in the present winter and in the coming spring, and have made feasible work arrangements in line with actual rural conditions from the aspects of "early detection, reporting, quarantine and treatment and effective guarantee." Here, I'd like to stress in particular the following points:

First, prevention and control measures should be more precise and scientific. We put forward targeted requirements regarding the movement of people in areas at different risk levels. People in high-risk areas or those who have been to high-risk areas within the last 14 days should stay put during the Spring Festival travel rush. In principle, the same also applies to people in medium-risk areas or those who have been to medium-risk areas within the last 14 days. Key population groups in low-risk areas, including employees in the imported cold-chain food, having direct contact with imported goods at ports, and those working in isolation sites, are required to present a negative nucleic acid test result conducted within seven days of their planned date of return to their hometowns in rural areas in another province. The rest of people in low-risk areas need to possess a green healthy code for an orderly flow.

The second is to fulfill the responsibility of "four preventions" (preventing risks involving people, objects, the environment and unknown risks). Localities should activate epidemic emergency command systems, establish and improve their task forces, strictly implement the rules of epidemic "daily report" and "zero report", and make full preparations for nucleic acid testing, isolation, medical treatment, etc. I want to particularly underline that training in COVID-19-related knowledge of medical staff at the grassroots levels in rural areas, including rural doctors, should be intensified, so as to help them detect some suspicious symptoms in a timely manner, give correct suggestions and take some necessary measures during their daily reception of patients. In this way, we can ensure timely detection, reporting and handling of COVID-19 cases.

The third is to quickly initiate an emergency response. Once an epidemic occurs, the local joint prevention and control mechanism should immediately begin its emergency response, quickly carry out an epidemiological investigation, locate the source of infection as soon as possible, determine close contacts, implement local-regional control, administer nucleic acid tests to key personnel, provide medical treatment to patients, and implement other measures to control the spread of the epidemic as soon as possible.

No chances should be taken in such critical instances. All localities and units must refine and implement various work and emergency plans in accordance with the requirements of the joint prevention and control mechanism of the State Council and carry out emergency drills for epidemic prevention and control so as to ensure that all preparations for dealing with the epidemic can be put into place. Thank you.

Cover News: 

How can the transportation department strengthen the guarantee of receiving emergency materials and production and daily necessities? In addition, will express delivery of goods continue as normal during Spring Festival?

Wang Yang:

Thanks for your question. The Ministry of Transport will conscientiously implement the spirit of the two offices' circular, strengthen work deployment, supervise and guide local transport departments to do a good job in epidemic prevention and control, and ensure emergency transportation of production and daily necessities.

First, in accordance with the deployment and arrangement of the joint prevention and control mechanism of the State Council, our ministry together with relevant departments has accelerated the establishment of a special system for traffic control and transportation support. This special system will operate 24/7 and carry out coordination, scheduling, and support work.

Second, according to the requirements of the two offices, restrictions on freight traffic in low-risk areas should be completely abolished, as already required. At the same time, we have simplified the process for those who need to apply for an emergency transport vehicle pass. Now, the process requires the carrier and the driver to download, fill in, and print the pass according to the unified format and carry it in the vehicle. At the toll stations where conditions permit, emergency green passages are required to strengthen traffic guidance, and vehicles with emergency transportation permits are guaranteed to be given priority.

Third, improve the three-level coordination and dispatching mechanism of the ministryprovince and station, and strengthen the monitoring and analysis of road network operations. In case of congestion, dispatch shall be carried out in order to alleviate traffic. At the same time, we should also strengthen coordination with relevant departments and excel in the handling of road traffic emergencies in bad weather.

Fourth, strengthen transportation support of key emergency materials, strengthen coordination and communication, and guide the relevant provincial transportation departments through the entire process seamlessly to ensure the efficient and safe arrival of key emergency materials.

As for the "last kilometer" of logistics mentioned just now, we are very concerned about the issue of express delivery. As Spring Festival approaches, the postal administration departments and delivery enterprises have taken action to strictly prevent and control the epidemic situation, while at the same time have spared no effort to provide services for people who stay where they work during the Spring Festival holiday. China Post and related express companies have announced that they "will not be closed for Spring Festival," and will ensure that the network, transportation capacity, personnel, customer service, and other aspects are guaranteed. Therefore, I believe that if you choose to purchase New Year's goods online, they will be delivered to your home as scheduled. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

Thank you to all of the speakers. Thanks to friends from the media. Today's SCIO press conference is hereby concluded. Goodbye.

Translated and edited by Zhu Bochen, Zhang Rui, Guo Yiming, Wang Yiming, Wang Zhiyong, Wang Mengru, Zhang Junmian, Liu Jianing, Liu Qiang, Zhang Liying, Yan Xiaoqing, Huang Shan, Xu Xiaoxuan, Li Huiru, Xiang Bin, Fan Junmei, Wang Qian, Yang Xi, Gong Yingchun, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speakers:

Liang Tao, vice chairman of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission (CBIRC) 

Xiao Yuanqi, chief risk officer and spokesperson of the CBIRC

Chairperson:

Shou Xiaoli, deputy head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office

Date: 

Jan. 22, 2021

Shou Xiaoli:

Ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon and welcome to this press conference. Today, we are delighted to invite Mr. Liang Tao, vice chairman of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission (CBIRC), to brief you on the reform and development of China's banking and insurance sectors in 2020 and answer your questions. Alongside him is Mr. Xiao Yuanqi, chief risk officer and spokesperson of the CBIRC. Now, I would like to give the floor to Mr. Liang Tao.

Liang Tao:

Good afternoon, friends from the media. Thank you for your interest in and support for the work of the CBIRC. Let me first brief you on the reform and development of the banking and insurance sectors in 2020. 2020 was an extraordinary year. Under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, the banking and insurance sectors have worked hard to overcome the impact of the epidemic, responded to various risks and challenges, and continued to maintain sound operations. New achievements have also been made in reform and development.

First, assets and liabilities increased steadily. At the end of 2020, banking institutions saw their total assets reach 319.7 trillion yuan, up 10.1% year on year. Meanwhile, their total liabilities were 293.1 trillion yuan, up 10.2% year on year. The total assets of insurance institutions reached 23.3 trillion yuan, up 13.3% year on year; primary insurance premium income was 4.5 trillion yuan, up 6.1% year on year; and the balance of insurance funds was 21.7 trillion yuan, up 17% year on year.

Second, the quality and efficiency of serving the real economy continued to improve. In 2020, RMB loans rose by 19.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 2.8 trillion yuan over the previous year. Loans to private enterprises and manufacturing increased by 5.7 trillion yuan and 2.2 trillion yuan, respectively. Inclusive loans received by small and micro firms, loans to firms engaged in scientific research and technology services, and loans to firms engaged in information technology services increased by 30.9%, 20.1% and 14.9%, respectively. New bond investment of banks and insurance institutions reached 9.5 trillion yuan. The insurance sector provided 8,710 trillion yuan worth of insurance, an increase of 34.6% year on year; and the sector made a combined compensation of 1.4 trillion yuan, up 7.9% year on year.

Third, key business and risk indicators were kept within an appropriate range. In 2020, China's banking sector disposed of 3.02 trillion yuan in non-performing assets. As of the end of 2020, the balance of non-performing loans (NPLs) was 3.5 trillion yuan, up by 281.6 billion yuan from the beginning of the year; the NPL ratio was 1.92%, a decrease of 0.06 percentage points from the beginning of the year; and the ratio of loans overdue more than 90 days to NPLs stood at 76%, down 5.1 percentage points from the beginning of the year. The overall liquidity of banks and insurance institutions remained stable. The liquidity coverage ratio of commercial banks was 146.5%, and the cash flow from operating activities of insurance companies increased by 106.5% year on year.

Fourth, the ability to defuse risks has been strengthened through multiple channels. In 2020, 1.34 trillion yuan of commercial bank capital was supplemented through the issuance of preferred stock, perpetual bonds and tier 2 capital bonds. The banking sector set aside 1.9 trillion yuan in loan loss provision, an increase of 113.9 billion yuan year on year. At the end of 2020, the provision coverage ratio (PCR) stood at 182.3%, and the loan loss provision coverage ratio was 3.5%, both maintaining relatively high levels. According to preliminary statistics, commercial banks achieved a net profit of 2 trillion yuan, a decrease of 1.8% year on year. At the end of 2020, the capital adequacy ratio of commercial banks reached 14.7%. At present, the comprehensive solvency adequacy ratio of insurance companies stands at 242.5%, and the core solvency adequacy ratio at 230.5%.

Fifth, positive progress has been made in the reform and opening-up of the banking and insurance sector. We have been working continuously to facilitate and improve corporate governance of banking and insurance institutions, better incorporating CPC leadership into corporate governance, strictly regulating equity management, and strengthening supervision efforts and performance duties amongst directors, supervisors, and senior management. We have issued a working plan on the further reform and supplementing capital for small- and medium-sized banks and comprehensively promoted the reform and risk-resolving efforts amongst commercial banks in cities and credit cooperatives in rural areas. We have also promoted the reform of insurance mechanisms, publishing guidelines for the overall reform of auto insurance, studied the facilitation of China's third pillar pension insurance system and accelerated reforms in accident and agricultural insurance. We have also steadily expanded the opening-up of the financial sector, working to implement policies that promote opening-up and proactively review applications for market access by foreign-funded institutions. Since 2018, applications from foreign banks and insurance companies have been approved to allow them to establish nearly 100 various institutions in China.

The CBIRC will hold a meeting next week on the national supervisory works and make comprehensive plans for 2021. We will resolutely adhere to the centralized and unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee with regards to the financial sector based on China's new development stage and new development philosophy, and contribute to building a new development pattern. We will work to ensure stability on the six fronts and maintain security in the six areas, deepening supply-side structural reform in the financial sector and promote higher-level opening-up. We will also continue to prevent and resolve financial risks, further improve the quality and efficiency of the financial sector's ability to serve the real economy, and continue to make breakthroughs in the regulatory work of the banking and insurance sector. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

Thank you, Mr. Liang. Now the floor is open to questions. Please identify your news outlet before asking questions.

Yicai:

Facing the severe and complicated economic situation both in China and abroad in 2020, especially due to the impact of COVID-19, what's the situation like regarding risk in the banking and insurance sectors? Also, how high are the credit risks in the banking industry? Have these risks been assessed? Regarding recent risk-related incidents in banks and insurance institutions, how are these issues being resolved? Thank you.

Liang Tao:

Mr. Xiao will answer your questions.

Xiao Yuanqi:

Thank you for your question. As you mentioned, 2020 was truly an eventful year and banks and insurance institutions were indeed affected. However, the current situation is much better than what we estimated at the beginning of the year and the risks of banking and insurance have generally been kept under control. Mr. Liang has already briefed on some of the operating and regulatory indicators of the banking and insurance sectors in 2020, here I will not repeat them. I believe that the reasons for the current situation lie in the following aspects.

First, our work is always to ensure the banking and insurance sectors serve and support the real economy. It is precisely because we have increased support in this regard that the risks faced by banking and insurance institutions are controllable. When the real economy grows well, these institutions will naturally encounter fewer risks; otherwise, their risks will increase. We adopted some special policies at the beginning of this year, especially those helping small and micro-enterprises and private enterprises to overcome difficulties, such as postponing principal and interest repayments on loans and flexibly adjusting regulatory measures. These policies provide enough time and space for the banking and insurance institutions, through their own operations and management, to better serve and promote the development of the real economy. Last year, China's GDP grew by 2.3%, exceeding expectation. China is the only major economy in the world registering positive economic growth in 2020.

Second, we have focused on and adopted many measures to prevent and deal with risks involved in existing non-performing assets. For example, we have disposed of 3.02 trillion yuan in non-performing assets through liquidating, write-off and transferring, etc., with the efforts and amount involved both being unprecedented. We have conducted stricter screening of high-risk institutions and tackled relevant risks. The high risks confronting some small and medium-sized financial institutions, like Baoshang Bank, the Bank of Jinzhou, Hengfeng Bank and some trust companies and insurance institutions, have been effectively defused, easing their burdens. 

Third, we have taken proactive measures to prevent risks. Arrangements have been made in advance to avoid risks of key areas.

In the real estate sector, we have established a comprehensive and unified statistical system for real estate financing. Earlier, the CBIRC and the People's Bank of China issued a notice on the concentration management of real estate financing. If the real estate risk exposure of banking institutions exceeds a certain proportion of the net capital, relevant measures must be taken. At the same time, we have been closely following the changes in housing prices in different regions and cities, and cooperated with other departments and local governments to take appropriate measures based on local conditions. These measures are dynamic and can be adjusted at any time according to local conditions.

We have remained vigilant about shadow banking. Last year, China released its first report on this issue, which you might have covered. We have always stayed alert in regard to shadow banking. Since early 2017, we have made great efforts to improve regulation over the shadow banking sector and achieved great results. Since 2017, the scale of high-risk shadow banking business has shrunk by 20 trillion yuan and this achievement must be consolidated continuously. There was no let-up in our efforts last year as well, so as to firmly prevent high-risk shadow banking business from rebounding .

We intensified banking and insurance institutions' ability to withstand risks. Last year, we took multiple measures to require the banking sector to replenish capital through different markets and various channels, such as bringing in strategic investors, leveraging tier-2 capital tools, and issuing perpetual bonds. In addition, we encouraged local governments to issue special bonds to replenish the capital of small- and medium-sized banks, especially local banks. Currently, this work is underway and has achieved great progress in helping banks to increase capital. By increasing provisions, we strengthen our ability to fend off risks. When disposing of NPLs, we reduced some of our provisions and increased our withdrawal of provisions at the same time to better fend off risks.

These measures took effect across multiple channels and thanks to this multi-pronged approach, risks in banks and insurance institutions are manageable on the whole, no matter whether they're individual, regional, or systematic risks. Just like Mr. Liang said before, operations in the banking and insurance sector are stable and indicators drawn from either institutional performance or risk regulations have remained within an appropriate range. Thanks.

CCTV:

I'd like to ask a question about corporate governance. Last year, CBIRC disclosed lists of non-compliant shareholders and intensified supervision work for corporate governance over the last two years. After the disclosure of lists, has there been any follow-up? What measures were taken last year and what new measures will be taken for this year's work? Thank you. 

Liang Tao:

Thank you for your questions, I will answer them. Just like you said, CBIRC attaches great importance to the supervision work and governance reform of banking and insurance institutions and sees the enhancement of corporate governance as a means to improve banking and insurance institutions' abilities to withstand risks and achieve high-quality development. Our work mainly relates to four aspects as follows:

First, we enhanced the top-level design. Last year, we released the Three Year Action Plan for Improving Corporate Governance of Banking and Insurance Sectors (2020-2022), which outlines the roadmap and timetable for supervision work and reform for corporate governance in the banking and insurance sectors over the next three years.

Second, we strengthened points of weakness in the system. We stepped up the building of the corporate governance regulation system and set up rules for companies in the banking and insurance sectors to obey. These were targeted at addressing major issues such as behaviors of large shareholders, connected transactions, deductions from salary, evaluation of the performance of corporate directors and supervisors, and poor records on equity management. For key issues, we are ready to formulate special regulatory regulations.

Third, we carried out regulation and assessment. We have completed our assessment on corporate governance of all commercial banks and insurance institutions for the first time. We evaluated the governance of 1,792 institutions. Generally speaking, most institutions were rated B (good) and C (regular). The number of companies rated B and C stands at 1,400, accounting for 78.12% of the total. A total of 209 institutions were rated D (bad) and 182 institutions were rated E (very bad), accounting for 11.66% and 10.16%, respectively. Through the evaluation, regulators were able to grasp a comprehensive understanding of the corporate governance system in banking and insurance sectors in a timely manner. By conducting rectification and supervision work based on these assessments, regulators will push companies in the banking and insurance sectors to enhance the quality and efficiency of corporate governance.

Fourth, we conducted specific rectifications. Focusing on small and medium-sized institutions, we sternly dealt with activities that violated laws and rules, such as fraudulent capital, share-holding entrustment, shareholders' direct interference in company operations, and benefits transfer through improperly connected transactions. We inspected 4,600 legal entities, handled over 3,000 equity violations, and in two batches, disclosed to the public a list of shareholders of 47 banks and insurance institutions who severely violated laws and rules and led to serious social impacts. We also appropriately cracked down on equities of illegal shareholders in high-risk institutions and removed them in an orderly way.

In general, through the continuous efforts made by the financial regulators and the industry over the past year, China's banks and insurance institutions have achieved positive outcomes in corporate governance and reform. However, several existing problems should be brought to the forefront. First, the Party building in some state-owned institutions has become weakened and they failed to realize the integration of the Party's leadership with corporate governance. Second, some institutions were found to have prominent problems, including a lack of transparency in ownership structures, share-holding entrustment, prevalence of dormant shareholders, and shareholders overstepping their bounds with misconducts. Some big shareholders directly interfered with an institution's operations and pulled strings to control the board of directors and top executives to realize benefit transfer through illegal connected transactions thus misappropriating the institution's interest at will. Third, the boards of directors in some institutions operated irregularly; some non-executive directors could not, dared not, or were unwilling to perform their duties, and the independence and professionalism of some directors could not be guaranteed at all. Fourth, information disclosure was not standardized, and the rights and interests of stakeholders, including financial consumers, could not be adequately protected. 

In 2021, the CBIRC will thoroughly implement the spirit of the Central Economic Work Conference, continuously promote banks and insurance institutions to enhance their corporate governance, uphold and strengthen the Party's overall leadership relating to financial work, promote the integration of the Party's leadership with corporate governance in state-owned banks and insurance institutions, improve with speed the supervision system in corporate governance, and step up efforts to issue regulatory rules on corporate governance, big shareholder conduct, connected transactions, remuneration deductions, and director and supervisor performance evaluations. We will also improve commercial bank equity custody mechanisms, step up medium- and long-term classified punishment system for shareholders, take measures like "blacklisting," restricting stockholders' rights, and exposing and cracking down on illegal stockholders. We will carry out corporate governance supervision assessments, strengthen classified supervision, and intensify market discipline. In addition, we will also improve the corporate governance regulatory information system to enhance the informatization level of our supervision. Thank you.

China Daily:

The market shows that after the government and regulators took anti-monopoly measures on internet platform enterprises, banks became reluctant to lend and even suspended loans to private enterprises in internet-related fields. Is this true? What's the comment from the regulatory agencies? Thank you. 

Liang Tao: 

Let me answer this question. The private economy is an indispensable power in the promotion of economic development in China. Private enterprises are important components of the economy. The financial regulator has always supported the development of the private economy, treated the private economy as a key issue, guided financial institutions to offer all-round financial services to private enterprises, and could be credited with having achieved great accomplishments. 

Recently, the financial governance department arranged talks with several internet platform companies such as the Ant Group, acknowledging their financial technological innovations, efficient financial services, and inclusiveness. However, they also pointed out their problems such as arbitrage through irregular governance, monopolizing, and impairing customers' interest. According to the basic requirements for strengthening anti-monopoly regulations and preventing capital from growing in a disorderly manner, the financial governance department has taken a series of regulatory measures, clearing up and rectifying the situation. These measures are not only in accordance with the law of market economy development such as upholding anti-monopoly and anti-illegitimate competition as well as the requirements of the rule of law, but also meet the fundamental interests of our people and all market entities. They also help private companies to sustain long-term, steady, and healthy development. Of course, those measures have not been taken to target private companies or a specific company, and will not affect the normal business development of relevant companies. As for the question you asked just now regarding whether some banks stinted or altogether stopped providing loans to private enterprises in some sectors, we indeed found several cases where this was the case via our investigation. We consider that this behavior is not consistent with the "two unwaveringly" requirements, and should be rectified. The CBIRC will encourage banks and insurance institutions to cooperate with internet platform companies, including those in question, according to laws and regulations. Policies for financial support remain unchanged and will not be reduced.

We noticed that some internet platform enterprises have been quick to rectify their behaviors after being questioned. According to preliminary results, we believe that through regulation and rectification, these internet platform enterprises will stick to the goal of serving the real economy and the people, and uphold fair play in the market. They must innovate while also keeping to the right path under the principle of serving the real economy, adhering to prudential supervision so as to become an important force in supporting the national economy and promoting domestic and international circulations. Thank you.

ThePaper.cn:

Recently, some online mutual-help platforms have developed rapidly but have the characteristics of commercial insurance companies by nature. However, there are currently no clear regulatory bodies or standards, leaving them unsupervised. The internet company Meituan recently announced the closure of its internet mutual-help platform. How will the supervision administration supervise internet mutual-help platforms and better regulate the insurance market? Thank you.

Xiao Yuanqi:

Thank you for your question. Meituan's mutual-help platform indeed announced at 5 o'clock on Jan. 15 that they would officially stop its service on Jan. 31. A few days ago, Baidu also stopped its internet mutual-help platform, which gave rise to great concerns. The main reason for Meituan to close its mutual-help platform is that they had deviated from their main business and adverse selection risks had been mounting in the company. Next, we will further focus on the mutual-help services of internet companies, learn their operational methods and risks, and take corresponding measures accordingly. Thank you. 

CNR:

We all know that the reform of small and medium banks is important in the supply-side structure reform of the Chinese financial sector. Currently, common problems found in small and medium banks relate to the lack of core competitiveness, relatively high risks, and inadequate capital. What has the CBIRC done to tackle these issues since last year? 

Xiao Yuanqi:

In fact, during his answers to related questions and report just now, Mr. Liang has given you a relatively comprehensive introduction to the reform of small and medium-sized banks and other reforms. Let me just add a few points.

Last year, we took the reform of small and medium-sized banks as an important task and achieved several results. First, the structure of the entire banking system has been further optimized, leading to the establishment of a system with entities of different scales and different characteristics, each of which can support and complement one another. The system includes some very large banks, such as the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China, Bank of China, and Bank of Communications. These four banks are all globally important banks, ranking among the top in the world in terms of scale and business diversity. There are also medium-sized banks, and some very small regional banks, even community and village banks. In short, by optimizing the banking system's structure and creating a diversified and distinctive banking system with wide coverage, the system can now provide the real economy and broad consumers with convenient, cost-controllable and comprehensive financial services.

Second, we further clarified the development direction of small and medium-sized banks. Small and medium-sized banks and regional banks must take several steps. The first is to develop locally. They cannot do business all around the country, and in principle, should only develop locally. The second is to focus on small and micro enterprises, the three rural subjects of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers," and personal financial services in order to meet the financial needs of local enterprises and residents. The third is to conduct inclusive finance, especially filling in for some weak links and fields. This is where the advantages of small and medium-sized banks lie, and it is also the mission they should undertake. Small and medium-sized banks must be able to resist the temptation to blindly grow bigger, should take root in the local areas, and should focus on being small, detail-oriented and solid.

Third, we have done a lot of work in corporate governance. Mr. Liang has already introduced this work, so I won't repeat it.

Fourth, we have further clarified the responsibilities of small and medium-sized banks in strengthening CPC leadership, operation management and supervision. The operation of banks is the responsibility of each bank's managers. In particular, the board of directors bears the ultimate responsibility, and shareholders must perform their responsibilities. Local Party committees and governments should bear the leadership responsibility of the Party, while also having the responsibility to maintain local financial stability. The regulatory department is responsible for regulations.

Fifth, we have made great efforts to replenish the capital of small and medium-sized banks and consolidate their capital strength. Thank you.

China News Service:

In recent years, the CBIRC has introduced a series of measures to support the development of the private economy. The scale of bank loans to private enterprises also continues to rise. However, during interviews, we found that some private enterprises have encountered difficulties regarding bank financing. I would like to ask why this happens? And going forward, how will the CBIRC continue to support the development of private enterprises? Thank you.

Liang Tao:

By the end of 2020, the balance of loans to private enterprises went up 14% year-on-year to 50 trillion yuan; the balance of inclusive loans to small and micro business was 15.3 trillion yuan with a growth rate that is 18.1 percentage points higher than that of all loans. However, as you say, private enterprises, especially small and micro business, still face financing difficulties in the market. 

Private enterprises involve a huge group covering all sectors of the national economy. They include both large and medium-sized enterprises and small and micro businesses. For large and medium-sized private enterprises, some have financing difficulties due to unsound corporate governance and unclear property rights, some due to deviation from their main business lines in unilateral pursuit of group and diversified operation, and some due to an unreasonable financing structure without giving overall consideration to the capital source and cost deadline, where a slight careless step in operation or market fluctuation will lead to tensions in the funding chain. Financing for small and micro businesses with high risks is a worldwide problem that requires the efforts of the whole society to deal with.

The CBIRC will further improve related institutions and measures, focusing on promoting policy implementation. There are already many policies in place and the key is to implement them in a targeted way to support the sound development of private enterprises. They can be classified as follows: First, for private enterprises with clear main business lines, financial soundness as well as a good credit rating of their major shareholders and actual controllers, banking agencies are required to keep checking their primary sources of repayments, reduce heavy reliance on mortgage guarantees and increase credit loans. Second, for private hi-tech enterprises engaged in advanced manufacturing, strategic industries as well as in building independent and controllable industrial and supply chains, banking and insurance agencies are encouraged to significantly increase medium-and-long-term financial support, develop science and technology insurance, continue to improve financial services favorable for innovation, support breakthroughs, fundamental research and application of core and key technologies, and give backing to innovative pledge financing products of intangible assets. Third, for private enterprises that conduct business in accordance with laws and regulations and have the ability for technological innovation, including private Internet-based enterprises, banking and insurance agencies will be supported to continue cooperation with them according to laws and regulations and provide quality financial services to better support the real economy. Fourth, for private small and micro businesses with good market prospects, strong ability to provide employment, and up to the standards of inclusive loans to small and micro businesses, we will continue with the policy of allowing them to postpone principal and interest repayments as well as the credit loan support plan, and guide banking agencies to expand lending for first-time loan renewals, credit loans, and medium-and-long-term loans so as to keep financing costs at a reasonable level. Fifth, for private enterprises facing temporary difficulties, banking and insurance agencies will be guided to adopt specific support measures in accordance with market rules and rule of law and focus on defusing liquidity risks for enterprises. For private enterprises which go in line with the direction of optimization and upgrading of the economic structure and display competitiveness but are facing difficulties temporarily, banking and financial agencies will be encouraged to establish a creditors' committee to strengthen coordination, avoid indiscriminately stopping, withholding or withdrawing loans, and provide necessary financing support so as to help such enterprises maintain and resume normal operation. Sixth, for private enterprises at risk, they are required to seek sound development in the process of solving problems and save themselves by divestment of non-main business assets and focusing on easing risks. Meanwhile, they can turn to local government for help. Banking and insurance agencies will be encouraged, on an equal and voluntary basis, to help enterprises improve their debt structure and corporate governance through a combined use of multiple means such as capital increase to expand stockholding, financial restructuring, merger and reorganization as well as market-based debt-to-equity swaps.

If the economy can be viewed as a body, finance would be the blood; they co-exist and prosper together. In the face of a complex and volatile international and domestic economic situation, China's financial institutions will adhere to the original mission of providing services to the real economy, and promote the construction of a community with a shared future for banks and enterprises, so as to achieve common development and prosperity with private enterprises. Thank you.

Jiemian:

Among the data just mentioned, I found that although the profits of commercial banks declined, the expansion velocity of the total assets of banking financial institutions grew even faster than the previous year. How do you view this? What is the expected change for the profits of commercial banks as well as the non-performing loan ratio of banking financial institutions in 2021? Thank you.

Xiao Yuanqi:

You have asked a very good question. It seems that you have run the numbers through. It is true that, last year, the assets size, especially the scale of loans by banks showed a considerable increase. As Mr. Liang said, last year, the loans had increased by more than 19 trillion yuan, but profits declined. The reasons include the following aspects: first, we asked the banks to return profits to enterprises, especially those small and micro businesses, and we have already achieved the target of returning profits valued 1.5 trillion yuan, which is no small figure. Second, we strictly investigated and dealt with illegal charges. Last year, we basically eliminated all the unreasonable charges existing in previous years; thus, the income related to bank charges declined. Third, after the marketization reform of the interest rate system, the interest margin of the banks shrank continuously. Currently, the interest margin of banks is about 2% on average; for a long time, it had been around 3%. While the interest rate of loans has declined constantly, that of deposits has not changed, or has even increased. The narrowing of interest margin was due to a rise in the overall cost of debt in regard to deposits. Recently, the yield rate of financial products we can buy from the banks reached 3% to 4%. There was a time when the interest rate of structural deposits also reached 3%-4%, and the interest rate of some banks was even higher. The interest rate of certificates of deposit was also around 3%. Therefore, the cost of debt increased. A combination of all these factors led to a rise in the size of assets and a decline in profits for banks. We believe that this is a very normal phenomenon. Generally speaking, the profitability of our banks is relatively healthy, and the rate of capital return and return on assets of our banks are also above the average level in the world. Therefore, there is still enough resources to supplement capital.

Your second question is regarding NPLs. Looking at the numbers, the NPL ratio dropped by 0.06 percentage points last year. There are many reasons for this. First, we have required banks to strengthen risk management and three aspects of loan checks, namely, pre-loan investigation, in-loan review and post-loan inspection. Banks must strictly guard against risks. Second, banks should increase their efforts in disposing of NPLs. A total of 3.02 trillion yuan of non-performing assets were disposed of last year, which was an unprecedented amount. Third, last year's economic growth exceeded expectations. China's economy grew by 2.3%, which created a good foundation for preventing a substantial rebound of banks' NPLs. However, supervision should focus on this issue from a prudential perspective. We should also be aware that the future situation of banks' NPLs is still relatively serious. It is possible that potential NPLs could increase, but we have conducted stress tests and made contingency plans accordingly. Thank you.

21st Century Business Herald:

As Mr. Xiao mentioned, there are certain requirements regarding real estate loan concentration, which took effect on Jan. 1 this year. Do these requirements apply to existing loans and how much impact this would have on personal mortgage loans. Secondly, how is the reform work going in terms of the four major financial asset management companies and provincial rural credit unions? Thank you.

Xiao Yuanqi:

As I mentioned, a while ago, the CBIRC and the People's Bank of China jointly issued a notice on real estate loan concentration requirements for Chinese banks. We are not only supervising the bank's concentration ratio in the real estate industry, but also in businesses in all industries. There have long been concentration ratio regulations for industries, single enterprises and single groups. This concentration ratio is linked to the risk asset exposure and net capital. For example, we used to require that the concentration ratio for a single enterprise should not exceed 10% of the capital, the concentration ratio for a group should not exceed 15%, and that of an industry should not exceed 25%. Therefore, the real estate industry is no exception. The real estate industry has its own concentration ratio, and it should follow the unified requirements for concentration ratio supervision. Each real estate enterprise should also follow the unified requirements for concentration monitoring. In fact, the notice on real estate is not new, and there has been management of loan concentration in the past. So, in the future, we will act in accordance with the existing management regulations and the requirements of this notice, and continue to closely monitor financing from the banking industry to the real estate sector, in order to ensure that real estate fundraising is stable and orderly. This will have little effect on mortgage loans. Mortgage loans are highly fragmented in terms of both scale and scope. So the concentration requirements won't effect it much.

As for the reform of small and medium-sized banks, I've already given some explanations. The reform of asset management companies has been underway. All reforms must relate to each sector's main business. The main business for asset management companies is to dispose of and manage non-performing assets (NPAs) as well as put these assets to good use. All asset management companies must focus on these tasks. Other kinds of businesses must also serve this purpose, otherwise, they should be stopped. Asset management companies also need to improve their corporate governance, innovate their methods and tools, and create new markets. The direction of their reform and development remains unchanged. Thank you.

WWW.CQCB.COM:

My question is also about the bad debt reported by banks. Statistics show that as of the end of 2020, NPLs reported by commercial banks reached 3.5 trillion yuan. Industry insiders said the pressure to dispose of NPLs will continue this year. How will such pressure be relieved? Thank you.

Xiao Yuanqi:

The increase of NPLs is dictated by law. As the total amount of assets increases, a corresponding proportion of new NPLs emerge. As I said just now, the NPL ratio dropped slightly last year, but the banking sector still faces pressure to dispose of NPLs.

First, there are some requirements for the disposal process. For example, procedures are different for the transfer of single corporate loans and the bundle transfer of personal NPLs. Also, loans can't be classified as NPAs before the court issues a ruling that is what they in fact are. These are not obstacles to the disposal of NPAs, though they will extend the time required to dispose of them.

Second, profits have declined, and for some banks, the pressure to make provisions will increase a little and they will be less capable of writing off NPLs using provisions. For the banking sector as a whole, provisions are increasing and capacity is rising. However, the structure is somewhat imbalanced and so the profits of some banks have declined relatively fast and they therefore have less resources to draw from for provisions.

Third, we should take a forward-looking approach and estimate potential risks in the increase of NPAs. This doesn't mean that the NPAs reported by banks are bound to increase, however, we need to estimate the risks because banks should be prudent in their operations and think more about possible difficulties that could arise in the future. In the case of NPL increase, banks need to take precautions now and make suitable response plans. For example, they need to introduce precautionary measures to increase necessary resources and they should not sit idle waiting for the risks to occur. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

Thank you, Mr. Liang and Mr. Xiao. Thanks to friends from the media. Today's SCIO press conference is hereby concluded. Goodbye.

Translated and edited by Wang Yiming, Zhang Liying, Zhu Bochen, Li Huiru, Mi Xingang, Zhang Junmian, Liu Jianing, Zhang Rui, Liu Qiang, Lin Liyao, Fan Junmei, Yan Xiaoqing, Guo Yiming, He Shan, Cui Can, Wang Qian, Yuan Fang, Duan Yaying, Yang Xi, Xu Xiaoxuan, David Ball, Geoffrey Murray, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speaker:

Ning Jizhe, head of the National Bureau of Statistics

Chairperson:

Hu Kaihong, spokesperson for the State Council Information Office of China

Date:

Jan. 18, 2021

Hu Kaihong:

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning and welcome to this press conference. 2020 was an extraordinary year in which China's economic performance attracted wide attention at home and abroad. Today, we are delighted to invite Mr. Ning Jizhe, head of the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), to introduce China's economic performance in 2020, and answer your questions.

Now, I would like to give the floor to Mr. Ning.

Ning Jizhe:

Friends from the media, good morning. Let me start by introducing China's economic performance in 2020. China's economy recovered steadily during the year, with major economic indicators surpassing expectations. In 2020, faced with a grave and complex situation both at home and abroad, and the huge impact of the epidemic in particular, under the strong leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, all regions and departments adhered to the general working guideline of making progress while maintaining stability, coordinated epidemic prevention and control work with socio-economic development, and took solid steps to ensure stability on the six fronts (employment, finance, foreign trade, foreign investment, domestic investment and market expectations) and security in the six areas (residential employment, people's livelihood, market entities, food and energy, stability of industrial and supply chains, and grassroots operations). As a result, the national economy recovered steadily, employment and living standards were ensured, and the main goals and tasks of socio-economic development were accomplished better than expected.

According to preliminary estimates, China's gross domestic product (GDP) was 101.6 trillion yuan in 2020, an increase of 2.3% over the previous year at comparable prices. In the first quarter, China's GDP fell by 6.8% year on year, while the remaining three quarters saw growth rates of 3.2%, 4.9% and 6.5%, respectively. The value-added of primary, secondary and tertiary industries were 7.78 trillion yuan, 38.43 trillion yuan, and 55.4 trillion yuan, respectively, with growth rates of 3%, 2.6%, and 2.1%.

First, grain output reached a record high and the production of hogs saw sustained and rapid recovery.

Last year's total grain output was 669.49 million tons, up 0.9% compared with the previous year, increasing by 5.65 million tons. Of this total, the output of summer grain was 142.86 million tons, up by 0.9%, and that of early rice was 27.29 million tons, up by 3.9%. The output of fall grain reached 499.34 million tons, up by 0.7%. By species, the output of rice was 211.86 million tons, up by 1.1%; wheat was 134.25 million tons, up by 0.5%; corn was 260.67 million tons, declining slightly compared with the previous year; and soybeans was 19.6 million tons, up by 8.3%.

The total output of pork, beef, mutton and poultry in 2020 was 76.39 million tons, down by 0.1% year on year. Of this, the output of beef was 6.72 million tons, up by 0.8%; mutton was 4.92 million tons, up by 1%; poultry was 23.61 million tons, up by 5.5%; eggs was 34.68 million tons, up by 4.8%; milk was 34.4 million tons, up by 7.5%; and pork was 41.13 million tons, down by 3.3%. At the end of 2020, the number of hogs and breeding sows in stock grew by 31% and 35.1%, respectively, over that at the end of 2019.

Second, industrial production continued to increase, and high-tech manufacturing and equipment manufacturing enjoyed faster growth.

The total value-added of industrial enterprises above designated size increased by 2.8% year on year. In terms of ownership, the value-added of state-holding enterprises grew by 2.2%, that of shareholding enterprises was up by 3%; enterprises funded by foreign investors and investors from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan was up by 2.4%; and private enterprises were up by 3.7%.

In terms of sectors, the value-added of the mining sector increased 0.5%, manufacturing grew by 3.4%, and that of producing and supplying electricity, thermal power, gas and water grew by 2%. The value-added of high-tech manufacturing and equipment manufacturing increased by 7.1% and 6.6%, respectively, over the previous year, or 4.3 percentage points and 3.8 percentage points, faster than that of industrial enterprises above designated size. Specifically, the production of industrial robots, new energy vehicles, integrated circuits and microcomputer equipment grew by 19.1%, 17.3%, 16.2% and 12.7% year on year, respectively.

In the fourth quarter, the total value-added of industrial enterprises above designated size grew by 7.1% year on year, which was 1.3 percentage points higher than that in the third quarter. In December, the total value-added of industrial enterprises above designated size grew by 7.3% year on year, up 0.3 percentage points compared with November, and an increase of 1.1% month on month. In 2020, the national industrial capacity utilization rate reached 74.5%. In the fourth quarter, the rate reached 78%, which was 1.3 percentage points higher than that in the third quarter.

In the first 11 months of 2020, the profits of industrial enterprises above designated size reached 5.74 trillion yuan, up by 2.4% year on year, 1.7 percentage points higher than that in the first 10 months. Specifically, the total profits made by industrial enterprises above designated size in November increased by 15.5% year on year, maintaining double-digit growth for six consecutive months.

Third, the service sector recovered gradually, with the modern service sector gaining momentum.

In 2020, the Index of Services Production remained the same as that of the previous year. The value-added of information transmission, software and information technology services as well as financial services grew by 16.9% and 7% year on year, respectively, or 14.8 percentage points and 4.9 percentage points higher than that of the tertiary industry.

In the fourth quarter, the Index of Services Production grew by 7.7% year on year, up 3.4 percentage points compared with the third quarter. In December, the index also rose by 7.7% year on year. In the first 11 months, the revenue of service enterprises above designated size grew by 1.6% year on year. Specifically, the revenue of information transmission, software and information technology services and that of scientific research and technology services grew by 13.5% and 9.9%, respectively, 11.9 percentage points and 8.3 percentage points higher than that of service enterprises above designated size.

In December, the Business Activity Index for services was 54.8%, staying above the expansion range. Specifically, the index for sectors including air transportation, telecommunications, broadcast, television and satellite transmission services, monetary and financial services and capital market services continued to stay within the high expansion range at 60% and above. From the perspective of market expectations, the Business Activity Expectation Index for services was 60.1%, staying within the high expansion range for six consecutive months.

Fourth, market sales recovered quickly, and the growth in the sales of upgraded consumer goods accelerated.

In 2020, the total retail sales of consumer goods reached 39.2 trillion yuan, down by 3.9% compared with the previous year. Specifically, the total retail sales of consumer goods by enterprises above designated size reached 14.33 trillion yuan, down by 1.9%. In terms of regions, retail sales in urban areas reached 33.91 trillion yuan, down by 4%; and retail sales in rural areas stood at 5.29 trillion yuan, down by 3.2%. Grouped by consumption patterns, catering revenue was 3.95 trillion yuan, down 16.6%; and retail sales of goods were 35.25 trillion yuan, down 2.3%.

The sales growth of upgraded consumer goods accelerated. In the fourth quarter, the retail sales of communication equipment, cosmetics, gold, silver and jewelry by enterprises above designated size grew by 26%, 21.2% and 17.3% respectively, or 16 percentage points, 7.1 percentage points and 5 percentage points higher than in the third quarter.

In the fourth quarter, the total retail sales of consumer goods grew by 4.6% year on year, which was 3.7 percentage points higher than in the third quarter. In December, the total retail sales of consumer goods grew by 4.6% year on year, or 1.24% month on month. In 2020, the national online retail sales reached 11.76 trillion yuan, up by 10.9% year on year. Specifically, the online retail sales of physical goods was 9.76 trillion yuan, up by 14.8%, accounting for 24.9% of total retail sales of consumer goods, or 4.2 percentage points higher than that of the previous year.

Fifth, investment in fixed assets rebounded steadily and investment in high-tech industries and social sectors grew fast.

In 2020, the investment in fixed assets (excluding rural households) reached 51.89 trillion yuan, up by 2.9% from last year. Specifically, investment in infrastructure was up by 0.9%, manufacturing down by 2.2%, and real estate development up by 7.0%. The floor space of commercial buildings sold reached 1.76 billion square meters, up by 2.6%, while the total sales of commercial buildings was 17.36 trillion yuan, up by 8.7%. The growth of investment in all three industries showed positive trends. Specifically, investment in the primary industry went up by 19.5%, 0.1% in the secondary industry, and 3.6% in the tertiary industry. Private investment was 28.93 trillion yuan, up by 1.0%, and investment in high-tech industries rose 10.6%, 7.7 percentage points higher than the total investment, with investment in high-tech manufacturing and services rising 11.5% and 9.1%, respectively. In terms of high-tech manufacturing, investment in pharmaceutical manufacturing and computers and office devices grew by 28.4% and 22.4%, respectively. In terms of high-tech services, investment in e-commerce services and information services also grew by 20.2% and 15.2%, respectively. The investment in social sectors rose by 11.9%, 9.0 percentage points higher than the total investment. Likewise, investment in the health and education industries went up by 29.9% and 12.3%, respectively. In December, investment in fixed assets grew by 2.32% month on month.

Sixth, foreign trade achieved positive growth and trade structure continued to optimize.

In 2020, the total imports and exports of goods reached 32.16 trillion yuan, an increase of 1.9% over last year. The exports amounted to 17.93 trillion yuan, up by 4%, while the imports were 14.22 trillion yuan, down by 0.7%. The trade balance achieved a 3.71 trillion yuan surplus. Exports of mechanical and electrical products grew by 6%, accounting for 59.4% of the total exports, which was 1.1 percentage points higher than that of last year. Imports and exports of general trade accounted for 59.9% of the total imports and exports, an increase of 0.9 percentage point compared to last year. Imports and exports by private enterprises grew by 11.1%, accounting for 46.6% of the total imports and exports, which was 3.9 percentage points higher than that of last year. In December, the total imports and exports of goods were 3.2 trillion yuan, up by 5.9% year on year. Specifically, the total exports reached 1.86 trillion yuan, up by 10.9%, and the total imports were 1.34 trillion yuan, down by 0.2%. The trade balance achieved 516.8 billion yuan in surplus.

Seventh, growth of consumer prices slowed and producer prices for industrial products dropped.

In 2020, consumer prices increased by 2.5%, lower than the 2.9% growth of the year before and also lower than the expected annual target of around 3.5%. To be more specific, prices went up by 2.3% in urban areas and up by 3% in rural areas. Grouped by commodity categories, prices for food, tobacco, and alcohol went up by 8.3%; clothing down by 0.2%; housing down by 0.4%; articles and services for daily use remained the same; transportation and communication down by 3.5%; education, culture, and recreation up by 1.3%; medical services and health care up by 1.8%; and other articles and services up by 4.3%. Breaking down food prices, grain prices rose 1.2%, the price of fresh vegetables grew 7.1%, and pork prices increased 49.7%. The core CPI, excluding the prices of food and energy, went up by 0.8%. In December, the consumer price went up by 0.2% year on year and up by 0.7% month on month. In 2020, producer prices for industrial products went down by 1.8% over last year, and in December, went down by 0.4% year on year and up by 1.1% month on month. The purchasing prices for industrial producers decreased by 2.3% over last year, and in December, maintained the same level year on year, or up by 1.5% month on month.

Eighth, employment was generally stable, and the surveyed unemployment rate in urban areas fell to the level observed last year.

In 2020, 11.86 million new jobs were created in urban areas, notably higher than the expected goal of over 9 million a 131.8% increase on the annual target. In December, the surveyed unemployment rate in urban areas was 5.2%, the same as that of last year. Specifically, the surveyed unemployment rate among those aged between 25 and 59 was 4.7%, also the same as that of 2019. In 2020, the average annual surveyed unemployment rate in urban areas stood at 5.6%, lower than the expected target of around 6%. The surveyed unemployment rate in 31 major cities in December was 5.1%. At the end of 2020, the registered unemployment rate in urban areas was 4.24%, lower than the expected target of around 5.5%. The number of rural migrant workers reached 285.6 million, 5.17 million less than that of last year, or down by 1.8%. Specifically, migrant workers working in their home provinces totaled 116.01 million, down by 0.4%; migrant workers working outside their home provinces totaled 169.59 million, down by 2.7%. The average monthly income for migrant workers was 4,072 yuan, up by 2.8% over last year.

Ninth, resident income grew at the same pace as the economy and the ratio of per capita disposable income between urban and rural residents continued to narrow.

In 2020, the nationwide per capita disposable income was 32,189 yuan, a nominal increase of 4.7% over that of last year and a real increase of 2.1% after deducting price factors, which generally grew at the same pace as the economy. In terms of those citizens with permanent residence, the per capita disposable income of urban households was 43,834 yuan, a nominal growth of 3.5% and a real growth of 1.2% after deducting price factors. The per capita disposable income of rural households was 17,131 yuan, a nominal growth of 6.9% and a real growth of 3.8% after deducting price factors. The per capita disposable income of urban households was 2.56 times that of rural households, 0.08 less than that of last year. The median of the nationwide per capita disposable income was 27,540 yuan, a nominal increase of 3.8% over that of last year. Taking the per capita disposable income for nationwide households as compared by income quintiles, that of the low-income group reached 7,869 yuan, the lower-middle-income group 16,443 yuan, the middle-income group 26,249 yuan, the upper-middle-income group 41,172 yuan, and the high-income group 80,294 yuan.

In 2020, the nationwide per capita consumer spending was 21,210 yuan, a nominal decline of 1.6% or a real decline of 4% after deducting price factors. Specifically, the per capita consumer spending of urban households was 27,007 yuan, a nominal decline of 3.8%, while the per capita consumer spending of rural households was 13,713 yuan, a nominal growth of 2.9%.

Generally speaking, the national economy in 2020 recovered steadily, notable results were achieved in stabilizing employment and ensuring people's basic needs, a decisive success was made in eradicating extreme poverty, the 13th Five-Year Plan came to a satisfactory conclusion, and the task of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects will soon be completed. However, the changing COVID-19 situation and external environment pose a multitude of uncertainties and the foundation for economic recovery is yet to be consolidated. At the next stage, we must take Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as the guideline, implement the spirit of the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee and the Central Economic Work Conference, adhere to the general working tone of making progress while maintaining stability, align ourselves with the new development phase, stick to the new development philosophy, foster a new development pattern, unswervingly deepen reform and opening up and innovation, consolidate and proliferate the gains made in epidemic prevention and control as well as economic and social development, take solid steps to ensure stability in six areas, fully carry out tasks to maintain security in six fronts, and implement macro policies in a science-based and precise manner to keep the economy performing within a reasonable range and to ensure a good start of the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-2025).

Hu Kaihong:

Thank you, Mr. Ning. The floor is now open to questions.

CCTV:

Due to the huge impact of the pandemic and a grave and complex environment both at home and abroad, China's economy recovered quarter by quarter in 2020 after a decline in the first quarter. What do you think of the economy throughout the year? Did we meet the goals and tasks for the year? Thank you.

Ning Jizhe:

Thanks for your questions. 2020 was an unusual year in China's history. In 2020, we faced with a grave and complex environment both at home and abroad on account of the huge impact of the pandemic in particular, but under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, all localities and departments put the people and their lives first, adhered to the general working guideline of making progress while maintaining stability, coordinated the work of epidemic prevention and control and economic and social development, pledged stronger macro policies to offset the economic impact of COVID-19, took solid steps to ensure stability in six areas, and fully carried out tasks to maintain security in six fronts. Major strategic achievements were made in epidemic prevention and control, and the main goals and tasks of economic and social development were accomplished better than expectation. The 13th Five-Year Plan came to a satisfactory conclusion and the task of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects will soon be completed. The achievements were mainly shown in the following aspects.

First, major progress has been made in coordinating epidemic response and economic and social development. Thanks to the joint efforts of the whole country, China was the first to bring the epidemic under control, to resume work and production, and to achieve positive economic growth. By late March, the spread of COVID-19 on the mainland had been initially halted, and by mid-April, more than 90% of the enterprises above designated size had resumed operation. The GDP grew by 3.2% in the second quarter, turning from negative to positive, and by 4.9% in the third quarter, 6.5% in the fourth quarter, and 2.3% for the whole year. China is expected to be the world's only major economy to achieve positive economic growth in 2020. There are 18 major economies in the world each with a GDP over US$1 trillion, and economic data from most of these countries is not yet available. Based on the data from the first three quarters of 2020, China is the only major economy to register positive growth and the only one with positive growth for the whole year. In 2020, China's GDP reached 101.6 trillion yuan, exceeding a new watermark of 100 trillion yuan.

Second, decisive success has been achieved in eradicating extreme poverty. All rural residents below the current poverty line have been lifted out of poverty, and all 832 impoverished counties have been raised out of poverty. Extreme poverty has been eliminated, the first time in Chinese history. The personal income for farmers in poor areas has increased rapidly. In 2020, the nominal per capita disposable income growth of rural residents in Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Gansu, Ningxia, and Xinjiang, the seven provinces (autonomous regions) with a relatively large impoverished population, were all 0.2 to 1.7 percentage points higher than that of the rural residents across the country.

Third, remarkable results have been secured in macro-regulation, with quarterly indicators for economic growth returning to normal levels. In the fourth quarter, China's GDP and the added value of the industrial enterprises above designated size grew by 6.5% and 7.1% year on year, respectively, and 0.7 and 1.1 percentage points higher than the same period of 2019. The annual employment and price targets have been well met. In 2020, 11.86 million new urban jobs were created in the country, surpassing the target set for the year. The annual surveyed urban unemployment rate averaged 5.6% nationwide, lower than the expected target of about 6%. The consumer price index (CPI) for 2020 rose by 2.5% over the previous year, lower than the projection of around 3.5%. Growth in personal income was basically in step with economic growth. In 2020, the per capita disposable income of Chinese citizens grew by 2.1% in real terms, basically in line with economic growth. Overall, the balance of payment has been improved. By the end of 2020, China's foreign exchange reserves stood at US$3.22 trillion, an increase of US$108.6 billion year over year. Energy consumption per unit GDP has been reduced by around 0.1% in 2020 when compared to 2019. The main targets for macro-regulation set out in the government work report have been achieved and exceeded expectations.

Fourth, tasks have been carried out to ensure stability on six fronts (employment, finance, foreign trade, foreign investment, domestic investment, and market expectations) and guarantee stability in six areas (jobs, daily living needs, food and energy, industrial and supply chains, the interests of market players, and the smooth functioning of grassroots governments), and effective results have been achieved. Employment has been safeguarded. In December, the surveyed urban unemployment rate of the main working population aged 25 to 59 nationwide registered 4.7%, a return to levels seen during the same period of 2019. People's livelihoods have been effectively ensured. In 2020, the per capita net transfer income of Chinese citizens registered a nominal year-on-year growth of 8.7%, indicating greater efforts to meet the basic needs of the people. The vitality of market players have been increased. In the first 11 months of 2020, the profits of industrial enterprises above designated size grew by 2.4% year on year, maintaining double-digit growth for six months in a row. Grain and energy supply have increased. In 2020, grain output totaled 669.5 billion kilograms and the total primary energy production increased by some 2.8% over the previous year. Industrial and supply chains have been basically stable, and the growth of industries has continued to expand. In 2020, added value growth was reported in 25 out of the 41 industrial categories of the industrial enterprises above designated size, five categories more than that of the first three quarters. The functioning of grassroots governments has been well maintained. From January to November, expenditures in the general public budget for social security and employment, housing security, and poverty alleviation  all related to the guarantee in three areas of the grassroots governments (people's livelihood, employment, functioning)  rose by 9.8%, 9.5%, and 9.2%, respectively.

Fifth, reform and opening-up have created development miracles. Enterprises across various types of ownership operate more efficiently. In November, state holding industrial enterprises above designated size reported double-digit profits and year-on-year growth, registering positive growth for the sixth consecutive month. From January to November, the profits of industrial enterprises above designated size with foreign investment and investment from Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan grew by 4.3% 1.7 percentage points higher than in the first three quarters. The profits of private industrial enterprises above designated size increased by 1.8%, compared with a decline of 0.5% in the first three quarters. All these show that industrial enterprises with various types of ownership have experienced a comprehensive improvement in their efficiency. Supply-side structural reform has been deepened. China's industrial capacity utilization rate reached 78% in the fourth quarter, up 1.3 percentage points over the third quarter,  the highest since 2013. The reforms to streamline administration and delegate power, improve regulation, and upgrade services have continued to show results. From January to November, an average of 22,000 new enterprises were established every day, with a net increase of 12,000 per day. In 2020, the added value of high-tech manufacturing grew by 7.1% over the previous year, 4.3 percentage points higher than that of all the enterprises above designated size, and the online retail sales of goods increased by 14.8%. The growth in foreign trade and inbound investment was better than expected. In 2020, China's total import and export of goods reached a record high, up 1.9% over the previous year, despite a sharp decline in global trade and cross-border investment. From January to November, China's utilized foreign capital increased by 6.3% year on year.

Sixth, historic achievements in the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects have been made. The main goals set out in the 13th Five-Year Plan have been fulfilled. Our GDP exceeded 100 trillion yuan and the per capita GDP exceeded US$10,000 in 2020. The economic structure has continued to improve; major projects have been basically completed, and; our economic, scientific, and technological strength, as well as the composite national strength, have risen to new highs. Major breakthroughs have been made in the three critical battles against poverty, pollution, and major risks, with accomplishments in the fight against poverty winning international recognition. Approximately 55.75 million rural residents have been lifted out of poverty. The first poverty reduction surveys show that all 13.85 million registered poor households have had their basic living needs met and have access to compulsory education, basic medical services, housing, and safe drinking water. Remarkable results have been achieved in pollution prevention and control. In 2020, the proportion of days with good air quality in 337 cities at or above the prefectural level reached 87%, an increase of 5 percentage points over the previous year. Progress has also been made in preventing and defusing major risks. Financial risks were manageable on the whole and the outstanding local government debt was within the budgeted limit approved by the National People's Congress. People's living standards have improved markedly. Over the past five years, more than 60 million urban jobs have been created. China has established the world's largest social security system, with its basic medical insurance covering over 1.3 billion people and basic old-age insurance covering nearly 1 billion people. Coordinated efforts have been made to implement the Five-sphere Integrated Plan, making coordinated progress in the economic, political, cultural, social, and eco-environmental fields. The confidence, pride, unity, and cohesion of the Party and the people of all ethnic groups have been enhanced remarkably.

In general, China's economy has recorded an extraordinary accomplishment in an extraordinary year, delivering results that have satisfied the people, won international recognition, and will go down in history. These achievements were hard-won after overcoming enormous difficulties, with COVID-19 still wreaking havoc around the world, the world economy falling into a severe recession, and the external environment becoming more complex and graver than before. These accomplishments are attributed to the strong leadership and sound policy-making of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core and the concerted efforts of the people of all ethnic groups, speaking volumes about the advantages of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics. Thank you.

China National Radio:

In 2020, China's GDP exceeded 100 trillion yuan. What does this mean for China's economy? What is the significance for establishing a new development pattern? Thank you.

Ning Jizhe:

These questions are very much to the point. China's GDP has now exceeded 100 trillion yuan. This means that China's economic and technological strength, and composite national strength have taken a big step forward. The achievement is of great symbolic significance in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and embarking on a new journey of building a modern socialist country in all respects.

First, it marks the continuing rise of China's composite national strength. China's GDP reached 101.6 trillion yuan in 2020, surpassing 100 trillion yuan for the first time in its history. The Chinese economy reached 10 trillion yuan in 2000, exceeded 50 trillion yuan in 2012. Over the past 20 years, the Chinese economy expanded 10 times, which is a remarkable achievement. Converted at the prevailing average annual exchange rate, China's GDP in 2020 reached $14.7 trillion, ranking second in the world, and it is expected to account for around 17% of the global economy. In 2020, its per capita GDP exceeded $10,000 for the second consecutive year, which consolidated China's position among upper middle-income countries and narrowed the development gap with high-income countries.

Second, it marks the continuous improvement of China's scientific and technological strength. Major sci-tech achievements were made over the previous year. Chang'e-5 successfully landed on the moon and returned with samples. China's Mars probe Tianwen-1 was successfully launched. The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST) was officially put into operation. The Beidou-3 global navigation satellite system was put into operation. The manned submersible Fendouzhe (Striver) completed a 10,000-meter dive. And, the Jiuzhang quantum computer was successfully developed. The poetic line "[c1] We can clasp the moon in the sky and catch turtles in the deep sea" has now become reality. Scientific and technological innovation is becoming increasingly vigorous, injecting new vitality into high-quality economic development.

Third, it marks significant gains in China's economic strength and a remarkable increase in its industrial and agricultural productivity. In 2020, total grain output reached a record high and continued to rank first in the world. The output of more than 220 industrial products ranks No. 1 in the world, and the added value of the manufacturing sector is expected to rank first in the world for 11 consecutive years. China's infrastructure has constantly improved. The high-speedrailway network hasreached38,000km and expressways exceeded 155,000 km. 5G connections in China has exceeded 200 million, ranking first in the world. The modern service sector, including information services, business services, research and development services and marketing services, continues to develop. The capability of the financial sector for serving the real economy has been enhanced, and the country's social productivity has reached a new level.

Fourth, it has laid a solid foundation for China to build a new development pattern. We are accelerating the formation of a new development pattern with the domestic market as the mainstay and the domestic and international markets mutually supporting each other. The key is to tap the potential of domestic demand, especially consumer demand. China has the largest population and the largest middle-income group in the world. In 2020, the total retail sales of consumer goods reached almost 40 trillion yuan, and final consumption expenditure exceeded 55 trillion yuan. The total capital formation was close to 45 trillion yuan. This will further boost the advantage of the super large Chinese market.

At the same time, we should also clearly recognize that China is still the world's largest developing country, and its per capita GDP is still slightly lower than the global average. Compared with the major developed countries, China still lags far behind. The basic reality that China is still in the primary stage of socialism has not changed. The issue of unbalanced and inadequate development is still prominent, and there is still a large gap between the development of urban and rural areas. Meanwhile, innovation capacity still fails to meet the requirements for high-quality development. In order to achieve long-term economic and social development goals and build China into a modern socialist country, we still need to work hard and make unremitting efforts. Thank you.

Reuters:

In 2020, China's total retail sales of consumer goods dropped by 3.9% and growth in December was also weak. Does this have to do with the COVID-19 epidemic? Will China introduce any measures to stimulate consumption in 2021? How do you predict the rates for investment and export in 2021? Thank you.

Ning Jizhe:

I can see that you read our statistics before raising this question. As you know, consumption plays a basic role in economic development. In the past year, the total retail sales of consumer goods registered negative growth but its growth in Q3 and Q4 had trended positive. In Q4, rates grew by 4.6%, which is close to normal levels in recent years. The fluctuations in December were caused by the resurgence of COVID-19 cases in several domestic locations. But if we look at the whole picture, as production supplies continue to increase, domestic consumption can still play a basic role in boosting economic development. In 2021, we can see many positive factors supporting stable economic recovery. China's economy is well-conditioned to maintain its recovery momentum. Though we are facing relatively high pressure in preventing inbound cases and a domestic resurgence, our economy is still growing on strong fundamentals.

First, we have a solid material foundation. Agricultural foundations are growing stronger, with total grain output exceeding 1.3 trillion jin (650 million tons) for six consecutive years. Meanwhile, the industry is playing a more dominant role in the national economy, and our total industry added value is over 30 trillion yuan. Infrastructure is also improving as transportation, telecommunications, energy, and the water conservation sector play a more important role in supporting the economy. These are strong material foundations for us to guard against various risks, maintain steady economic recovery, and ensure the basic well-being of the Chinese people.

Second, we have a complete industrial system. After years of effort, China has become the only country in the world to obtain all industrial categories listed in the United Nations industrial classification. Our total trade in goods ranks first in the world, and the country is the largest trading partner of 120 countries and regions. In the past year, in the face of COVID-19, China's industrial system has demonstrated a strong ability for self-adjustment and resilience. In 2021, China's complete production coordination system and its supporting capacity are bound to play a major effective role in dealing with various uncertainties.

Third, we have a huge market. With a population of 1.4 billion people, including a middle-income population of 400 million, and a total land area of 9.6 million square kilometers, China boasts the world's fastest-growing domestic market. The advantages of the huge market are obvious. With increased per capita income, the structural adjustment and upgrades in consumption will drive upgrades to the industrial, investment, and regional economic structures, providing a huge force for sustainable economic development. In 2021, our vast domestic market will provide enough room for economic growth and manoeuvre.

Fourth, we have built strong technological power. China is proving its strong momentum in technological innovations, boasting the world's second-largest R&D investment and a top filer of international patents, both driven by the development of hi-tech industries and emerging industries with strategic importance. China's emerging industry maintains strong momentum despite the economic headwinds over the past several years as well as the COVID-19 pandemic. The industry digitalization and the industrialization of the digital economy are also in full swing, which in turn will boost additional online consumption. These are the driving forces of China's high-quality economic development.

Fifth, we have abundant human resources. China has the world's largest workforce, with nearly 900 million people of working age (16 to 59 years old), 200 million skilled workers, and the world's largest population of research personnel. These also give continuous intellectual support to the country's high-quality development.

The strong CPC leadership and China's institutional advantages ensure stable and long-term economic development and social stability. The CPC Central Committee's far-sightedness and its sound decisions overall, the institutional advantage of socialism with Chinese characteristics that enables us to pool all resources to complete major missions, the sophistication of China's economic governance, and precise and effective macro-control policies are the keys to successfully preventing and controlling COVID-19 while making achievements in socio-economic development.

Despite the recent COVID-19 resurgence in some areas, the impact of COVID-19 on the economy is generally controllable. As the pandemic continues to spread around the globe, China's outbreak of locally-transmitted cases and cluster infections is posing some uncertainties to economic recovery, which is reflected in the slowed growth rate of December's retail sales.

Generally speaking, we have the abilities and the conditions to contain the spread of COVID-19. Thanks to our rich experience in COVID-19 response in the early stage of the pandemic, we have adopted swift, effective, and scientific measures to contain the spread of the coronavirus in areas experiencing a resurgence in COVID-19 and reduce the impact of lockdown measures on production and life. Currently, production and life in most regions are back on track, economic operations are generally stable, and the impact of COVID-19 is controllable. Of course, we will continue to work hard and keep economic operations within a reasonable range. In response to your question about our investment and consumption policies, we will follow the instructions put forward during the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee as well as the Central Economic Work Conference, implement our financial, monetary, employment, investment, consumption, regional, and industrial policies more precisely, overcome difficulties that arise, keep economic operations within a proper range, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of China's economy.

In general, consumption and investment played key roles in economic development in 2020. The overall fixed-asset investment, investment in the tertiary industry, and investment in the social sector and infrastructures all achieved positive growth. In 2021, we will continue to increase our investment in areas of weakness. Following the instructions of the Central Economic Work Conference, we will ensure to balance investment in both strong and weak areas and boost the overall quality of our investment.

Imports and exports bucked the trend and increased last year. The GACC held a press conference two days ago to introduce the situation. Imports and exports in the first two quarters of last year were severely affected by COVID-19 but a series of effective measures were later adopted to tackle the issues. In addition, China's relatively complete industrial system ensures logistics services and meets the demands of epidemic prevention products, household goods, and office supplies for some countries in the world. Because of the advantages that I have just introduced, China's imports and exports rebounded in the third and fourth quarters and the economy achieved positive growth throughout the year. This year, the coronavirus has continued to spread globally and nations around the world have relatively large demands for epidemic prevention products and daily necessities. Based on boosting domestic demand, we should also meet the needs of foreign markets and expand external demand. It is expected that imports and exports will maintain current momentum. Thank you.

Hong Kong Bauhinia Magazine:

How is the progress in China's high-quality development in 2020? Could you elaborate on that? In your opinion, what is the focus of promoting high-quality development in 2021? Thank you.

Ning Jizhe:

This is a good question. Last year, the coronavirus affected our economic growth and development. However, while stabilizing employment, ensuring people's livelihoods, and maintaining the fundamentals of the economy, all regions and departments have been unswervingly implementing new development concepts and promoting high-quality development, continuing to deepen reforms, expanding opening up, and cultivating new drivers of growth. The quality and efficiency of economic growth have been steadily improved.

First, innovation, the primary driving force of development, continues to be stimulated. New industries, new forms of business, and new products are developing rapidly. From January to November in 2020, the operating income of strategic emerging service enterprises above the designated size increased by 8.6% year-on-year, 7 percentage points higher than that of the service industry above the designated size. The proportion of online retail sales of physical goods reached 24.9%, up 4.2% over the previous year; the output of industrial robots, new energy vehicles, and integrated circuits all achieved rapid growth and increased by 19.1%, 17.3%, and 16.2%, respectively. The number of small and medium-sized tech enterprises and high-tech enterprises has exceeded 200,000. Finally, major breakthroughs have been made in the scientific exploration of space and the sea, as I mentioned earlier.

Second, coordination has increasingly become an endogenous feature. New steps have been taken in the transformation of the industrial structure. The added value of the equipment manufacturing industry and the high-tech manufacturing industry increased by 6.6% and 7.1%, respectively, 3.8 and 4.3 percentage points higher than that of all industries above the designated size. The added value of the tertiary industry accounted for 54.5% of China's GDP, up 0.2 percentage point over the previous year. New progress has been made in the adjustment of the demand structure. Investment in high-tech industries and social fields climbed by more than 10% over the previous year to 10.6% and 11.9%, which are 7.7 and 9 percentage points higher than the total investment, respectively. The gap between urban and rural development continued to narrow. The income of rural residents has grown faster than that of urban residents, and the urbanization rate of permanent residents has exceeded 60%.

Third, we made major headway toward green development. Energy conservation and consumption reduction efforts have delivered results. The annual energy consumption per unit of GDP has dropped. The proportion of consumption of natural gas, water, nuclear, wind, solar energy, electricity, and other clean energies has increased by 1 percentage point over the previous year. The environment has also improved significantly. The PM2.5 concentration of 337 cities at or above the prefecture level across the country dropped by 8.3% compared with the previous year. In terms of water environment, among the 1940 national surface water assessment sections, the proportion of water with good quality (Grade I-III) increased by 8.5 percentage points.

Fourth, the path to opening up has become broader. In 2020, we celebrated the 40th anniversary of the establishment of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone and other special economic zones, and the 30th anniversary of the development and opening up of Shanghais Pudong district. Pilot projects are exemplary and stimulate economic development. In the context of shrinking world trade and cross-border investment, China's total import and export of goods and the actual use of foreign capital have both achieved positive growth. The actual use of foreign capital during the last month of 2020 has not been officially announced. From January to November, the figure increased by 6.3%. The actual use of foreign capital has played a major role in stabilizing economic fundamentals. In the past year, the construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port has also been accelerated. We have had active economic and trade exchanges with countries along the Belt and Road. The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (RCEP) was officially signed and the China-EU Investment Agreement negotiations were completed. These all provide a strong impetus for open development.

Fifth, sharing as the fundamental goal has been further emphasized. Poverty alleviation has achieved remarkable results. We have eliminated both absolute poverty and overall regional poverty. The employment situation is generally stable, and the surveyed unemployment rate has returned to the level of the same period of the previous year. The nationwide surveyed unemployment rate in urban areas peaked in February, reaching 6.2%, but in December, the number dropped to 5.2%. The quality of the life of residents has improved significantly, and the ownership of consumer durables has grown rapidly. The construction of a multi-level social security system has been accelerated. The development of education, culture, health, and other social sectors have been stimulated and the ability to guarantee basic public services has been continuously strengthened.

2021 is the first year of the 14th Five-Year Plan, the theme of which is to promote high-quality development. We must continue to take development as the Party's top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country, unswervingly implement the new development concepts of innovation, coordination, greenness, openness, and sharing, and continue to consolidate epidemic prevention and control and restore economic stability and boost development. We strive to maintain economic operations within a reasonable range and create a favorable environment for high-quality development. Focusing on improving the quality and efficiency of development, we will seek coordinated development of economic quality, structure, scale, speed, efficiency, and safety, and integrate high-quality development concepts into all fields and levels of economic society. Thank you.

Bloomberg:

We have two technical questions. I'm wondering what the breakdown is for the contribution to growth from net exports, consumption, and investment? Were also interested in when China's birth rate figure will be released? Thank you.

Ning Jizhe:

Just now I mentioned that investment, consumption, and exports are referred to as a troika of growth, and you brought up a direct question. We will announce the breakdown of the troika tomorrow. To evaluate the impact of the three major demands on the economy, I would like to first introduce the total amount.

First, in terms of total volume, the final consumption rate in 2020 was close to 55%. From 2011 to 2019, China's consumption rate averaged 53.4%. Despite the impact of the coronavirus in 2020, the final consumption expenditure still accounted for 54.3% of GDP, 11.2 percentage points higher than the total capital formation, the highest proportion in recent years. Consumption is still the anchor of a stable economy.

Second, from the perspective of incremental growth, the role of consumption in stimulating economic growth has also increased each quarter. With the steady recovery of China's economic operations, consumptions driving force on economic growth has increased quarter by quarter. In the fourth quarter, the total retail sales of consumer goods increased by 4.6% year on year, and the growth rate was 3.7 percentage points higher than that in the third quarter; and final consumption growth drove economic growth by 2.6 percentage points, an increase of 1.2 percentage points from the third quarter. As the epidemic is more effectively controlled, the momentum of consumer demand will be further restored. The contribution rate of net exports of the trade in goods and services to economic growth during the past year had still been positive. Now, in order to measure the impact of imports and exports on economic development, we should not only look at the growth rate or contribution rate, but also the total amount. First of all, incremental growth has been a positive contributing factor. Looking at the total amount, the total import and export volumes are equivalent to the proportion of China's GDP, which is relatively high among major countries, accounting for more than 30%. Major countries generally focus on domestic demand. Under open conditions, in order to achieve economic circulation, China's proportion is higher than that of strong economies such as the United States and Japan. Therefore, considering the two aspects, the role of imports and exports is still relatively important.

Economic growth depends on domestic demand, which conforms to the laws of economic development. The construction of a new dual-circulation development pattern requires better use of the advantages of the domestic super-large-scale market in China's opening-up. Looking at China's situation, there is still a lot of room for improvement in utilizing the fundamental role of consumption. The average contribution rate of final consumption expenditure to economic growth was around 60% from 2013 to 2019. If compared with the levels of 70% and 80% for developed economies, there is still much room for improvement. As the development stages are different, it is necessary to improve people's consumption abilities, improve consumption policies, improve the consumption environment, and find more areas for consumption growth. Utilizing the key role of investment is also very important. In 2020, investment played an active role in promoting economic recovery. Going forward, we must increase the intensity of effective investment and transform China's relatively high national savings rate into actual investment results. At the same time, we must unswervingly expand opening-up and make better use of the active role of the "three drivers of growth" consumption, exports and investment in building a new dual-circulation development pattern.

Just now, you asked about the population. The seventh national population census was launched on Nov. 1 last year. More than 7 million census takers went into communities, urban and rural areas. After much hard work, on-site registration has now been completed and the process of carrying out random quality checks and verifications, as well as preliminary summary is now underway. The census is conducted once every 10 years, and the previous sixth census was also conducted in November, with the results released in April of the following year. The results of this year's census will also be announced to the whole society in April. As such, we cannot provide the data today. I hope you can understand.

The fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee has put forward requirements for population development strategies and policies for the next five years. The statistics departments will ensure the population data is true, accurate and reliable through population censuses and daily surveys, and provide a scientific basis for formulating strategic planning policies for population development. Thank you.

CNBC:

In terms of the economy this year, considering some important challenges, such as last year's consumption situation, some economists hope that consumption will account for a bigger part of China's development and play a larger role. There has also been much analysis into the spread of the pandemic at home and abroad, which has raised some concerns about the Chinese economy. What is your take on these issues? Thank you.

Ning Jizhe:

Facing the spread of the global pandemic, increasing the awareness of risks and concerns is extremely important. Looking around the world, the pandemic has rebounded two or three times in some countries, and uncertainties are growing internationally. The foundation for the recovery of the domestic economy is not yet solid. The overall indicators are picking up steadily and are better than expected, but some structural indicators are not ideal, while various problems cannot be solved in the short term. We must adhere to the general tone for work, which is seeking progress while maintaining stability, continue to promote stable economic recovery, and keep it within a reasonable range. We must look from the aspect of challenges, difficulties and risks, as well as the aspect of opportunities, advantages and hope. The challenges are unprecedented, as are the opportunities. On the whole, the opportunities are still greater than the challenges. Judging from the situation of macro-control and corporate recovery last year, some challenges will be transformed into opportunities once they have been overcome. For example, responding to the COVID-19 pandemic was originally a big challenge. However, due to our insistence on technological innovation and reform and opening-up, various market entities have played their parts, and development of the digital economy, entrepreneurship and innovation have become opportunities. Online retail sales, including online education and medical care, have developed well, while the combination of online and offline businesses has created even greater advantages.

The global pandemic is also a big challenge, and especially now we are under huge pressure to prevent imported infections and a domestic resurgence. Due to the pandemics impact, there has been large demand for anti-pandemic products, including face masks, protective suits and home office supplies. We have a complete industrial system and guaranteed international logistics, and are promoting the smooth flow of logistics, so that challenges have become opportunities, and positive trade growth has been achieved. We are satisfied by the data, but more importantly, we are also meeting the needs of people around the world in fighting the pandemic. Saving lives is more important than anything else. This is not only significant for the economy, but also for humanity. We have played a positive role in the world. In China, we insist on putting people and life first, so we must combine economic data with challenges and opportunities in our analysis. Our country is still in a period of strategic opportunities for development. Faced by challenges, we must give full play to our advantages and overcome difficulties to achieve sustained economic recovery, stable operations and healthy development. Thank you.

Hong Kong Commercial Daily:

What progress has been made in ensuring people's livelihoods in 2020? The growth of China's per capita disposable income has been weak, how do you regard this situation? What changes have there been in income levels in urban and rural areas? Thank you.

Ning Jizhe:

People's livelihoods are the top priority. Last year, notable results were achieved in ensuring people's wellbeing, as demonstrated in three key aspects: first, job growth continued to expand; second, prices remained generally stable; and third, incomes continued to rise. As I said before, we achieved the year's employment rate target, and the employment situation was better than expected. With support from economic recovery and employment-first polices, the number of newly employed people in urban areas totaled 11.86 million in 2020, well exceeding the goal of 9 million. The surveyed unemployment rate and registered unemployment rate, both for urban areas, were lower than expected. It shows that governments at all levels and market entities have all played a vital role in stabilizing and ensuring employment as the main macro-regulation target, and implementing the employment-first policies.

In addition, consumer prices remained generally stable. Affected by many factors, food prices, especially the price of pork, rose quickly starting around the beginning of last year. Faced with the epidemic, local governments, departments and market entities worked together to boost food supplies, in particular guaranteeing the production, distribution, and supply of hogs. After more than half a year of efforts, the number of hogs both available for slaughter and supplied to the market improved significantly in the fourth quarter. We increased pork imports and ensured domestic supply, resulting in a significant drop in prices during the fourth quarter. Pork prices rose by more than 100% at the beginning of last year, and increased for 19 consecutive months. Between October and December, pork prices then dropped by 2.8%, 12.5% and 1.3%, respectively. Food prices on the whole have also been effectively controlled, showing a downward trend.

Personal income growth exceeded expectations and was basically in step with economic growth. The per capita disposable income in the four quarters changed by -3.9%, -1.3%, -0.6% and 2.1% year on year in real terms, which was generally in step with economic growth. The main characteristics of the growth in residents' incomes can be seen from three aspects: First, net transfer income of residents has grown quickly. This resulted from the policies to ensure and improve people's basic livelihood, such as increasing the pension for retirees and strengthening social relief and temporary aid. The per capita net transfer income of residents nationwide grew 8.7% year on year; per capita old-age pension and retirement pension posted an 7.8% increase year on year; per capita income from social relief and subsidies grew 18.7%; and per capita income from policy-based living subsidies rose by 12.7%. Second, residents' income from salaries showed accelerated recovery through the policies of ensuring employment, including stabilizing employment and encouraging rural labor to move to other areas for employment. The per capita salary-based income of residents increased by 4.3% year on year, which was higher than the growth rate of China’s per capita disposable income, which was 2.1%. The average monthly income of migrant workers also rose by 2.8% over the previous year. Third, market entities improved net operating income, moving from decline to growth. Thanks to the measures including reducing taxes and fees, and providing financial support, household operations improved. The per capita net operating income grew 1.1% year on year in 2020, despite decline during the first three quarters due to the epidemic.

As for your second question, the income gap between urban and rural residents as well as people from different social groups continued to narrow. As I said before, the ratio between urban and rural residents per capita disposable income stood at 2.56, 0.08 lower than in 2019. The income of residents in western regions of the country grew by 6%, faster than 4.6% in eastern regions, showing that the income gap between different regions is also narrowing. The income growth rate of the low-income group was higher than that of residents nationwide. The per capita disposable income of the low-income group increased by 6.6% year on year in nominal terms, 1.9 percentage points higher than that of residents nationwide. The per capita disposable income of the low-income group in rural areas increased by 9.8% over the previous year, 5.1 percentage points higher than that of residents nationwide. As such, data on job creation, consumer prices and income show that the policies to ensure and improve people's livelihoods have yielded positive results.

In the next step, we will continue to promote steady economic recovery and provide stronger employment support for key groups. We will take more measures to stabilize employment, ensure supply and price stability, and strengthen basic living guarantees for disadvantaged groups. There should be solid progress in protecting market entities, sustaining the growth of urban and rural personal income, deepening the reform of the income distribution system, and further narrowing the income gap between urban and rural residents. Thank you.

China Daily:

My questions are for Mr. Ning. All three industries registered positive growth in 2020. What were the new situations and characteristics encountered during the year? Did industrial production return to a normal range in Q4? Thank you.

Ning Jizhe:

Your question is a request to provide a conclusion for 2020. With nationwide efforts, we not only saw overall positive growth but also coordinated recovery and development in all three industries. Viewing the year as a whole, the economy reopened in a steadily improving manner.

First, the position of agriculture as the foundation of the economy was further strengthened. Despite the COVID-19 epidemic and severe flooding, 2020 saw another bumper grain harvest. Hog production capacities recovered quickly and the output of poultry, eggs, and milk increased steadily. Agricultural production was better than expected and the value added of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery went up by 3% year on year a good performance compared with previous years. Growth was -3.2% for the first quarter, and 3.3, 3.9, and 4.1% for the second, third, and fourth quarters, respectively. Modern agriculture also performed well with several new super rice varieties developed, which have a yield of 1,000 kilograms per mu.

Second, industrial production stabilized and rallied. Industry as a whole, especially manufacturing, saw steady recovery quarter by quarter. The value added of industrial enterprises above designated size grew 2.8% year on year in 2020. The growth for the manufacturing sector was 3.4%, faster than the general growth. The growth for the first, second, third, and fourth quarter was -8.4, 4.4, 5.8, and 7.1%, respectively, and demonstrate that growth is already returning to normal. In particular, the role of pillar industries strengthened and the recovery of equipment manufacturing quickened. In 2020, value added to the equipment manufacturing sector grew 6.6% year on year, 3.8 percentage points higher than the general growth of industrial enterprises above designated size. The sector contributed 70.6% of the overall growth of industrial enterprises above designated size. It reported double-digit growth in both the third and fourth quarters. New industries and products thrived. In 2020, the value added of high-tech manufacturing enterprises above designated size expanded 7.1% from the previous year, 4.3 percentage points higher than the general growth of all industrial enterprises above designated size. Many products saw their production increase significantly. New products such as 3D printing equipment, smart watches, civilian UAVs, and IC wafers saw their production more than double in response to huge market demand.

Third, the service industry gradually recovered. The sharp decline at the beginning of the year was followed by a gradual recovery quarter by quarter. Major indicators improved continuously, new growth drivers were active, and market confidence was constantly enhanced. In 2020, the value added to the service industry grew 2.1% from the previous year. The gain for the first, second, third, and fourth quarters were -5.2, 1.9, 4.3, and 6.7%, respectively. The modern service industry, led by new technologies, showed relatively good growth. From January to November, business revenues for high-tech service enterprises, technology service enterprises, and enterprises of emerging service sectors of strategic importance increased 12, 11, and 8.6%, respectively. New business forms and models expanded quickly. The COVID-19 epidemic gave rise to new business models. The integration of physical and online stores picked up speed; new technologies such as 5G, AI, and Internet of Things were used widely, and online entertainment and commerce like short videos and live commerce saw trend-bucking growth. Working from home, online education, online healthcare and other new business models boomed, injecting new vitality into the economy and are bound to continue growing this year.

In December 2020, the value added to industrial enterprises above designated size increased 7.3% year on year, the highest growth of 2020. However, judging from the past two years, December was still within the normal range. In March 2019, for example, the figure was 8.5%.

The transformation of traditional industries also quickened to better meet demand, to further strengthen R&D and sales, and to promote the integration of the service sector through industry and agriculture. China's industries have broad prospects and are bound to unleash new potential. Thank you.

Hu Kaihong:

Today's press conference ends here. Thank you, Mr. Ning. Thank you, everyone.

Translated and edited by Zhang Liying, Zhou Jing, Xu Xiaoxuan, Li Huiru, Guo Yiming, Zhang Rui, Wang Yanfang, Wang Mengru, He Shan, Wang Yiming, Wang Qian, Yuan Fang, Wang Wei, Zhang Jiaqi, Yang Xi, Yan Xiaoqing, David Ball, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speakers:

Chen Yulu, vice governor of the People's Bank of China (PBOC)

Ruan Jianhong, spokesperson for the PBOC and head of its statistics and analysis department

Sun Guofeng, head of the monetary policy department at the PBOC

Zou Lan, head of the financial market department at the PBOC

Chairperson:

Shou Xiaoli, deputy head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office

Date:

Jan. 15, 2021

Shou Xiaoli:

Ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon. Welcome to this press conference. This is the latest in a series of briefings on China's economic performance in 2020. We are delighted to invite Mr. Chen Yulu, vice governor of the People's Bank of China (PBOC), to introduce China's financial statistics in 2020. He will also answer some of your questions. Also present are Ms. Ruan Jianhong, spokesperson for the PBOC and head of its statistics and analysis department; Mr. Sun Guofeng, head of the monetary policy department at the PBOC; and Mr. Zou Lan, head of the financial market department at the PBOC.

Now, I give the floor to Mr. Chen Yulu.

Chen Yulu:

Friends from the media, good afternoon.

2020 was an extraordinary year. The COVID-19 pandemic - a once-in-a-century health crisis - had a severe impact on social and economic development in countries around the world. Faced with the complex domestic and international landscape, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, the People's Bank of China firmly implemented the decisions and plans made by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, as well as the requirements set out by the financial stability and development committee under the State Council. We made comprehensive moves to push forward integrated statistical work in the financial sector and keep abreast of the epidemic dynamics and the conditions facing economic and social development. In response to the shifting situation, we adopted a flexible approach to adjust the intensity, pace, and focus of our monetary policy, thus creating a prudent and favorable monetary and financial environment for epidemic prevention and control, stability on the six fronts (employment, finance, foreign trade, inbound investment, domestic investment, and market expectations), and security in the six areas (jobs, daily living needs, food and energy, industrial and supply chains, the interests of market players, and the smooth functioning of grassroots government). On Jan. 12, the PBOC published the 2020 Financial Statistics Report. Statistics showed that in 2020, China's main financial indicators were in line with expectations, and the financial system operated smoothly.

First, the growth of money and credit supply largely met the annual target. By the end of 2020, the M2 money supply increased by 10.1% year-on-year, 1.4 percentage points higher than that in the same period during the previous year; new RMB loans totaled 19.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 2.8 trillion yuan compared to the previous year; aggregate financing in the economy grew by 13.3%, 2.6 percentage points higher than that in the same period of the previous year. Throughout the year, the PBOC reduced required reserve ratios three times, unleashing 1.75 trillion yuan in liquidity for the real economy. We launched monetary policy measures involving more than 9 trillion yuan, achieving the policy goal of "maintaining moderate monetary aggregate, and reasonable and ample liquidity."

Second, the credit structure improved as loans to manufacturing firms and MSMEs (micro, small, and medium enterprises) continued to deliver benefits and targeted financial support for key areas of the real economy increased. In 2020, the outstanding balance of medium- and long-term loans to the manufacturing sector surged by 35.2%, 20.3 percentage points higher than that in the previous year. The growth rate has risen for 14 consecutive months. Inclusive loans to small and micro companies grew by 30.3%, 7.2 percentage points higher than that in the previous year. Additionally, the financial policy to curb housing prices gradually took effect, and growth in the outstanding balance of loans to the real estate sector fell for 29 consecutive months.

Third, supply-side structural reform in finance was deepened, and financing costs for the real economy dropped significantly. In 2020, the market-based interest rate reform moved forward and the switch of the benchmark for pricing existing floating-rate loans was completed as scheduled. The interest rate reform continued to deliver benefits and the transmission of monetary policy demonstrated higher efficiency, leading to a noticeable decline in interest rates on loans to enterprises. At the end of 2020, the weighted average interest rate on enterprise loans in China was 4.61%, 0.51 percentage points lower than in the same period of the previous year and the lowest level since records began in 2015. China's financial institutions did all they could to cut financing costs for enterprises and achieved the goal of saving enterprises 1.5 trillion yuan to boost the real economy.

Fourth, we offered financial support to win the "three battles" of risk management as well as poverty elimination and pollution control and achieved remarkable results. In 2020, the battle of preventing and defusing financial risks achieved important results. All P2P platforms have been "cleared up." Various types of high-risk financial institutions have seen orderly disposal, the size of "shadow banks" was scaled down, and asset-management product risks were contracted. The interbank operating relevance and nesting saw a continued reduction, while in the meantime, the PBOC firmly supported winning the battle of poverty alleviation through precisely targeted measures. More than 6.5 trillion yuan in loans for targeted poverty alleviation were issued in the past five years, comprising loans for impoverished people and for promoting industrial development. These loans benefited more than 90 million impoverished people and helped all impoverished counties to rise out of poverty. In recent years, the PBOC has offered support for green development and ecological civilization construction by providing green financing and has gained wide acclaim from abroad. Currently, our country ranks first globally in terms of green credit and second in the scale of green bonds.

Financial statistics data is the "transcripts" of the financial system. In 2020, facing the COVID-19 epidemic that raged worldwide and stricken by external risks, people working on the financial front put the interest of the people before everything else. We faced the difficulties head on, took action, and accomplished various tasks assigned by the Party Central Committee and the State Council, contributing financial powers to accomplishing the main objectives and tasks of the 13th Five-Year Plan and to securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. 2021 marks the first year of 14th Five-Year Plan. The PBOC will fully implement the spirit of the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee and the Central Economic Work Conference and will prioritize stability, emphasize work, reduce risks, deepen reform and opening-up, and offer high-quality financial support to speed up the construction of new development patterns. I will stop here. Please raise your questions. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli：

Thanks for the instruction of Mr. Chen. Next, journalists, please state the news outlet you belong to and then ask questions.

CCTV:

We know that this year we need to keep the growths of broad money, or M2, and the size of social financing to match the nominal economic growth. Does this mean that the size of the money supply will increase this year? What will the M2 growth rate be like this year? Thank you.

Chen Yulu:

Thank you to the journalist from CCTV. Maintaining growth of the M2 and the size of social financing to match the nominal economic growth is an important part of improving our country's modern monetary policy frame. I want to tell you all that "basically match" doesn't mean being of the exact same amount. The growth of the M2 and the size of social financing could be slightly higher or lower than the nominal economic growth - according to the economic situations and requirements of macroeconomic governance - to reflect the counter-cyclic adjustment in medium-to-long term monetary policy. And when the economy operates irregularly, for example when suffering major epidemics similar to the one that we're currently facing, economic growth could hugely deviate from the level of potential outputs. At that point, monetary policy should be decided according to a nominal economic growth that reflects potential outputs.

In 2020, being stricken by the epidemic, the PBOC continued to implement a prudent monetary policy and didn't adopt quantitative easing and other irregular monetary policy measures. The size of the balance sheet of the central bank maintained basic stability. Moreover, the monetary policy was flexible, moderate, and precisely targeted, and better hedged against the high uncertainty in a macro situation since the outbreak of the epidemic. Financial operating maintained stability and matched the level of potential output for our economy.

In 2021, the prudent monetary policy will be more flexible and precisely targeted, as well as rational and moderate, continuing to offer the necessary support for economic recovery. The PBOC will prioritize stability and not make rash decisions, and decide the intensity, rhythm, and emphasis of monetary policy flexibly according to the characteristics of epidemic prevention and control and socioeconomic development at various stages. It will make sure money supply growth and the size of social financing match the nominal economic growth, to support continued economic recovery and high-quality development via moderate monetary growth. Thank you.

CNR:

In 2020, the growth of the narrow measure of the money supply (M1) continued to rise, even by double digits in November. What's the reason for that? In 2021, will there be any changes to real estate financial policies? Thanks.

Chen Yulu:

Besides the growth of the broad measure of money supply (M2), people are also concerned about M1. At the same time, the real estate market is also the main concern for us, especially about how to financially stabilize it. The questions go to Ms. Ruan and Mr. Zou.

Ruan Jianhong:

I will answer your question about M1. As of the end of 2020, the M1 increased by 8.6% year on year to 62.56 trillion yuan, 4.2 percentage points higher than the same period in 2019, which is a relatively high growth. The demand deposits account for 90% of M1, which makes up the largest portion. According to the data on demand deposits collected by the PBOC's National Financial Basic Database, there are three major reasons for M1 growth in 2020:

First, China's prudent monetary policies have effectively supported the real economy. With structural policies supporting companies and stabilizing employment, traditional manufacturing and wholesale and retail sectors have received significant financial support. That financial support helped stabilize the cash flow for enterprises and increase their demand deposits. As of the end of last November, China's manufacturing and wholesale and retail sectors saw a year-on-year growth of 16.5%, amounting to 30% of the total demand deposits.

Second, some industries have received more fund support, but because some projects have not been fully implemented, some funds remain idle. From the statistics, industries like public management and business leasing account for a large proportion of the newly increased demand deposits. In these industries, there are some time periods between fundraising and investment, which leads to the temporary slowing of funds.

Third, the regulation of deposit products has promoted the increase in demand deposits. Since October 2019, the financial management administrations have continued to regulate products including structured deposits , and some funds have flowed into agreement deposits.

In the future, with the ease of the epidemic, the recovery of the economy, and the advance and progress of investment projects, capital spending will accelerate and the remaining demand deposits will decrease accordingly. Additionally, as the conversion from structured products into current deposits - due to regulation of deposit products - is reduced, we predict that the increase of M1 will be relatively steady.

Zou Lan:

I will answer the question concerning financial policies in the real estate sector. In recent years, adhering to the principle that the housing is for living in and not for speculation and targets for stabilizing land price, housing prices, and market expectations, the PBOC has implemented long-term mechanisms for the real estate market and intensified the financial management. We have performed our duties in the following aspects.

First, we have enhanced financial regulation in the real estate sector. We have guided the financial administrations to strengthen the monitoring and calculating of all funds flowing into real estate, allowed commercial banks to increase real estate loans at a reasonable speed, and promoted the flow of financial resources into major sectors and weak links such as manufacturing and small and micro enterprises,. Last year, the growth rate of real estate loans was lower than that of other loans for the first time in eight years. The proportion of the newly added real estate loans in all loans fell from 44.8% in 2016 to 28% last year.

Second, we have steadily implemented prudential management for real estate finance. On the one hand, we have carried out long-term mechanisms, implementing tailored housing regulations for different cities and adopting differentiated housing credit policies. On the other hand, we have prioritized rules and transparency and established fund monitoring and financing management rules for major real estate enterprises. Moreover, we have set up and improved a macro prudent management system for real estate finance.

Third, we have improved financial policies for housing rentals. Focusing on both housing purchases and renting, we have accelerated the study of financial policies to support the housing rental market. We will solicit public opinion in the days to come.

Going forward, the Central Bank will implement the deployments of the 5th Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee and the Central Economic Work Conference, and stick to the principle that "houses are for living in, not for speculation," encourage both housing purchases and rental, continue to implement tailored housing regulations for different cities so as to maintain continuity, consistency, and stability in our policies toward the real estate finance, and steadily implement the prudential management of real estate finance. We will increase financial support for the development of the housing rental market and promote the steady and healthy development of the real estate market. Thank you.

Bloomberg News:

What is the central bank's take on the renminbi's exchange rate? In the second half of last year, the renminbi exchange rate appreciated significantly against the U.S. dollar. Is there any concern that this trend will have some negative impact on exporters and the real economy? Moreover, what is the progress of Ant Group's rectification? Will it be required to break off some of its business? Thank you.

Chen Yulu:

Thank you for the two questions, both of which are issues that many are concerned about. First, I would like to invite Mr. Sun to answer your question regarding the exchange rate.

Sun Guofeng:

By the end of 2020, the exchange rate of the renminbi against the U.S. dollar had appreciated by 6.9% compared with the end of the previous year. The fluctuation range has not exceeded a historic level, such as those encountered in 2007 and 2008. The renminbi had appreciated by about 4% against a basket of currencies, with moderate annual volatility. The average exchange rate against the U.S. dollar for the whole year was 6.90 yuan, the same level as 2019. On the whole, the renminbi exchange rate remains basically stable at a reasonable level, which is in line with China's foreign trade and the fundamentals of its economy. Compared with other major currencies, the renminbi's appreciation against the dollar has also been moderate. Under the new system of a higher-level and open economy, the renminbi exchange rate is at a reasonable and equal level and the positive and negative impacts of exchange rate fluctuations on exports and the economy have been basically offset. The future trend of the renminbi exchange rate will depend on the domestic and foreign economic situation, international balance of payments, and changes in the international foreign exchange market. In general, the renminbi exchange rate will both rise and fall and the two-way floating of the renminbi will become normal. It will neither keep appreciating nor depreciating but will remain basically stable at a reasonable and equilibrium level. Thank you.

Chen Yulu:

Regarding the second question, Ant Group has set up a working group to rectify its business practices under the supervision of financial watchdogs. It is busy making a timetable for readjusting its business according to regulatory requirements. Moreover, it should maintain its business as usual and ensure the quality of financial services provided to the public. Financial regulators are maintaining close communication with Ant Group and more information and progress about the work will be updated. Thank you.

Economic Daily:

How does the People's Bank of China (PBOC) evaluate the inflation situation this year? Will the core consumer price index (CPI) remain low? Some have analyzed that the current inflation rate is underestimated because the CPI doesn't fully reflect the price changes in the market. What's the PBOC's take on this? Thank you.

Chen Yulu:

Price stability is the core objective of the monetary policy. According to the CPI data released by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) on Jan. 11, the year-on-year growth of the CPI in December turned from negative to positive, and 2020's annual CPI expanded 2.5% compared to the previous year. The NBS immediately interpreted this data and noted that the CPI had a relatively high growth rate on a month-on-month basis at the end of 2020, driven by the rise in pork and refined oil products prices. We had another good grain harvest in 2020, and the hog production capacity has basically recovered to the levels seen in previous normal years. Therefore, in the medium and long term, we believe that the possibility of a continuous sharp increase in month-on-month CPI growth is relatively small. Meanwhile, we do need to pay attention to changes to the core CPI. As the growth of personal income recovers, coupled with the recurrence of the epidemic in some locations and service consumption remaining constrained to some extent, the core CPI which excludes food and energy prices remains low.

Next, with China's steady economic recovery and the gradual revival of domestic consumption demand, we believe that the core CPI is expected to continue to rebound. In general, the price level in China will see a moderate rise in 2021. Influenced by the situation during this same period last year, it is predicted that the year-on-year growth of the CPI this year will rise first and then stabilize.

As for the question about whether the CPI should include changes to asset prices, this remains an important topic for academic discussion. None of the major economies in the world has directly included price changes of some specific assets in their CPI. The central bank has kept a close eye on asset prices in important sectors while paying attention to the country's price level. To effectively safeguard financial stability, we have implemented macroprudential policies to guard against macro-financial risks caused by sharp fluctuations in asset prices. Thank you.

Market News International:

I have two questions about the data. The social financing data released by the central bank shows that the figure for bad loan write-offs is different from that given by the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission. Why for this? In addition, what is the approximate proportion of entrusted loans, trust loans, and bill financing - all categorized as social financing - combined in the total shadow banking? Could you please introduce the overall size of China's shadow banking? Thank you.

Chen Yulu:

Thank you. You have studied our data very carefully. Ms. Ruan will answer your questions involving the structured data.

Ruan Jianhong:

Let me start by answering your first question. As you noted, according to data released by the People's Bank of China (PBOC) on aggregate social financing, the volume of loans written off amounted to 764.4 billion yuan in the first three quarters of 2020. During the same period, the disposal of non-performing loans reached 1.7 trillion yuan, according to data released by the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission (CBIRC). The two figures released by different sources do not match exactly, since the former is part of the latter. Apart from write-offs, non-performing loans can be disposed of through other means including transfers, payments-in-kind and securitization.

Regarding your second question, you asked whether the aggregate social financing data includes shadow banking businesses. In fact, entrusted loans and trust loans, which we frequently mention, are not all covered by shadow banking. For example, entrusted loans under the housing provident fund scheme are not shadow banking activities. Current aggregate social financing data show that entrusted loans and trust loans totaled 12 trillion yuan, not including the 5.4 trillion yuan of housing provident fund loans.

Shadow banking refers to activities performed by credit intermediary institutions outside the banking system, which are subject to lower levels of regulatory oversight and higher risks, such as some private equity funds, part of entrusted loans and trust loans, non-standard asset investment by financial products, and so on. The volume of these businesses, after removing double counting, currently stands at about 32 trillion yuan, which is 2 trillion yuan lower than at the end of 2020. Thank you.

Hong Kong's Bauhinia Magazine:

In 2020, financial institutions made 1.5 trillion yuan in interest concessions to boost the real economy. What measures were taken to achieve this? Will you issue new policies to encourage interest concessions by financial institutions in 2021? Thank you.

Chen Yulu:

I would like to invite Mr. Sun Guofeng to answer your questions.

Sun Guofeng:

In 2020, the PBOC fully implemented the decisions and plans of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. Working together with relevant authorities, we guided the financial system to make 1.5 trillion yuan in interest concessions to boost the real economy. The measures included lowering interest rates, cutting fees, and deferring repayments of principal and interests of loans.

First, we deepened reform on the loan prime rate (LPR) to bring lending rates down further, saving enterprises a total of 590 billion yuan. The one-year LPR fell 30 basis points, lowering the annual lending rate in 2020 by 0.5 percentage points compared with 2019 and saving enterprises 560 billion yuan. Also, we successfully completed LPR switch of outstanding floating interest rate loans by the end of last August, saving enterprises 28 billion yuan by direct interest rate cuts during the switch and falling LPR after repricing.

Second, we offered re-lending and rediscount quotas to support cheaper loans, saving enterprises 46 billion yuan. The PBOC increased re-lending and rediscount quota by 1.8 trillion yuan in three batches, enabling financial institutions to issue loans with competitive interest rates. All the quota had been used by the end of 2020.

Third, the downward trend in bond interest rates has provided approximately 120 billion yuan in profits to bond issuers. Meanwhile, interest rates of newly issued national bonds, local bonds, and corporate credit bonds in 2020 are 0.47 percentage points lower than in 2019.

Fourth, the two direct tools made a profit of 380 billion yuan. Last year, the inclusive small and micro-enterprise loan extension support tool provided 358 billion yuan in profits for enterprises by reducing corporate interest expenditures and bridge costs. The inclusive small and micro-credit loan support program saved 24 billion yuan in guarantee costs for enterprises. The China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission has also guided banks to transfer profits by urging them to reduce fees, support corporate restructuring, and make debt-to-equity swaps. These transfers are expected to secure around 420 billion yuan. The total amount of money accrued from the above measures indicates that 1.5 trillion yuan has been successfully transferred to the real economy.

In the next stage, the People's Bank of China will insist on seeking progress while maintaining stability, do well to create cross-cycle policy design, deepen reforms in interest rate marketization, continue to release LPR reforms potential, consolidate achievements via the reduction of real interest rate on loans, and promote the steady decline of corporate financing costs. Thank you.

South China Morning Post:

US President-elect Joe Biden has announced an economic stimulus package of $1.9 trillion. How does the central bank view the possible impact of the new US stimulus package on China's economy and finance? In addition, Chair of the Federal Reserve Jerome Powell recently stated that the US government will not raise interest rates in the short term. Is the central bank worried that long-term external ultra-low interest rates or even negative interest rates will deteriorate China's international financial environment since China is still the only major economy to adopt a normal monetary policy? Thank you.

Chen Yulu:

This question is about the latest update. First, Mr. Sun Guofeng will answer from the perspective of monetary policy operations and then I will elaborate on his answer.

Sun Guofeng:

We understand that a new fiscal stimulus plan in the United States is ready to be introduced, and the global financial market has already responded to this. US inflation expectations have risen and the US treasury bond yields have rebounded sharply. Meanwhile, the US dollar has appreciated against other major currencies and the RMB has also recently depreciated against the US dollar. It should be noted that the RMB exchange rate depreciated in the first half of 2020, then appreciated in the second half of the year. Again, RMB exchange rate has recently depreciated against the US dollar. These fluctuations are normal, indicating that market supply and demand have played a decisive role in the formation of the exchange rate. The flexibility of the RMB exchange rate has increased, risen, and fallen, and two-way floating has become the norm. It has played the role of an automatic macroeconomic stabilizer and has created conditions for the central bank to independently implement normal monetary policies as per China's economic situation. At the same time, we have strengthened international macroeconomic policy coordination. China is the only major economy in the world to achieve positive economic growth in 2020 and it is also one of the few major economies that implement normal monetary policies. It has promoted the recovery of the global economy, which is conducive to the normalization progress of the monetary policy of other major economies in the future. Thanks.

Chen Yulu:

The strict prevention of external financial risks was specially raised at a recent work meeting by the People's Bank of China. The main external financial risks we need to be alert to are the slowing-down of the global economic recovery, the resulting pressure to the real economy, and vulnerability to the financial system. The risks we are facing include: First, decoupling from the basic real economy in the international market and increasing fluctuation. Second, volatility or fluctuations in cross-border capital flow against a background of highly relaxed global liquidity. Third, with the unprecedented impact on the economy caused by the pandemic, low-income countries are confronting a rising debt crisis which may further affect the global economic recovery.

In the face of these three external risks, we will continue to prioritize domestic efforts. First, we will maintain the consistency, stability and sustainability of macro-economic policies, thus laying a solid foundation for China's basic economy. Second, we will improve the financial monitoring system and enhance the ability of macro-prudential management as well as the ability of systematic risk prevention and control. Meanwhile, we will increase coordination of international macro-economic and financial policies via global platforms such as the G20, in a bid to create favorable conditions for a further global economic resurgence. Thank you.

ThePaper.cn:

How should we understand the need for "prudent monetary policy" to be flexible, accurate, reasonable and moderate? And, how should we view the follow-on measures of reducing reserve requirement ratio and interest rates? Thank you.

Chen Yulu:

Sun Guofeng, director general of the Monetary Policy Department of the People's Bank of China, will answer your questions.

Sun Guofeng:

China's economy is back on the right track with a stronger internal driving force and better economic indicators. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and uncertainties in the external environment, the global economic and financial situation is still complicated and the foundation of economic recovery is still unstable. Our monetary policy should support the real economy while striking a balance between economic recovery and risk prevention. Therefore, China will prioritize stability in its monetary policy in 2021. A prudent monetary policy should be flexible, precise, reasonable, moderate, and sustainable.

China will use a comprehensive range of monetary policy tools, such as reserving requirement ratio, re-lending, and re-discount, medium-term lending facility, and open market operations to maintain liquidity at a reasonably ample level, ensure that the growth of the broad money supply and social financing basically matches nominal economic growth, and make flexible policy adjustments in accordance with changes in the situation.

China will give full play to the "drip irrigation" function of monetary policy tools and step up efforts to effectively support the real economy. On one hand, we will prudently adjust and carry on the emergency policies like the two recent monetary policy tools that aim to boost the real economy. On the other hand, we will innovate and implement new monetary policy tools to provide financial support to scientific innovations, small and micro-sized businesses, and green development.

We will deepen reform of the financial system, continue to promote liberalization of interest and exchange rates, improve the transmission mechanism of monetary policy, and establish a market-based interest rate system. We also aim to promote the steady decline of comprehensive financing costs, deepen LPR reform, maintain a lowered interest rate on loans, improve the flexibility of RMB exchange rate, strengthen the macro and prudent management of cross-border capital flow, stabilize market expectations, establish a "risk-neutral" attitude among businesses and financial organizations, and maintain basic stability in the RMB exchange rate.

You asked a question about the reserve ratio and interest rate. About the interest rate, we should pay more attention to the changes in the real interest rate. Since 2020, the People's Bank of China has adopted reform measures to reduce financing costs for companies, which has proved quite effective.

China's corporate lending rate was 4.61% in December 2020, down 0.51 percentage points year on year, an all-time low and a larger drop than LPR. Furthermore, declining loan interest rates pushed banks to reduce the cost of debt, forcing saving rates to drop. The three-year and five-year weighted average deposit interest rates have dropped to 3.67% and 3.9% respectively, down five and 16 basis points year on year. The current economy has returned to a potential output level, with a strong demand for business loans and a reasonable growth in currency credit, indicating that the current interest rate level is appropriate.

Regarding the reserve requirement ratio, the People's Bank of China lowered the ratio three times in 2020, releasing 1.75 trillion yuan in liquidity. Since 2018, the People's Bank of China has altogether cut the reserve ratio 10 times, releasing a total of 8 trillion yuan in liquidity. Now, the average reserve ratio for all Chinese financial institutions is 9.4%, while for over 4,000 medium- and small-sized financial institutions, the ratio is 6%. Whether compared with other developing countries or compared with China's historical reserve ratio, the current deposit reserve ratio is not high.

Next, the People's Bank of China will adopt a comprehensive range of monetary policy tools to provide short, medium, and long-term liquidity in accordance with the changes in economic and financial situations, maintain liquidity at a reasonably ample level, and ensure that the growth of broad money supply and social financing basically matches nominal economic growth. We will continuously deepen our reform toward a more market-oriented interest rate, maintain the lowered real interest rate in loans, promote the steady decline in corporate financing costs, and provide a sound monetary policy environment for high-quality economic development. Thank you.

Red Star News:

In 2020, China's real economy, especially small and micro-enterprises, has been severely affected by the epidemic. What measures has the PBOC taken to support the development of small and micro-enterprises? What is the next step? Thank you.

Chen Yulu:

Thank you for bringing up this important issue. Supporting the stable development of small and micro-enterprises is a focus of PBOC and the financial system. As you mentioned, the COVID-19 has made life harder for small and micro-enterprises in 2020. Small and micro-enterprises are key market entities as we stabilize enterprises and ensure employment. The PBOC has resolutely implemented the decisions and deployments of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council and promptly introduced policy measures in four aspects, in coordination with relevant ministries, to firmly support the financing and stable development of small and micro-enterprises. Generally speaking:

First, we have innovated two monetary policy instruments to channel funds into the real economy. Last June, we introduced a policy to allow small and micro-enterprises to postpone principal and interest repayments on loans and rolled out a credit loan support program. These two instruments, funded by the PBOC, encouraged banks to defer payments on all-inclusive loans for small and micro-enterprises eligible for the policy accordingly and substantially increase credit loans. In the past year, the banking industry deferred on principal and interest payments totaling 7.3 trillion yuan and issued 3.9 trillion yuan in inclusive credit loans to small and micro-enterprises, an increase of 1.6 trillion yuan from the same period last year.

Second, we have built up preferential policy support for small and micro-enterprises in key areas. We have led efforts to introduce 30 measures to help fight the epidemic in the financial sector, set up a special re-loan project of 300 billion yuan for epidemic prevention and control, and bolstered support targeting more than 7,600 key enterprises in charge of epidemic prevention and supply delivery, most of which are SMEs. Per the needs of epidemic prevention and control, we have launched further re-lending and re-discount quotas of up to 500 billion yuan for the resumption of work and production and increased inclusive re-lending and re-discount quota by one trillion yuan. More than 600,000 companies affected by the COVID-19 received financial support, most of which are also micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs).

Third, we have enhanced commercial banks' capabilities in providing financial services for micro- and small businesses. The PBOC has actively urged commercial banks to improve their resource allocation and performance evaluation mechanisms for small and micro-enterprises and increase the weight of inclusive finance for commercial banks to more than 10%. Credit loans, first-time loans, and loan renewals without repayment of the principal have been substantially increased. Among the newly granted inclusive credit loans for inclusive small and micro-businesses in the first 11 months of last year, nearly 40% of the enterprises were granted for the first time.

Fourth, we have followed a cohesive policy to improve monetary, regulatory, fiscal and taxation, and other external policy incentives. We have worked to play a better role as a government financing guarantee institution and improve local risk-sharing and compensation mechanisms. We have implemented comprehensive policies to improve financial services for small and micro-enterprises. At the same time, we have also actively promoted the construction of enterprise credit information sharing platforms to promote the sharing of credit information among small and micro-enterprises. The accounts receivable financing platform operated by the PBOC's Credit Reference Center offered 2 trillion-yuan fund loans for MSMEs throughout the year, exceeding the annual target of 800 billion yuan.

Overall, we did a good job in financing small and micro-enterprises last year by increasing loans to more enterprises and reducing costs. By the end of last year, outstanding loans issued to small businesses under inclusive finance services stood at 15.1 trillion, up 30% year on year. Interest rates for newly granted loans to small and micro-enterprises in December were 5.08%, down 0.8 percentage points from the same period last year. In 2020, a total of 32.28 million businesses were supported, an increase of 5.24 million from the previous year.

Next, the PBOC will maintain the continuity, stability, and sustainability of policies in accordance with the deployment of the Central Economic Work Conference, continue to make good use of structural monetary policy instruments and targeted credit policies and give full play to the national accounts receivable financing platform and unified registration for pledges of movable assets and rights. This way, we will continue to strengthen support for small and micro-enterprises. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

Thank you, Mr. Chen, and all the other speakers. Thanks to friends from the media. Today's SCIO press conference is hereby concluded. I wish you all a happy weekend!

Translated and edited by Liu Sitong, Zhou Jing, Liu Jianing, Cui Can, Zhang Junmian, Li Xiao, Wang Zhiyong, Zhang Rui, Fan Junmei, Zhang Tingting, Guo Yiming, Wang Yiming, Li Huiru, He Shan, Gong Yingchun, Wang Qian, Zhang Liying, Wang Wei, Xu Xiaoxuan, David Ball, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speaker:

Li Kuiwen, spokesperson and director of the Department of Statistics & Analysis of the General Administration of Customs

Chairperson:

Shou Xiaoli, deputy head of the Press Bureau of the State Council Information Office

Date: 

Jan. 14, 2021

Shou Xiaoli:

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning. Welcome to this press conference from the State Council Information Office (SCIO). This is a routine press conference on China's annual economic standing. Today, we are delighted to be joined by Mr. Li Kuiwen, spokesperson and director of the Department of Statistics & Analysis of the General Administration of Customs, who will introduce China's import and export performance of 2020 and answer your questions.

Now, let's give the floor to Mr. Li.

Li Kuiwen:

Ladies and gentlemen, friends from the media, good morning. It's a great pleasure to meet with you. I'll begin by introducing China's import and export performance of 2020, and then answer your questions.

In 2020, China faced a grave and complex domestic and international landscape and a severe economic impact posed by COVID-19. Under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, China was the only major economy to realize positive economic growth last year, with its foreign trade exceeding expectations and registering a historical high. According to statistics from the General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China (GACC), China's total foreign trade of goods expanded 1.9% year on year to 32.16 trillion yuan (about 4.97 trillion U.S. dollars) in 2020. Exports grew by 4% to 17.93 trillion yuan, while imports declined by 0.7% to 14.23 trillion yuan. The trade surplus increased by 27.4% to 3.7 trillion yuan. There are six main reasons for these changes:

Li Kuiwen:

First, foreign trade reached a historical high. The global economy and trade have taken strong hits in 2020 and China faced a severely complex external environment for foreign trade. In spite of these challenges, China's foreign trade has rapidly rebounded and steadily grown, displaying its great resilience and comprehensive competitiveness. From June 2020, China registered positive growth in foreign trade for seven consecutive months and hit a record high in total foreign trade volume, exports, and the international market share, becoming the only major economy with positive growth in trade of goods last year. China's role as the world's largest trader in goods has been further consolidated. According to data from the World Trade Organization (WTO) and countries around the world, China's exports, imports, and the two combined in the first ten months of 2020 accounted for 14.2%, 11.5%, and 12.8% of the international market, respectively, all reaching historical highs.

Second, foreign trade entities have been further energized. In 2020, China has 531,000 enterprises with exports' and imports' record, an increase of 6.2% year on year. Meanwhile, China's private sector registered 14.98 trillion yuan in imports and exports, an increase of 11.1%, accounting for 46.6% of the country's total foreign trade volume and 3.9 percentage points higher than the previous year. The private sector played an important part in stabilizing foreign trade, further consolidating its role as the biggest foreign trade entity. Foreign-invested enterprises marked 12.44 trillion in foreign trade, making up 38.7% of the country's total foreign trade volume. State-owned enterprises accumulated 4.61 trillion yuan in imports and exports, accounting for 14.3% of all foreign trade.

Third, our trading partners are diversifying. In 2020, China's trade with its five major trading partners, namely, ASEAN, European Union, the United States, Japan, and South Korea, reached 4.74 trillion yuan, 4.5 trillion yuan, 4.06 trillion yuan, 2.2 trillion yuan, and 1.97 trillion yuan, up by 7%, 5.3%, 8.8%, 1.2%, and 0.7%, respectively. In addition, trade with countries along the Belt and Road reached 9.37 trillion yuan, up 1%.

Fourth, trade modes have been continuously optimized. In 2020, China's general trade increased by 3.4% to 19.25 trillion yuan, accounting for 59.9% of China's total foreign trade volume, 0.9 percentage points higher than the previous year. Exports grew by 6.9% to 10.65 trillion yuan, while imports fell by 0.7% to 8.6 trillion yuan. Processing trade dropped by 3.9% to 7.64 trillion yuan, accounting for 23.8% of the total foreign trade volume.

Fifth, exports of traditionally competitive products maintained growth. In 2020, China's exports of electromechanical products increased by 6% to 10.66 trillion yuan, making up 59.4% of the country's total exports, and increasing 1.1 percentage year on year. Exports of laptops, home appliances, and medical equipment went up by 20.4%, 24.2%, and 41.5%, respectively. At the same time, exports of seven types of labor-intensive products including textiles and clothes rose by 6.2% to 3.58 trillion yuan. Exports of textile products including face masks surged by 30.4% to 1.07 trillion yuan.

Sixth, exports of anti-epidemic supplies provided strong support for the global combat against COVID-19. China has been playing its part as the world's largest supplier of anti-epidemic materials by proactively carrying out international cooperation to fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, and making the utmost efforts to provide and export anti-epidemic materials to over 200 countries and regions. From March to December 2020, customs authorities across China cleared major anti-epidemic supplies worth 438.5 billion yuan, showing China's commitment as a responsible major player in the fight against COVID-19 worldwide. Meanwhile, exports of products in the "stay-at-home economy," such as laptops, grew by 8.5% to 2.51 trillion yuan, meeting the needs of people across the globe living and working at home during the pandemic.

Li Kuiwen:

In 2020, China made outstanding achievements in foreign trade, which did not come easily amid unprecedented challenges and difficulties. This is the result of the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, which speaks volumes of the resilience and vitality of China's foreign trade. China customs also played its part with relentless efforts. Over the past year, we firmly implemented the decisions and plans of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council; carried out the work in a timely and pragmatic manner; stabilized foreign trade growth by introducing a number of policies while preventing and controlling the cross-border spread of COVID-19, and; strengthened supervision efforts and improved services to ensure stable and high-quality foreign trade.

In 2021, the world faces further uncertainties brought about by the pandemic and global landscape. The global economic situation is still grave and complex, posing uncertainties and instabilities to foreign trade growth. China customs will follow the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the CPC, the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th plenary session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC and the Central Economic Work Conference, and adhere to the principle of seeking progress while ensuring stability. China customs will stick to its new development philosophy and foster a new development paradigm in the new development stage, maintain security in the six areas in order to ensure stability on the six fronts, strengthen supervision efforts and improve services, and continuously optimize the business environment at ports to strive for higher-level opening-up and quality development of foreign trade. GACC will contribute to a good start of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) in the development of foreign trade and commemorate the 100th anniversary of the founding of the CPC via great achievements.

Next, I'll be answering your questions.

Shou Xiaoli:

Thank you, Mr. Li. Now the floor is open to questions. Please identify your news outlet before raising questions.

CCTV:

My questions are: What are the main reasons for the growth of China's foreign trade amid the COVID-19 outbreaks in 2020? What do you think of China's foreign trade last year in general? What are your predictions for trends in 2021? I would like to hear your insights. Thank you.

Li Kuiwen:

Thank you for your questions. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council pay great attention to stabilizing foreign trade. General Secretary Xi Jinping advised stabilizing the fundamentals of foreign trade and foreign investment, ensuring smooth operation of foreign trade industrial chains and supply chains, and stabilizing China's international market share. Last year was unusual in the sense that though we were faced with a grave and complex domestic and international landscape and the severe impact posed by COVID-19, China was the only major economy to experience positive growth in trade of goods and exceeded expectations regarding foreign trade overall. This demonstrates great resilience and competitiveness in China's foreign trade and we can say that China achieved stable and high-quality foreign trade.

"Stability" was reflected in three ways. First, a record high in total foreign trade volume and international market share. China saw its foreign trade stabilize quickly after substantial fluctuations in the first quarter of 2020. The trade volume registered a new high in each successive quarter, with the year's total volume reaching a record high of 32 trillion yuan, a figure was attained amid dramatically shrinking global trade. The international market share also registered a record high thanks to the unusual growth of foreign trade. As I just mentioned, the WHO's statistics on monthly trade in goods of major economies showed that China's exports, imports, and the two combined accounted for 14.2%, 11.5%, and 12.8% of the international market in the first 10 months of 2020, 0.4, 0.7, and 0.8 percentage points higher than previous records, respectively. Therefore, China's role as the world's largest trader in goods has been further consolidated.

Second, exports have been driven by an increased need for anti-epidemic supplies and products for the "stay-at-home economy." As China brought COVID-19 under effective control and resumed work and production, the country saw its exports rebound in April and maintain growth ever since. With a much higher demand for anti-epidemic materials and products for the "stay-at-home economy" globally, China's exports of textile products (face masks included), medical equipment, and medicine surged by 31%, contributing to a 1.9-percentage-point increase in overall exports. China's exports of laptops, tablet computers, and home appliances rose by 22.1%, increasing overall exports by 1.3 percentage point. Those exported goods met the anti-epidemic needs of countries worldwide as well as those people across the globe living and working at home during the pandemic.

Third, there was a huge boost to imports in the domestic market. China's huge domestic market showed a more prominent advantage in stabilizing imports amid the pandemic. In 2020, in terms of resource products, China imported 7.3% more crude oil and 7% more metal ore, while in terms of agricultural products, China imported 28% and 60.4% more grain and meat, respectively.

Those are the three aspects that reflect "stable" foreign trade.

"Quality improvement" was also demonstrated in three ways. First, through an improved foreign trade structure. Trade growth among private companies in China was 9.2 percentage points higher than the country's overall level in 2020, becoming a major driving force in China's foreign trade. General trade saw year-on-year growth of 0.9% in 2020. The country also saw a more balanced foreign trade development among various regions. With new progress made in transferring industries from eastern China to western and central China, the western and central regions saw their trade increase by 11%, accounting for 17.5% of the country's total and 1.4 percentage points higher than the previous year.

Second, there was an even higher driving force for foreign trade development. As new modes of foreign trade prospered, the trade volume of cross-border e-commerce registered at 1.69 trillion yuan, up by 31.1%, and exports based on procurement from markets increased by 25.2%. China ran 12,400 China-Europe freight trains throughout the year and delivered 1.14 million TEUs, up by 50% and 56% year-on year, respectively. The combined heavy container rate was up to 98.4%.

Third, a higher level of opening up has played a leading role. The trade volume of comprehensive bonded areas and free trade areas increased by 17.4% and 10.7%, respectively. Imports of duty-free goods at Hainan Free Trade Port rose by 80.5%.

The above is my evaluation of the performance of foreign trade imports and exports throughout the year.

As for this year, in my opinion, the global economy is expected to recover and drive trade growth, and the restoration of the Chinese economy's stable growth will help support foreign trade. However, we must also understand that many uncertainties brought about by the pandemic in the external environment remain, and therefore, so too will difficulties and challenges in foreign trade. The new development pattern, in which domestic and foreign markets reinforce each other, with the domestic market as the mainstay, is now taking shape in China at a higher speed. The country is also promoting a higher level of opening up and developing new advantages in international cooperation and competition. Thus, I believe China is expected to maintain its foreign trade growth in 2021 and make fresh progress in its high-quality development.

Red Star News:

Facing the current severe global epidemic situation, what measures has China Customs taken to prevent the virus from being imported via cold chain food products? How has the effect been so far? Thank you. 

Li Kuiwen: 

I want to add that the latest relevant data we just released has been published on the GACC website simultaneously. We wish to share it with you all.

Thank you for your question. The GACC has resolutely implemented General Secretary Xi Jinping's important instructions on inspection and quarantine of imported cold chain food. Acting strictly in accordance with the general arrangements of the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council, customs has tightened inspections of imported frozen food products to prevent the spread of COVID-19 via cold chains. We have mainly taken measures in four aspects:

First, we have strengthened source management. We have enhanced communication and consultation with the relevant administrations of exporting countries, and required them to supervise the exporting of food to China according to regulatory guidelines released by the FAO and the WHO. They must see to it that food exporters strictly implement the guidelines for food companies by the FAO and the WHO, so as to ensure their exports and packaging are not contaminated by the virus at all levels of procedure, including production, processing, storage, and transportation. We have also informed the exporting countries' administrations of the two guidelines stipulated by China's National Health Commission, namely Technical Guideline for COVID-19 Prevention and Control in Cold Chain Food Production and Operation and Technical Guideline for the Prevention, Control and Disinfection of COVID-19 in Cold Chain Food Production and Operation Processes. We have urged and kept track of those enterprises exporting food to China to implement the two technical guidelines, and taken preventive and control measures in time. Currently, we have suspended imports from 124 cold chain food companies in 21 countries whose employees have been infected with COVID-19. Among them, 107 voluntarily suspended their exports to China after the epidemic outbreak. 

Second, we have reinforced risk monitoring procedures for the virus in imported cold chain food. We have conducted nucleic acid sample testing of imported cold chain food, especially imported seafood. By Jan.13, customs across China have tested a total of 1,295,692 samples, with 47 positive results. 

Third, we have implemented emergent preventive measures after finding positive samples. The GACC will temporarily stop import declarations of any overseas food production enterprises found to have positive samples for one to four weeks. We have now adopted such emergent preventive measures against 39 overseas food production and operation facilities. 

Fourth, we have conducted preventive disinfection work at ports across China. In accordance with the work plan on preventive and thorough disinfection of imported cold chain food released by the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council, we have carried out stringent disinfection of cold-chain food imports at ports of entry, and intensified cooperation with relevant departments to prevent the transmission of COVID-19 through imported cold-chain food. As of Jan. 13, ports across the country have disinfected 13,170,000 outer packages of imported cold chain food for prevention purposes.

Thank you. 

CRI:

Last November, China signed the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement. Could you please describe imports and exports between China and RCEP countries last year? In addition, did the GACC make any preparations before the agreement came into effect? Thank you.

Li Kuiwen:

Thank you for your questions. Let me first brief you on the trade between China and other RCEP countries.

In 2020, the total value of China's imports and exports to the other 14 RCEP countries was 10.2 trillion yuan, climbing 3.5% year-on-year and accounting for 31.7% of China's total imports and exports during the same period. Exports accounted for 4.83 trillion yuan, an increase of 5%, while imports totaled 5.37 trillion yuan, an increase of 2.2%. Here are the details:

In terms of trading partners, ASEAN has become China's largest trading partner, with an import and export value reaching 4.74 trillion yuan, an increase of 7%. Japan and South Korea are China's fourth and fifth largest trading partners, with imports and exports reaching 2.2 trillion yuan and 1.97 trillion yuan, an increase of 1.2% and 0.7%, respectively. Meanwhile, imports and exports to Australia reached 1.17 trillion yuan, a decrease of 0.1%, and imports and exports to New Zealand hit 125.53 billion yuan, a decrease of 0.4%.

In terms of exported goods, exports of electromechanical products reached 2.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 7.3%, accounting for 53.8% of the total value of exports to RCEP countries during the same period. Among them, exports of integrated circuits accounted for 314.03 billion yuan, increasing 15%, and automatic data processing equipment and their parts and components were 260.63 billion yuan, an increase of 11.1%. During the same period, the export of labor-intensive products amounted to 944.8 billion yuan, an increase of 11.9%.

In terms of imported goods, imports of integrated circuits were 1.08 trillion yuan, up 9.8%; automatic data processing equipment and their parts and components were 178.45 billion yuan, up 8%; imports of iron ore were 496.35 billion yuan, an increase of 14.7%, and; plastics in primary forms were 156.33 billion yuan, down 0.3%.

As to your second question, RCEP is now the world's largest free-trade zone, encompassing approximately one-third of the world's population and 30% of the global GDP and trade. Member countries see stellar prospects for the RCEP. The GACC has been fulfilling its duties and accelerating relevant preparatory work before the implementation of the RCEP.

First, the GACC has strengthened the organization and leadership. Fully implementing the deployment of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, the GACC quickly established a leading group for RCEP implementation and organized experts in relevant fields to form a number of special working subgroups to oversee different affairs such as tariffs, to accelerate preparations for RCEP implementation.

Secondly, the GACC has worked to establish rules and regulations to ensure that the RCEP Rules of Origin (ROO) are implemented. The GACC is preparing to promulgate measures for the administration of the origin of RCEP imported and exported goods and measures for the administration of approved exporters, optimize processes for declaring preferential import and export visas under the RCEP, and build a supporting information system to make it easy for companies to do so. 

Thirdly, the GACC has increased its training and guided companies to make full use of the RCEP's preferential policies. According to the provisions of the ROO, the optional scope of capital goods for companies has been greatly expanded and multiple types of benefits have been provided for them. The GACC will increase efforts to make the policies known to the companies and help them understand tariff reduction and preferential rules and make sure the companies get the most out of these benefits. At the same time, given the difficulties that may arise during the implementation of RCEP, we have increased research and training and will prepare in advance to better serve the companies. Thank you.

National Business Daily:

The "stay-at-home economy" played an important role in last year's exports. Will this economy continue to drive export growth in 2021? In addition, what new measures will the General Administration of Customs (GACC) take next to promote the high-quality development of foreign trade? Thank you.

Li Kuiwen:

Thank you for your question. Regarding the first question, well, anti-epidemic supplies and products of the "stay-at-home economy" indeed constituted a significant driver for foreign trade development last year. Here, I would like to brief you on the latest data for the export of our anti-epidemic materials.

Statistics show that from March to the end of last year, the GACC cleared 438.5 billion yuan's worth of major anti-epidemic supplies. Regarding face masks, which attracted the most public attention, China exported 224.2 billion of them, with a value of 340 billion yuan, which is equivalent to providing nearly 40 face masks for every individual in the world outside of China. The exported masks included 65 billion surgical masks, nearly 30% of the total. We also exported 2.31 billion protective suits, including 773 million for medical use, 289 million pairs of goggles, and 2.92 billion pairs of surgical gloves. These products have provided a guarantee for medical personnel and other epidemic prevention and control workers to protect themselves.

In terms of medical equipment, we exported 271,000 ventilators, of which 212,000 were non-invasive, as well as 663,000 patient monitors and 119 million infrared thermometers. In addition, 1.08 billion novel coronavirus testing kits were exported, providing support for virus detection work.

We have taken the advantage of being the first country to fully resume work and production and the largest supplier of anti-epidemic materials worldwide. While meeting the domestic needs for epidemic prevention and control, we have exported anti-pandemic materials to most countries and regions in the world, giving strong support to the global fight against the COVID-19 epidemic.

Just now I introduced some data in regard to products of the "stay-at-home economy."

Customs offices also adopted some measures to supervise and serve the development of foreign trade. We have firmly implemented the arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council and concentrated on ensuring stability on the six fronts (employment, finance, foreign trade, inbound investment, domestic investment, and market expectations) and guarantee in the six areas (jobs, daily living needs, food and energy, industrial and supply chains, the interests of market players, and the smooth functioning of grassroots government), coordinating the epidemic prevention and control at ports and the promotion of stable growth of foreign trade. In July, we held a national customs teleconference on stabilizing foreign trade and foreign investment and launched 56 relevant measures to constantly facilitate customs clearance and ensure the smooth circulation of both domestic and international trade movements. There are four main aspects to these measures:

First, the business environment at ports has continuously been optimized. We have comprehensively taken measures such as the "two-step declaration," "advance declaration," "green channels," and non-physical presence of sender or receiver during customs cargo examination to improve customs clearance efficiency. Last December, the overall customs clearance time for imports and exports nationwide registered 34.91 hours and 1.78 hours, respectively, down by 64.2% and 85.5% from 2017.

Second, costs for enterprises have been further reduced. We have vigorously rolled out pilot Tariff Guarantee Insurance, with 3,509 participating businesses and guaranteed taxes reaching 377.6 billion yuan. Of the participants, nearly 80% were small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), effectively mitigating difficulties in accessing affordable financing for various enterprises, especially SMEs.

Third, the development of new trade forms has been promoted. We have comprehensively advanced the regulatory measures for cross-border e-commerce product returns and launched trials for cross-border e-commerce business-to-business (B2B) exports. We encouraged the central, western, and northeast regions of China to carry out trials on market procurement trade. In 2020, imports and exports for China's cross-border e-commerce increased by 31.1%, and market procurement exports by 25.2%, becoming an important stabilizer for foreign trade.

Fourth, new pacesetters for opening-up have been developed. Vigorous support has been given to build the Hainan free-trade port and Yangshan Special Comprehensive Bonded Zone. Between July 1, 2020, and Dec. 31, 2020, the customs agencies supervised duty-free sales of 19.99 billion yuan's worth of goods, with a year-on-year growth of 191.6%. We have stepped up efforts to innovate customs supervision systems in pilot free-trade zones and replicate those measures proven to be effective in pilot free-trade zones elsewhere. We have promoted the implementation of global maintenance and remanufacturing operations in the comprehensive bonded zones. In 2020, the import and export volume of China's comprehensive bonded zones totaled 3.43 trillion yuan, an increase of 17.4%, and 15.5 percentage points higher than the overall growth of foreign trade.

In the next step, customs offices in the country will intensify efforts to implement the existing measures, strive to succeed in the "last mile" of policy implementation, and make every effort to promote the high-quality development of foreign trade and investment. Thank you.

Bloomberg News:

According to the data you have just released, the trade surplus in China exceeded $500 billion last year, the highest figure since 2015. Do you think trade surplus will continue to grow or do you think the demand for imports in the country will increase in 2021? Please give us a brief analysis, thank you.

Li Kuiwen:

Thank you for your question. Actually, I already answered this question when discussing trends in this year's foreign trade just now. Regarding the overall development of foreign trade in 2021, I think that the world economy is expected to recover and the domestic economy will provide strong support for foreign trade. However, we should also be aware that changes in the pandemic situation and the external environment will both bring difficulties and challenges to the development of our country's foreign trade. Thanks to the advantages of the large domestic market, the gradual formation of a new pattern of development, and the continuous promotion of high-level opening-up, I believe that foreign trade this year is expected to maintain certain growth. But we still need to further observe factors related to this issue. Thank you.

China News Service:

I would like to ask what measures customs have taken to ensure stability on six fronts and maintain security in six areas to promote the high-quality development of foreign trade as well as expand high-level opening up? Thank you.

Li Kuiwen:

I have already discussed the relevant measures taken by customs when answering previous questions, thank you.

The Paper:

With the recovery of China's productivity supply capacity, many foreign trade enterprises experienced a situation where demand exceeded supply at the end of 2020. This year, will China's exports still perform better than imports? Thank you.

Li Kuiwen:

Thank you for your question. Just now, I have answered a relevant question about the trend of foreign trade this year. Generally speaking, knowing whether China's exports will continue to outperform imports requires further observation of the global economy and trade situation. Thus, we will continue to observe and pay close attention to this issue. Thank you.

South China Morning Post:

I have two questions. First, according to the China-U.S. phase-one economic and trade agreement, China promised to import no less than $63.9 billion in additional goods in 2020 from the base of 2017. How did that go last year according to China's data? And what changes have occurred in procurement from the U.S. in the context of the U.S. presidential election and the current pandemic situation? Second, could you please provide some specific data on trade between China and Australia, including the December figures for coal, iron ore and liquefied natural gas imports from Australia? Has China already set coal import quotas for 2021, and will the ban on Australian coal imports be adjusted? In addition, after lifting a ban on scrap steel imports on Jan. 1 this year, will China reduce its iron ore imports from Australia? Thank you. 

Li Kuiwen:

Thank you for your questions. Let me start by answering the first question. In terms of China-U.S. trade, I would like to brief you on the relevant data.

In 2020, the total value of China-U.S. bilateral trade in goods was 4.06 trillion yuan, an increase of 8.8%, accounting for 12.6% of China's total imports and exports during the period. Of this, exports to the U.S. reached 3.13 trillion yuan, an increase of 8.4%, while imports from the U.S. reached 931.87 billion yuan, an increase of 10.1%. In terms of exports, in 2020, China's exports of mechanical and electrical products to the U.S. reached 1.92 trillion yuan, an increase of 9%, accounting for 61.4% of the total exports to the U.S. in the same period. Of this, the export of laptops and cellphones increased by 23.4% and 4.6% respectively. During the same period, the export of labor-intensive products increased by 9.8%, and the export of pharmaceutical materials and drugs increased by 30.7%.

In terms of imports, in 2020, China's imports of agricultural products from the U.S. reached 162.74 billion yuan, an increase of 66.9%. Imports of soybeans, pork, cotton and crude oil grew by 56.3%, 223.8%, 121.7% and 88%, respectively. In addition, the import of automobiles was 60.01 billion yuan, down 4.1%.

As for your concerns about the implementation of the China-U.S. phase-one economic and trade agreement and the latest China-U.S. economic and trade trends, the relevant departments have already issued statements, and I will not repeat them here.

Regarding your second question, about Sino-Australian trade, let me first update you on trade between China and Australia.

In 2020, the total imports and exports between China and Australia reached 1.17 trillion yuan, down 0.1%. Of this, exports to Australia amounted to 370.23 billion yuan, up 11.2%, while imports from Australia were 796.35 billion yuan, down 4.6%. In terms of trading commodities, China's main export commodities to Australia in 2020 were mechanical and electrical products and labor-intensive products, accounting for 76.1% of its total exports to the country. The main commodities imported from Australia were iron ore and natural gas, which accounted for 70.6% of the total imports.

For other information on Sino-Australian trade, please consult the relevant authorities. Thank you.

Shou Xiaoli:

Now for the last two questions.

CRNTT:

Hello, Mr. Li, just now you mentioned that new foreign trade formats such as cross-border e-commerce and the market procurement trade flourished in 2020. Could you please give us a detailed account of the development of the new format and the foreign trade model over the past year and its role in promoting the quality and efficiency of China's foreign trade? Thank you.

Li Kuiwen:

Thank you for your question. Last year, under the influence of the pandemic, cross-border e-commerce as a new business format achieved rapid development. As an emerging format of trade, cross-border e-commerce has shown positive growth during the pandemic period, and has become an important force in stabilizing foreign trade. China Customs has been actively adapting to and promoting the development of cross-border e-commerce, continuously innovating and optimizing the regulatory system, and supporting the orderly development of new business forms like this. The measures we have taken are:

The first is to comprehensively promote supervision measures for the return of cross-border e-commerce export commodities, optimize e-commerce retail import return measures, solve the problem of difficult returns of export commodities, and fully support enterprises to sell goods to the world. We have also optimized cross-border e-commerce retail import return measures, helped businesses overcome the impact of logistics delays caused by the pandemic, and assisted to improve their after-sales service systems.

The second is to carry out innovative cross-border e-commerce B2B export pilot programs. We have added "9710" and "9810" trade methods, which refer to either direct export of goods from domestic businesses to overseas businesses by cross-border logistics based on their mutual deals over a cross-border e-commerce platform, or the export of goods by a domestic company to its overseas warehouse, from which the goods will be delivered to overseas buyers based on their deals over a cross-border e-commerce platform. We have now launched pilot programs in 22 directly-affiliated customs offices, including in Beijing. We have promoted cross-border e-commerce regulatory innovations from B2C to B2B, with supporting measures to facilitate customs clearance. Pilot enterprises can apply for clearance facilitation measures such as "one-off registration, streamlined declarations, and expedited clearance at lower costs, prior inspection, customs transit, and convenient return."

The third is to expand and clear cross-border e-commerce logistics channels. Affected by the pandemic, international flights were suspended and significantly reduced last year, and the traditional shipping capacity plummeted. The General Administration of Customs promptly issued ten measures to support the development of the China-Europe Railway Express and support its use to carry out cross-border e-commerce, mail, and other transportation services. During the pandemic, customs supported the postal department to open temporary entry and exit postal routes, creating a total of 15 temporary exit ports and 13 temporary entry ports, actively distributing inbound and outbound mail and cross-border e-commerce commodities, and striving to ensure the stability of industrial and supply chains.

The fourth is to make every effort to ensure the orderly customs clearance of cross-border e-commerce commodities during business peak periods such as the "Double 11 Shopping Day." In 2020, cross-border e-commerce grew rapidly, and the import and export lists checked and released through the customs cross-border e-commerce management platform hit 2.45 billion, surging by 63.3% year-on-year. During the "Double 11" period in 2020, 52.27 million import and export lists were processed through the customs cross-border e-commerce unified import and export system, an increase of 25.5% on the previous year. Meanwhile, the processing peak reached 3,407 items per second, an increase of 113.2% year-on-year. All indicators reached new highs.

The fifth is to perfect cross-border e-commerce statistics. In order to fully reflect the overall import and export situation of cross-border e-commerce, the General Administration of Customs has made full use of China's E-commerce Law and the definition of cross-border e-commerce by the World Customs Organization to explore and establish a cross-border e-commerce statistical system. According to preliminary statistics, China's cross-border e-commerce imports and exports in 2020 were 1.69 trillion yuan, an increase of 31.1%, of which exports made up 1.12 trillion yuan, an increase of 40.1%, and imports were 0.57 trillion yuan, an increase of 16.5%.

In the next step, customs will continue to focus on the development of new formats and the concerns of enterprises, continue to strengthen supervision, optimize services, further improve supervision and statistical systems, and continuously promote the high-quality development of new formats of cross-border e-commerce. Thanks.

dzwww.com:

We noticed that the private sector has become the largest contributor to China's foreign trade growth. What were the characteristics of import and export for Chinese private businesses in 2020? What new measures will the General Administration of Customs (GAC) introduce to support private businesses in foreign trade? Thank you.

Li Kuiwen:

Thank you for the questions. As I said just now, the private sector has become the largest foreign trade entity in China. In 2020, China's private sector registered 14.98 trillion yuan in imports and exports, an increase of 11.1%, accounting for 46.6% of the country's total foreign trade volume, 3.9 percentage points higher than the previous year. Specifically, exports of the sector grew by 12.3% year-on-year to 9.99 trillion yuan, while imports increased by 8.8% to 4.99 trillion yuan. The main highlights are as follows:

First, the private sector showed greater resilience in foreign trade. In the face of the unexpected COVID-19 epidemic, private businesses rose to the challenge and made full use of their flexibility to explore the international market, showing greater resilience in foreign trade. The annual growth rate of foreign trade and exports in the private sector was 9.2 and 8.3 percentage points higher than that of the country's total volume, respectively. Imports in the sector increased by 8.8% last year, while the country's imports declined by 0.7%.

Second, the development of private businesses in different regions became increasingly coordinated. In 2020, the imports and exports of private businesses in central and western regions grew by 15.9%, 5.6 percentage points higher than in the eastern regions. Nine out of the top 10 provinces with the highest foreign trade growth rates in the private sector are from China's central and western regions. Guizhou and Yunnan occupied the top two positions.

Third, private businesses made more efforts to expand their market. In 2020, private sector exports to the EU, the US, Japan, South Korea, among other traditional markets, grew by 14.9%, 23.4%, 12.9%, and 18.6%, respectively, and exports to the ASEAN increased by 15.1%, all recording double-digit growth.

To support the development of the private sector, the GAC will continue to implement decisions and plans made by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council and work to create a favorable environment for the development of foreign trade in the private sector. We will take measures in three major aspects:

First, improve the efficiency of customs clearance and optimize the business environment at ports. We promote the practice of "declaring import and export goods in advance," upgrade the "two-step" declaration process, and improve the "two-stage access supervision." We further streamline customs clearance procedures, reduce the time of cargo clearance, and lower related costs for enterprises.

Second, earnestly implement every measure to cut taxes and fees. We release preferential tax policies in a timely manner and offer more detailed interpretations to ensure enterprises benefit from the policies. For those enterprises that fall behind with their taxes due to the impact of COVID-19, we extend payment deadlines and exempt or reduce overdue fines. We suspend interest on deferred tax for domestic sales of trade processing enterprises and expand the pilot policy of selective tariffs on domestic sales.

Third, carry out in-depth research and studies in enterprises and offer targeted support. We give full play to the role of the customs service hotline 12360, our online survey system, the WeChat platform for credit management, and coordinators between customs offices and enterprises. By using all of these channels, we aim to better understand the needs and difficulties of enterprises and do our best to offer them targeted assistance regarding tax payments, credit management, and customs clearance, etc.

In the next step, we will continue to work in line with the requirements ordered by the central government on ensuring stability on the six fronts and security in the six areas and introduce a larger number of more targeted policies to support the development of private businesses.

Shou Xiaoli:

In the coming days, we will hold a series of briefings on China's economic performance in 2020, and we welcome your attendance. Today's briefing is hereby concluded. Thank you.

Translated and edited by Zhu Bochen, Li Huiru, Zhang Jiaqi, Zhang Rui, Liu Jianing, Zhang Junmian, Wang Yiming, Yang Xi, Xu Xiaoxuan, Huang Shan, Wang Qian, Lin Liyao, Wang Wei, Xiang Bin, Yuan Fang, Zhang Liying, Wang Zhiyong, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese 

Speakers:

Xu Nanping, vice minister of science and technology

Zeng Yixin, vice minister of the National Health Commission, and director of the vaccine R&D working group under the State Council's inter-agency task force

Chen Shifei, deputy commissioner of the National Medical Products Administration

Shen Bo, a person in charge of the Department of International Organizations and Conferences of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Mao Junfeng, a person in charge of the Consumer Products Industry Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology

Zheng Zhongwei, head of the vaccine R&D working group under the State Council's inter-agency task force

Wu Yonglin, president of China National Biotec Group (CNBG) affiliated with China National Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. (Sinopharm)

Chairperson:

Hu Kaihong, spokesperson for the State Council Information Office

Date:

Dec. 31, 2020

Hu Kaihong:

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to this press conference held by the State Council's inter-agency task force. Today, we are joined by Mr. Xu Nanping, vice minister of science and technology; Mr. Zeng Yixin, vice minister of the National Health Commission, and director of the vaccine R&D working group under the State Council's inter-agency task force; Mr. Chen Shifei, deputy commissioner of the National Medical Products Administration; Mr. Shen Bo, a person in charge of the Department of International Organizations and Conferences of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Mr. Mao Junfeng, a person in charge of the Consumer Products Industry Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology; Mr. Zheng Zhongwei, a leader of the vaccine R&D working group under the State Council's inter-agency task force; and Mr. Wu Yonglin, president of China National Biotec Group (CNBG) affiliated with China National Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. (Sinopharm). They will brief you on the conditional marketing approval for the COVID-19 vaccine and other related work in progress, and answer your questions. First, let's give the floor to Mr. Xu.

Xu Nanping:

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. On Dec. 30, the Beijing Biological Products Institute Co., Ltd. announced the interim results of its phase-3 clinical trials for the COVID-19 inactivated vaccine meeting the standards of the World Health Organization and our National Medical Products Administration (NMPA). The achievement did not come easily. It embodies the wisdom and hard work of China's scientific community. This has received strong support and cooperation from all partners. I hereby would like to express my warm congratulations and heartfelt appreciation to all the institutes and workers participating in R&D of the vaccines.

General Secretary Xi Jinping attaches great importance to vaccine R&D, and has issued important instructions accordingly on a number of occasions. These have been implemented resolutely by the vaccine R&D working group. In accordance with the decisions and arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, the working group has given top priority to vaccine R&D, starting work immediately on one of the five major tasks of scientific research. Taking a people-centered approach throughout, the working group has always put safety first, and is committed to developing safe, effective, and accessible vaccines. Based on science, the working group has been simultaneously working on five technological approaches including inactivated vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, adenovirus vector vaccines, vaccines using attenuated influenza viruses as vectors, and nucleic acid vaccines, so as to maximize the success rate of vaccine R&D. Always adhering to building a community with a shared future for humanity, the working group has cooperated with 16 countries such as the United Arab Emirates and Brazil to carry out international and multi-centered phase-3 clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccines, promoting R&D cooperation among research institutes and companies both in and outside China. Always adhering to collaboration between different parties, the working group has pooled resources from enterprises, universities, and research institutes. Top research groups from around the nation have been galvanized to work on these tasks. The working group has also coordinated the R&D and examination efforts, and strived to speed up the progress of vaccine R&D without reducing procedures and lowering standards, while always ensuring safety. As of now, 14 kinds of vaccines developed in these five technological approaches have entered clinical trials, among which five kinds of vaccines of three technological approaches have entered phase-3 clinical trials.

Looking forward, we will continue to do our best to speed up vaccine R&D while sparing no efforts. First, we will facilitate phase-3 clinical trials at an accelerated pace, providing more vaccine products of different technological approaches. Second, we will pay close attention to the mutation of the coronavirus and related situation, and respond in a scientific way, making sure the use of vaccines is not affected. Third, we will continue to make greater efforts on the basic R&D front, building China's strategic scientific capacity and providing firm scientific and technological support for epidemic prevention and control. Thank you.

Hu Kaihong:

Thank you, Mr. Xu. Next, let's give the floor to Mr. Zeng.

Zeng Yixin:

Friends from the media, since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the vaccine R&D working group has simultaneously worked on five technological approaches under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the unified deployment of the State Council's inter-agency task force. Relevant vaccine developing companies, scientific research facilities, medical institutes, epidemic control centers, research centers for animal testing, and vaccine regulatory agencies have prioritized people's well-being and leveraged the strength of China's own system. We have made joint efforts and put forward innovative working models, greatly contributing to the COVID-19 vaccine R&D.

The world's first inactivated vaccine, developed by China, was approved for phase-1 and phase-2 clinical trials on April 2. On June 23, China was also the first to carry out phase-3 clinical trials. Then, on June 24, China approved the emergency use of vaccines with strict procedures and in accordance with laws. Since July, many of China's vaccines have been undergoing phase-3 clinical trials outside China. And today, China has granted conditional marketing authorization for our first self-developed COVID-19 vaccine. China has always held a leading position in regard to vaccine R&D in the world. We have also prioritized the safety and efficacy of vaccines during the R&D process. 

As a pandemic unseen in a century, COVID-19 still poses a serious challenge to the world. Despite the strategic achievements in controlling the virus in China, we continue to face enormous pressure in guarding against imported cases and preventing a resurgence of the outbreak at home. As you know, we have seen newly reported sporadic cases in China. To protect the high-risk population, since June, starting from a small range of people and under the principle of volunteer participation and informed consent, we have prudently conducted emergency vaccination, while closely monitoring any adverse effects and preparing for emergency treatment. By the end of November, we had administered more than 1.5 million doses, involving approximately 60,000 recipients who then travelled abroad to work in high-risk areas. There have been no reports of serious infection among them. This has proven that the vaccine is both safe and effective.

As we know, the winter and spring are seasons of frequent infectious disease transmission. To guard against new COVID-19 outbreaks and protect the high-risk population, we have started vaccination of key groups of people working in cold-chain logistics, customs, medical services, public transportation systems, as well as agricultural products and sea food markets. We formally started COVID-19 vaccinations among key groups in China on Dec. 15. In the past 15 days, we have administered over 3 million doses of vaccines. During the vaccination process, we have established mechanisms to build standardized vaccination facilities, provide appropriate training for medical workers, screen recipients' overall health, closely monitor adverse effects, and provide emergency treatment and medical consultations for recipients suffering from serious effects. Altogether, the 4.5 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines given to recipients have proven that our vaccine is safe.

Of course, we have seen some adverse effects among recipients. The incidence is similar to other inactivated vaccines, like injection site pain and swelling. Less than 0.1% recipients have had mild fever, and about two in a million showed allergic reactions and other relatively serious adverse effects. Those people have all been taken good care of, with timely treatment. So, it's important to ask the recipients if they have any serious allergies before vaccination and prepare for sufficient medical services in case of any problems during the vaccination process. Moreover, we should also prepare for coincidental events and psychogenic responses, namely adverse effects caused by psychological factors like nervousness. Coincidental events are adverse effects that are correlated with some certain diseases or accidents. Therefore, we need to remain on high alert during the vaccination process and offer timely professional treatment where necessary.

In the next step, as the vaccine has been granted conditional marketing authorization and as production capacity increases, we will comprehensively vaccinate the high-risk population like senior citizens and people with underlying conditions, and then the general public in an orderly manner. At present, the immunization expert advisory committee has established a unified plan that will fully cover the population who need to be vaccinated so as to establish a strong shield gradually to stop the spread of coronavirus and bring it under total control. Thank you. 

Hu Kaihong:

Please welcome Chen Shifei, deputy head of the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) for his opening remarks.

Chen Shifei:

Good morning, everyone. I would like to announce some good news: the NMPA has granted conditional marketing authorization for the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine developed by the Beijing Biological Products Institute Co., Ltd. under the China National Biotec Group (CNBG), which is affiliated with Sinopharm.

NMPA has been implementing General Secretary Xi Jinping's thought of putting people first. Under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council as well as the coordination of the State Council's inter-agency task force, we established a mechanism for research and development of vaccines and drugs as well as emergency evaluation and approval system in the early stage of the epidemic. We have been taking a science-based approach, following legal procedures, and prioritizing the safety and efficacy of the vaccine. We reached out to R&D institutes, adopted a rolling review procedure, and made parallel progress in review, verification and testing to increase our efficiency in facilitating the marketing of a safe and effective vaccine.

Up to now, we have conducted over 5,500 discussions, consultations and research meetings with our R&D teams and expert panels in the development of vaccines and drugs. As Mr. Zeng has just said, we have authorized 14 vaccines to enter clinical trials. Five of them are now in Phase 3 clinical trials, including Sinopharm's inactivated vaccine. We are also facilitating several drugs in the pre-clinical trial stage.

As we all know, vaccines are an important weapon against epidemics, but their safety and effectiveness are always top priority. After the coronavirus outbreak, the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) cooperated closely with the World Health Organization (WHO) and the medical products administrators of other countries, and exchanged information on vaccine research and development (R&D) and coordinated the standards of safety and effectiveness with them. On this basis, the Center for Drug Evaluation of the NMPA specially formulated five standards including technical guidelines for R&D of preventive vaccines against COVID-19, and made clear the technical standards for market access application and conditional market approval of vaccines against COVID-19, offering relevant references to the R&D and evaluation of China's vaccines against COVID-19.

In addition, the standards for COVID-19 vaccines are basically the same as those of the WHO and other countries, providing scientific support for China's vaccines to become a global public good. The Beijing Institute of Biological Products of China National Biotech Group on Dec. 23 formally submitted a registration application to the Center for Drug Evaluation of the NMPA for conditioned market access of its vaccine based on preliminary rolling submissions of research data. The center accepted it immediately. Its expert team conducted a comprehensive and detailed review of the safety, effectiveness and quality reliability, as well as other submitted research documents and data based on preliminary rolling reviews. The review covered pharmacological and toxicological research, phase I and II clinical trials, phase III clinical trials carried out overseas, and the Beijing Institute's pharmaceutical research data on large-scale production and quality control. The center also inspected the sites of domestic R&D activities and phase I and II clinical trials; however, we are unable to send experts overseas for on-site inspections of phase III clinical trials there due to the pandemic. It is mainly the research organizations that assume major responsibility in ensuring the integrity, authenticity and reliability of the research data. Our drug inspection institution also carried out trial remote inspections, a work that is never before carried out. We undertook remote inspections in response to inaccessible sites existing amid the pandemic.

Besides, the Center for Food and Drug Inspection of NMPA inspected the production sites of the Beijing Institute in accordance with the law. The Beijing Municipal Medical Products Administration reviewed its quality control practices in drug production. The National Institutes for Food and Drug Control conducted laboratory tests on and reexamined the quality of vaccine samples produced by the Beijing Institute in trial production. It also thoroughly reviewed the data of vaccine efficacy (79.34%) submitted and unveiled by the Beijing Institute according to interim results of the phase III clinical trials based on large-scale double-blind placebo-controlled analysis. It consulted a third-party expert team for their evaluation and suggestions on conditional market access, and the expert consultation meeting of the Center for Drug Evaluation for further opinions. After a series of rigorous inspections, examinations, evaluations, reviews, and data analysis in accordance with laws and procedures, we concluded that the known and potential benefits of the inactivated vaccine against COVID-19 of the Beijing Institute of Biological Products of China National Biotech Group were greater than the known and potential risks, completely meeting preset standards for conditional market access.

Amid the pandemic, over 80 million cases have been reported around the world, and a large number of patients are being hospitalized and many are passing away every day. There is no wonder drug against the virus available in the world yet. China is facing pressure from both potential local transmission and imported cases, so national medical products administrators can approve registration applications for conditional market access of the vaccines urgently needed in response to major public health emergencies in accordance with the Vaccine Administration Law of the People's Republic of China and the Pharmaceutical Administration Law of the People's Republic of China. Therefore, the NMPA approved conditional market access of the Beijing Institute's vaccine on Dec. 30. The NMPA is encouraging the company to continue its phase III clinical trials as planned in accordance with laws and regulations, complete them and other post-approval research with quality and quantity guaranteed, update and supplement vaccine instructions and labels in time based on research progress, data and results obtained, and absorbing study of abnormal reactions after inoculation, and apply to us for approval or filing in accordance with regulations.

The NMPA is engaged in a race against time in emergency evaluation and approval of vaccines and drugs and in proceeding with their R&D, while adhering to science-based principles and the premise of safety and effectiveness. We will ensure that the vaccines and drugs approved for emergency use by us are safe, effective, and reliable in quality, and make due contributions to the ultimate victory over the virus. Thank you.

Hu Kaihong:

Thank you, Mr. Chen. Now the floor is open to questions. Please identify your news outlet before raising questions.

CCTV:

What regulatory measures will the authorities take to ensure the quality and safety of COVID-19 vaccines conditionally allowed to enter the market? Should the supervision be stricter and more regulated in terms of conditional market entry?

Chen Shifei:

Thank you for your question. The National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) has always adhered to the "four strictest requirements" in regard to drug safety, and has fully implemented the supervisory tasks for drug quality and safety, including those of vaccines. Vaccines are intended for healthy people. Therefore, we attach great importance to ensuring their quality and safety. Following conditional marketing authorization for COVID-19 vaccines, we have strengthened our supervision in regard to the following aspects to ensure that every vaccine meets quality requirements.

First, quality comes from adequate arrangement and guidance. As early as the research and development stage of vaccines, we actively make arrangements and provide guidelines to the technical institutions directly under the NMPA and provincial drug regulatory authorities, in order to track and guide the relevant work. During the construction of production facilities, we have selected and dispatched competent technicians to provide on-site guidance to the enterprises involved. On the premise of not reducing procedures or lowering the standards, we have issued drug production licenses in a timely way to vaccine manufacturers that meet the required standards. We have ensured that vaccine manufacturers have relevant technologies and management capacity by strictly enforcing the issuing rules of drug production licenses.

Second, in the process of production supervision, the NMPA has acted in accordance with relevant laws, regulations and standards including the Vaccine Management Law, the Pharmaceutical Administration Law and the Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) of Medical Products. We have intensified supervision over the COVID-19 vaccines' quality together with provincial drug regulatory departments. So far, we have carried out many audits and inspections of the quality and safety of the production sites of the Beijing Biological Products Institute Co., Ltd. under the China National Biotec Group (CNBG) affiliated with Sinopharm. The drug regulator in the locality where the enterprise is located has stepped up its efforts in regard to daily supervision, posted capable professionals to the enterprise for oversight, in order to ensure its compliance in the vaccine production process so that the vaccines are qualified. In addition, we also organized the National Center for Vaccine Inspection to conduct regular inspections on vaccine manufacturers and random checks on vaccines at irregular intervals. What's more, we arranged for the Center for Drug Reevaluation to cooperate with health departments to do a good job in monitoring the suspected adverse reactions to the vaccination. Through these measures, we have supervised enterprises so they earnestly fulfill their primary responsibility for products quality and safety, and organize production in strict accordance with the approved production techniques and quality standards. For each batch of vaccines that leaves the factory, their lot release will be carried out by the drug regulatory authorities. Earlier this year, we began to enhance our lot release capacity to accommodate the production increase following the vaccines' market entry. After strict examination and comprehensive assessment, we have now authorized drug regulatory and inspection institutions in Beijing and Hubei province to undertake the lot release task of COVID-19 vaccines. Therefore, after the vaccines enter the market conditionally, the lot release agencies will carry out strict data review and laboratory tests on each batch of vaccines following relevant regulations and management measures for biological products lot release, so as to ensure that each and every vaccine is qualified.

Finally, we have improved the whole-chain supervision of vaccines. The NMPA, together with the National Health Commission, has established an information technology-based traceability system for vaccines, basically realizing whole-process traceability management of vaccines entering the market. Currently, domestically produced and imported vaccines are tracked during the entire process through self-developed traceability systems or third-party platforms. Thank you.

China National Radio:

We would like to know, compared with foreign vaccines, what are the advantages of Chinese vaccines in terms of safety, efficacy and accessibility? How do we evaluate a vaccine comprehensively? Thank you.

Zheng Zhongwei:

Thank you for your question. Recently, I have noted that people are very concerned about the safety, efficacy and data published by the media in regard to the vaccines. There are many indicators for vaccine evaluation, and I think the very important ones include safety, efficacy, accessibility and affordability, among which safety and efficacy are the most important, as previous speakers have introduced. The safety of vaccines generally refers to whether there will be any adverse reactions and the severity of these after vaccination. The vaccines are considered safe if people don't experience adverse reactions, if they do, they aren't serious, or the probability of experiencing serious adverse reactions is quite low. As we all know, vaccines are special products for healthy people, so their safety is the first priority, which is the fundamental principle we have followed in advancing the research and development of vaccines.

Vaccine efficacy refers to whether people will be infected, or the level of severity of the infection if they are exposed to the pathogen after getting vaccinated. We consider the vaccine to be effective if the person vaccinated remains free from infection, or the infection is relatively mild. Therefore, some may find that when releasing efficacy data, some companies will also release a protection rate for severely ill patients. This is how we explain vaccine efficacy. 

In the vaccine development process, we have tested the safety and efficacy of the vaccines on animals and humans on differing scales, based on animal tests, and phase I, phase II, and phase III clinical trials. As the introductions of speakers about China's vaccine research and development, a total of 14 vaccine candidates currently are undergoing clinical trials with five entering phase III clinical trials. These have been proved to be safe in the animal tests, and phase I and phase II clinical trials. Some of them have published the results in top medical journals around the world, and highly commended by the WHO. Besides safety and efficacy, accessibility and affordability of vaccines are also of prime concern. Only if a vaccine is safe and effective, and at the same time accessible and affordable, can the vaccine truly become a public good.

Talking about which vaccine is better, or comparing Chinese self-developed vaccines and foreign vaccines, I don't think we can draw any simple conclusions. The reason why we laid out the five technical routes in vaccine development is because each of them has its own advantages. Only by comprehensively reviewing the safety, efficacy, accessibility, and affordability of each vaccine can we achieve a scientific evaluation. For example, inactivated vaccines and recombinant protein vaccines, whose research and development are currently being advanced, have undergone tests by billions or even tens of billions of people for many years. Their safety, efficacy, and accessibility have stood the test of time and been proven through scientific methods. However, with the development of science and technology and of human society, there will be new vaccines developed using new technologies and methods in the future, which are better in terms of safety, efficacy, accessibility and other aspects.

The COVID-19 pandemic has made us more aware that humanity is a community with a shared future, and a community of health for all. In the process of advancing vaccine research and development, Chinese vaccine companies and teams have only one enemy, which is the virus. We are racing against the advance of the virus. Throughout the research and development process, we fully respect the laws and principles of science. China was the first country to launch clinical trials including phase III ones. In the process, we are strictly following relevant scientific principles, and will never compromise these principles in a rush to seek first place. This is our basic principle in the process of advancing vaccine research and development. Thank you all!

Bloomberg:

I have some questions about the vaccine data. Can you share with us more information on CNBG's vaccine efficacy data? In addition, when will the efficacy data of other vaccines be released? If the data is released later than foreign countries, will that mean China's vaccines have fallen behind? In addition, how can CNBG ensure that its production can meet both domestic and foreign demand? Thank you.

Wu Yonglin:

Thank you for your attention and concern for vaccines of the CNBG, affiliated with Sinopharm. We have conducted large-scale phase III clinical trials in the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and other countries, involving 60,000 volunteers of 125 nationalities. We have completed phased assessment of the protection rate and the results have exceeded the clinical research goals. The safety and efficacy exceeded the standards set by the WHO. They meet the requirements of China's conditional approval plan and can help establish effective immunity in a wide range of public groups. Therefore, on Dec. 9 and 13, the UAE and Bahrain respectively reviewed and approved the official registration of the CNBG's inactivated vaccine and put it on the market in accordance with the relevant technical standards of the WHO. Yesterday, China also granted conditional marketing authorization for the vaccine.

The detailed data will be announced later, and will also be published in Chinese and foreign medical journals. Please pay attention to the release. Thank you.

CGTN:

Media reports say that the COVID-19 virus is mutating. Will the virus variants affect the vaccine's effectiveness? Will the vaccine that has been granted conditional marketing approval work against the virus variants? Thank you. 

Xu Nanping:

This is a very important question. The mutation of the COVID-19 virus is a problem that many are concerned about. It is also an important subject that our research and development team has focused on. We established a special research team at the very beginning of our research to study mutations of the virus. Currently, we have a database of nearly 300,000 COVID-19 genomic sequence data at the China National Center for Bioinformation and we have kept a close eye on the virus' daily variations which are now within a normal range on the whole. The effectiveness of the vaccine on the virus variants is something that we're very concerned about, especially after the media reported that a new COVID-19 variant detected in the U.K. remarkably improved the virus' transmissibility. Given this, together with our previous research, experts from the research and development team have further studied the effects that the virus variants may have on the effectiveness of the vaccines. The results showed that there is currently no evidence to prove that existing genetic mutations in the novel coronavirus will have a substantial effect on the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines. 

However, we must be vigilant about this issue. The long-term spread of the virus may cause some variants to accumulate, so in this regard, our research and development team has adopted the principle that "it is always better to be prepared than not." The mutations having no effect on vaccines now does not rule out the possibility that they may have an effect in the future. Therefore, we have posed this outcome as an absolute certainty and planned our research accordingly. This is the basic principle of our work. We have already made certain plans and several expert groups have been engaging in studies on certain tasks such as virus variation, detection reagents, drug development, and vaccine effectiveness. Please trust science and the scientists. We have the confidence to address the effects that virus variants may have on the efficacy of vaccines. We will ensure the supply of safe, effective, and accessible vaccines to the people. Thank you.

Phoenix TV: 

When will the vaccines be available for all Chinese people? Thank you. 

Zeng Yixin:

The eradication of an infectious disease will ultimately depend on a vaccine. We are planning to reach herd immunity through vaccination and have granted emergency use of COVID-19 vaccines since June. On Dec. 15, we began vaccinating some priority groups with COVID-19 vaccines. This is the first step of our vaccination agenda, which aims to ensure that key groups at high risk of infection are the first to receive inoculation. Once COVID-19 vaccines are approved to enter the market and production capacity has increased, we will vaccinate high-risk groups, namely senior adults and people with underlying conditions, as they are far more likely to suffer severe symptoms after infection. After this, we will vaccinate the general public. 

Regarding the issue of how many people should be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity, I should point out that the rate could vary depending on the population distribution of each country. Generally, the inoculation rate needs to be over 60 percent to 70 percent to reach herd immunity. The vaccines that we have approved are safe and effective, so I would like to call on the public to get vaccinated on the premise of informed consent and without contraindications. By doing so, we are protecting ourselves, our families, and others, as well as contributing to global pandemic prevention and control. Thank you.

AFP:

What is China's production capacity for COVID-19 vaccines? Thank you.

Mao Junfeng:

Thank you for your question. This question is of great concern to many people. In fact, we, as a competent department of the industry, asked ourselves this question early on. Hence, the MIIT has closely tracked the development of COVID-19 vaccines and accelerated the industrialization of vaccines, following in the spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping's important instructions on advancing the integration of vaccine R&D and the industrialized chain. To this end, we have set up a special work team to ensure the smooth production of the COVID-19 vaccine via numerous means. These include scheduling key enterprises’ production capacity building on a weekly basis and organizing industry and information technology departments in relevant provinces and cities to assign special personnel to contact and serve enterprises so as to accelerate the production capacity building across various technical routes of vaccine development. Meanwhile, the MIIT has also made a comprehensive review of the entire industry and supply chain of COVID-19 vaccines, guiding companies to conduct serious research and analysis on the supply risks of key raw and auxiliary materials, key equipment, consumables, and other important production materials, and make supply and demand connections between upstream and downstream enterprises to ensure the stability of the production supply chain of COVID-19 vaccines. 

According to the scheduling, a total of 18 domestic enterprises have started to build their production capacity in accordance with their vaccine research and development progress. So far, three companies, including the Beijing Biological Products Institute and Wuhan Biological Products Institute of China National Biotech Group, and Sinovac, have fulfilled their production capacity building tasks for this year. Their high-biosafety workshops for inactivated COVID-19 vaccines have passed the inspections by multiple departments. In particular, the inactivated vaccine developed by the Beijing Biological Products Institute of China National Biotech Group was approved for conditional market launch yesterday. The company has now launched large-scale production.

While these enterprises carry out large-scale production, the MIIT has also been organizing them to simultaneously expand their production capacities. Therefore, the production capacity is a dynamic and continuously increased process. For other technical routes, production capacity expansion are progressing as scheduled. With the further expansion of the production capacity of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccines as well as the gradual production capacity progress of enterprises engaged in other technical routes, I believe that our production capacity for COVID-19 vaccines is able to meet the demand of mass vaccination in China.

Next, the MIIT will follow the decisions and plans made by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the State Council to enhance coordination and cooperation with relevant departments to form policy synergy, further promote expansion of production capacity, and ensure a smooth supply chain for vaccine production to prepare for an organized and guaranteed mass production of COVID-19 vaccines. Thank you.

China Daily:

Pharmaceutical companies such as U.S. Pfizer and Moderna as well as the UK's AstraZeneca have announced plans to promote their vaccines. What role will China play in the COVID-19 Vaccine Global Access Facility (COVAX) after the COVID-19 vaccine is launched in the market conditionally? Thank you.

Shen Bo:

Thank you for your concern about international cooperation on vaccines. The epidemic knows no borders. It is therefore the common aspiration of all countries in the world to unite against the epidemic and promote recovery through cooperation. China has always been open to international cooperation on vaccines and the Chinese government has actively supported COVAX. On Oct. 8, China signed an agreement with Gavi to officially join COVAX, marking an important move of China to uphold the vision of the world as a global community of health for all and promote vaccines as a global public good.

At present, many Chinese COVID-19 vaccines have entered phase Ⅲ clinical trials and many other vaccines are stepping up their phase I and phase II clinical trials. The Chinese government has actively encouraged and supported Chinese vaccine research and development enterprises to join COVAX and cooperate with relevant initiators to provide vaccines to developing countries. It is understood that many Chinese vaccine companies have expressed to COVAX their willingness to join the program, and are negotiating with different countries regarding vaccine supply plans. We are looking forward to the inclusion of Chinese vaccines in the COVAX vaccine pool and pre-certification of Chinese vaccines by the World Health Organization at an early date.

China will continue to work with all parties to promote the equitable distribution of global vaccines, facilitate global solidarity in the fight against the epidemic, and protect the lives and health of people around the world. Thank you.

Global Times:

Regarding the COVID-19 vaccine that has been granted conditional marketing authorization, how long will the antibody and its efficacy last? Thank you.

Wu Yonglin: 

Thank you for your question. CNBG under the State-owned pharmaceutical giant Sinopharm has conducted clinical research of phase I and II at home and phase Ⅲ research abroad, with constant observation as to the antibodies. The phase I and II research data shows that the antibody can maintain at a high level for over six months in humans. Countries such as UAE (United Arab Emirates) and Bahrain have approved China's homegrown coronavirus vaccine for their own public use in accordance with WHO standards. And the interim analysis of clinical trials shows its protective effects have realized and passed the requirements for public use. Countries undertaking clinical researches will further observe the durability of the antibody. According to China's requirements for conditional marketing authorization and WHO technological standards, the interim analysis and data monitoring have achieved their due objectives in line with the marketing demand. As an innovative vaccine, its durability and protective effect will be verified after a longer period of observation. However, we still believe that, with the progress of the phase Ⅲ clinical trial, we will gain and publish data showing long-term protection. Thank you!

Lianhe Zaobao:

As has been mentioned, the assessment of a vaccine involves its safety, effectiveness, accessibility and affordability. So, what will be relevant price range?

Zheng Zhongwei:

The price will be generally decided by the manufacturer. It will follow two main principles: first, the nature of a public good, second, as a public good, its price should be based on cost. It is widely known that the cost of a product may vary based on the scale of manufacturing and its usage. We are ready for a large-scale production and the inoculation plan for our homegrown vaccine which has been approved for public use. Just as director Zeng has mentioned, we will launch the inoculation plan with a three-step approach: firstly, open to "key groups" or "high-risk groups" and then inoculation of vulnerable groups before vaccinating the general population. As the work proceeds smoothly, the cost will be greatly reduced. We believe that the price will be affordable and acceptable to the people.

Zeng Yixin:

The vaccine is a public good in its nature and the price may vary due to its scale of use. But an important premise is that it will be provided free of charge to all Chinese people. Thank you!

Hong Kong Economic Herald:

How many orders has China's vaccine received from overseas? What are the preferred exporting plans in the future? Thank you!

Shen Bo:

Thank you for your question. China remains open to international cooperation and actively supports Chinese enterprises' research and production cooperation with global counterparts to benefit the whole world. Many Chinese vaccine candidates are undergoing phase Ⅲ trials smoothly in countries such as UAE, Bahrain, Argentina, Peru, Brazil, and Indonesia. Among them, UAE and Bahrain have recently approved registration and usage of the inactivated vaccine manufactured by Sinopharm.

After China's vaccine moves to public usage, it will be provided globally at a fair, reasonable price. We will still attach importance to its accessibility and affordability in developing countries and will positively offer them in many ways. Donation and non-reimbursable assistance will also be considered in terms of different situations in developing countries. We also call on the international community to work together to promote fair distribution of the vaccine, and strive to make the vaccine a public good that is accessible and affordable to people worldwide. Thank you!

Hu Kaihong:

That's all for today's press conference. Thank you all.

Translated and edited by Zhu Bochen, Wang Wei, Guo Yiming, Wang Qian, Zhang Jiaqi, Li Huiru, Xu Xiaoxuan, Huang Shan, Wang Yiming, Wang Yanfang, Gong Yingchun, Zhou Jing, Duan Yaying, Yuan Fang, Zhang Tingting, Fan Junmei, Geoffrey Murray, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.

.

Read in Chinese

Speakers: 

Zhang Jianhua, member of the Party Group of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and administrator of the National Energy Administration (NEA)

Zhao Chenxin, secretary general of the NDRC

Zhu Ming, director of the Department of Legal System and Structural Reform of the NEA

Chairperson: 

Hu Kaihong, spokesperson for the State Council Information Office

Date: 

Dec. 21, 2020

Hu Kaihong:

Ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon. Welcome to this press conference held by the State Council Information Office (SCIO). Today, the SCIO released a white paper titled Energy in Chinas New Era, and so we will introduce and interpret its main content during this press conference. Today, we are joined by Zhang Jianhua, member of the Party Group of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and administrator of the National Energy Administration (NEA); Zhao Chenxin, secretary general of the NDRC; and Zhu Ming, director of the Department of Legal System and Structural Reform of the NEA. I am Hu Kaihong, spokesperson for the SCIO.

First, I will start by briefly introducing the white papers main content.

The white paper Energy in Chinas New Era conforms to a series of important statements on energy development made by General Secretary Xi Jinping, and comprehensively introduces Chinas implementation of a new energy security strategy featuring Four Reforms and One Cooperation. Major changes have taken place in the production and use of energy and historic achievements have been realized in energy development. The white paper introduces Chinas guiding philosophies and practices in participating in global energy governance, jointly tackling global climate change and promoting the building of a community of shared future for mankind. Totaling around 24,000 words, the paper consists of three parts: preamble, main body and conclusion.

The paper is available in eight languages: Chinese, English, French, Russian, German, Spanish, Arabic and Japanese. It is published by the Peoples Publishing House and Foreign Languages Press, and is available in Xinhua bookstores across the country.

That concludes my introduction. Next, I will give the floor to Mr. Zhang Jianhua, member of the Party Group of the NDRC and administrator of the NEA.

Zhang Jianhua:

Ladies, gentlemen, friends, good afternoon. I am very pleased to meet you here to release and introduce the white paper Energy in Chinas New Era. First of all, I would like to thank you for your interest in and support for Chinas energy development.

Since the 18th CPC National Congress, looking toward the development requirements for the new era, President Xi Jinping put forward a new energy security strategy featuring Four Reforms and One Cooperation. He personally guided the promotion of reforms to improve energy consumption and the supply structure, to upgrade energy technologies, and to optimize the energy system. He stressed comprehensive cooperation with other countries and the promotion of a system of clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy, which has brought Chinas energy development into a new, high-quality development stage. The white paper illustrates Chinas historic achievements in advancing energy reforms since the 18th CPC National Congress, and provides a full picture of Chinas major policies and measures concerning its energy security development strategy in the new era and new stage. It aims to help people at home and abroad fully understand Chinas energy policies and development. The white paper focuses on the following five aspects:

First, it introduces Chinas energy development strategy and policies in the new era. Under the guidance of the new energy security strategy, we have promoted energy consumption reform, resolutely controlled total energy consumption, highlighted energy conservation throughout the entire process and various fields of social and economic development, and accelerated the move toward an energy-saving society. We have enacted reforms to build a more diversified energy supply structure featuring an increased share of non-fossil energy and coal, oil as well as gas as the basic energy sources. Working toward green and low-carbon development, we have fostered innovation in technology, industry and business models and promoted reforms to improve energy technologies to upgrade the industry. We have carried out reforms to optimize the energy system to build an effectively competitive market structure and market system and modernize the law-based energy governance system. We have strengthened international energy cooperation across the board to realize energy security in an open environment, and joined other countries in pursuing sustainable energy. China upholds the vision of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development. Chinas energy policies have the following features: First, we are adhering to a people-centered approach and prioritizing providing energy for the people; Second, we are promoting clean and low-carbon energy, accelerating the transformation toward green and low-carbon development, and increasing the proportion of clean energy and non-fossil energy at the consumption stage; Third, we are ensuring the core status of innovation, actively promoting independent innovation in energy technologies, and promoting breakthroughs in key technologies in the energy field and technological progress in the industrial chain at the same time; Fourth, we are pursuing development through reform, building a high-quality energy market system, and continuously unleashing market vitality; Fifth, we are working to build a global community with a shared future. China advocates greater international cooperation on energy governance and energy reform directed toward clean and low-carbon development. China has joined other countries in building a clean and beautiful world.

Second, the white paper introduces the historic achievements of Chinas energy development in the new era. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, major changes have taken place in the production and use of energy and a diversified energy production infrastructure is now in place. We have also promoted energy conservation. China saw an average annual growth of 7% in the economy, while annual energy consumption rose by only 2.8%. The consumption of clean energy accounted for 23.4% of total energy consumption, representing an increase of 8.9 percentage points over 2012. The cumulative installed capacities of hydropower, wind power and solar photovoltaic (PV) power each rank No. 1 in the world. We have complete industrial chains for the manufacturing of clean energy equipment for hydro, nuclear, wind and solar power, which supports the development and utilization of clean energy. Green development of the energy sector has played an important role in reducing carbon emissions. By 2019, carbon emission intensity in China had decreased by 48.1% compared with 2005, which exceeded the target set in 2015 of reducing carbon emission intensity by 40%-45% ahead of schedule.

Third, the white paper introduces the major measures China has taken to build a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system. China has made comprehensive efforts to reform energy consumption and put in place a dual control system of total energy consumption and energy intensity. It has improved laws, regulations and standards for energy conservation, and relevant incentives. China has accelerated energy efficiency improvements in key areas and promoted clean final energy consumption. It has accelerated the building of a clean and diversified energy supply system, prioritizing non-fossil energy and promoting the clean and efficient development and utilization of fossil energy. China has improved its energy storage, transportation and peak shaving system, and strengthened its capacity to ensure energy security. It has leveraged the role of innovation as the primary driver of development and improved energy policies relating to scientific and technological innovation. Diverse platforms for technological innovation in energy at various levels have been created. China has promoted coordinated scientific and technological innovation in key areas of the energy sector, and supported the development of new technologies and new business forms and models to develop energy technologies. It has deepened reforms of the energy system in all areas and created an energy market with effective competition. The market-based mechanism for deciding energy prices has been improved. China has extended reforms in the energy sector to delegate powers, improve regulation and upgrade services. It has also improved the rule of law and governance mechanism in the energy sector. 

Fourth, the white paper introduces the measures and achievements in carrying out targeted poverty alleviation through energy projects and ensuring energy supply for peoples daily life. The primary goal for Chinas energy development is to ensure and improve energy supply for peoples life, especially for those living in poverty. China has ramped up efforts to support construction of energy projects in rural poverty-stricken areas. It has implemented programs to renovate and upgrade power grids and supplied poor villages with electricity for industrial and commercial use. China implemented a three-year action plan to ensure access to power for people without electricity, and achieved this goal by the end of 2015. China prioritizes poverty-stricken areas in planning energy development projects for the benefit of local economic development. It has adopted major projects such as poverty alleviation projects based on solar PV power generation to increase the income of impoverished households. China has actively promoted the use of clean energy for heating in rural areas in the north of the country to improve the environment and peoples everyday life.

Fifth, the white paper introduces the new model for international energy cooperation across the board. China is committed to opening its energy sector wider to the world, and has reduced restrictions on access to the energy sector for foreign investment. For example, in 2019, China removed restrictions for foreign investment into the oil and gas exploration and development sectors. It has established comprehensive energy cooperation based on mutual benefits and win-win results. Solid progress has been made in building a silk road with green energy. It has been actively participating in global energy governance and joined hands with other countries to tackle climate change. China proposed that the international community should jointly promote the transition to green and low-carbon energy, jointly consolidate multilateral energy cooperation, jointly facilitate international investment in energy trading, jointly improve energy access in underdeveloped areas, and jointly promote the sustainable development of global energy and maintain global energy security. 

We hope that the white paper will help people understand the huge efforts that China has made in promoting the transition to green and low-carbon energy and its contributions to global efforts in tackling climate change and promoting sustainable energy development. At the general debates of the 75th U.N. General Assembly in September 2020, President Xi Jinping pledged that China will strive to have carbon dioxide emissions peak before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. In December, President Xi announced further commitments for 2030 at the Climate Ambition Summit: China will lower its carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by over 65% from the 2005 level, increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 25%, and raise the total installed capacity of wind and solar power to over 1.2 billion kilowatts. This sets a new direction for China's energy development. We will work with firmer resolve and put in more efforts to carry out the energy revolution. We will move faster to create a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system to support the Beautiful China initiative and make greater contributions to building a clean and beautiful world. 

That concludes my brief introduction. Thank you. Now my colleagues and I are happy to answer any questions.

Hu Kaihong:

Thank you, Mr. Zhang. Now I will open up the floor for questions.

CCTV:

My question is: Faced by increasing complexities in the energy security situation, how will China balance energy security with its transition to green and low-carbon energy? Thank you.

Zhang Jianhua:

I will answer your question. China has become the worlds largest energy producer, as well as the worlds largest consumer. As we have ushered in a new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, to ensure the high-quality development of the economy and society, we must ensure sufficient energy supplies and improve the quality. In particular, the green and low-carbon global energy transition is picking up speed, and we are facing new situations and challenges in ensuring energy security. 

I mentioned that President Xi recently pledged that China will strive to have carbon dioxide emissions peak before 2030 and to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. By 2030, China will increase its share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 25% and bring the total installed capacity of wind and solar power to over 1.2 billion kilowatts. This sets a clear timetable for us to build a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system. We will study and implement the new energy security strategy, accelerate the transition while maintaining energy security, and properly manage the planning and coordination.

First, we will strengthen the clean development and utilization of coal, and intensify oil and gas exploration and exploitation. We will also accelerate the building of a system that covers production, storage, supply and sales of natural gas to ensure the basic supply. 

Second, we will speed up the development and utilization of non-fossil energy, including wind power, solar power and biomass. China strives to replace high-carbon with low-carbon energy and fossil energy with renewable energy.

Third, we will take the building of new-generation information infrastructure as an opportunity to advance digital and intelligent development of the energy sector and improve the intelligence of the energy industrial chain. We will coordinate the development of various energy resources, and facilitate the interaction between supply and demand, and the development of new business forms and models. We will strive to increase the efficiency of the energy system as a whole. Thank you.

Beijing Daily:

Thank you, chairperson. In 2013, the central government proposed to fight a tough battle against pollution and win the battle to defend the blue sky. What results has China made in energy conservation and emission reduction? In addition, what measures will be taken to improve energy efficiency and to transform energy consumption patterns? Thank you.

Zhang Jianhua:

This question goes to Mr. Zhao Chenxin, secretary-general of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC).

Zhao Chenxin:

Thank you for your question. You just mentioned the fight against pollution and the battle to defend the blue sky. These are important strategic deployments made by the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as its core, with focus placed on the overall development of the Party and the country, and comply with the people's expectations for a better life.

In recent years, in accordance with the deployments of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, the Energy Bureau of the NDRC and related departments have jointly adhered to the energy development strategy of priority to conservation. We have carried out related work focusing on energy conservation, improvement of energy efficiency, and the reduction of pollutant emissions. I can say that very good results have been achieved.

I would like to introduce the specific situation to you in four aspects:

First, the energy-saving target responsibility has been further strengthened. We continue to regard the decline in energy consumption intensity per unit of GDP as a binding indicator for national economic and social development. We have established a dual control system for total energy consumption and energy intensity, and enhanced evaluation and assessment, using energy conservation to force high-quality development. The effect of this is evident.

Second, we are constantly improving energy-saving laws, regulations and the standards system. The Energy Conservation Law has been revised, and management methods such as energy efficiency labeling, energy-saving reviews, and energy-saving supervision have been formulated and revised. The current number of national mandatory energy-saving standards has reached nearly 200, which is a very large number. The relevant standards are becoming more and more perfect. The leading and regulating role of laws, regulations and standards has been continuously strengthened.

Third, energy conservation in key areas has been further strengthened. We have accelerated the green transformation of industries and fully implemented green construction standards. In addition, as everyone may know, the number of new energy vehicles in China now ranks first in the world. At the same time, we also encourage public institutions to take the lead nad set an example for energy conservation.

Fourth, the energy-saving policy mechanism is being further improved. We have implemented market-oriented mechanisms such as contract energy management, formulated and implemented supportive policies such as price, taxation, and finance that are conducive to energy conservation, and also carried out trials of energy rights, paid use, and transactions.

You can find a series of data listed in the white paper "Energy in China's New Era. I will not repeat them here. These data introduce the reduction in energy consumption per unit of GDP and the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions in China in recent years. Mr. Zhang also introduced the relevant situation in his speech just now. I think these changes have provided strong support for improving the quality of the ecological environment and promoting the sustainable and healthy development of economy and society.

Next, we will continue to implement Xi Jinping's thinking on ecological civilization and the spirit of the fifth plenary session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. According to the deployment of the Central Economic Work Conference, we will take effective measures to achieve peak carbon emissions and carbon neutral goals, continue to improve energy efficiency and accelerate the transformation of energy consumption patterns.

Here I will also go into details and talk about several aspects.

The first is to uphold and improve the dual control system for energy consumption, establish and improve management systems such as energy budgets, and promote efficient energy allocation and rational use.

The second is to accelerate the adjustment and optimization of the industrial structure and energy structure, vigorously develop photovoltaic power generation, wind power and other renewable energy sources, and promote coal consumption to peak as soon as possible.

The third is to strengthen the management of key energy-consuming entities, accelerate the implementation of energy-saving projects such as comprehensive energy efficiency improvement, and further promote energy conservation and consumption reduction in key areas such as industry, construction, and transportation. We will also continue to improve the energy efficiency of new infrastructure.

The fourth is to accelerate the construction of a national energy rights trading market, extensively carry out national energy conservation actions, and create a good overall social atmosphere conducive to energy conservation.

These are my answers to this question. Thank you.

Zhang Jianhua:

Thank you, Secretary-General Zhao Chenxin. Let me add a set of statistics, which can help you better understand Secretary-General Zhao's answers.

Between 2013 and 2019, China's energy consumption per unit of GDP dropped by 24.4%, which translates into energy savings of more than 1.2 billion metric tons of standard coal, which is equivalent to reducing carbon dioxide emissions by approximately 2.7 billion metric tons. I also said in my speech that it means an average annual energy consumption growth rate of 2.8% supports the GDP growth rate of 7%. Thank you.

Shenzhen TV:

Recently, some regions including Hunan and Jiangxi provinces have adopted measures to ration electricity use, drawing wide public attention. Are these measures related to Chinas goals for energy conservation and emissions reduction? How should we best strike a balance between electricity supply, energy conservation, and emissions reduction? Thank you.

Zhang Jianhua:

Mr. Zhao Chenxin will answer this question.

Zhao Chenxin:

Thanks for your question. Let me give some background information about recent rising energy demands. We have found that electricity demand is rising beyond our expectations due to the rapid growth of industrial production and the effects of cold waves.

Here are some specific figures. Since December, we have seen some of the highest demands for electricity from across the country in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. According to our electricity production bulletins, Hunans production and use of electricity rose 19.8% in early December. In the last few days, its maximum electricity load measured 31,440MW, up nearly 2,000MW over its record peak. That increase is huge.

In early December, Jiangxis production and use of electricity rose by 18.4%, slightly smaller than that of Hunan but was still a large increase. The maximum electricity load in Jiangxi currently stands at 26,310MW. People who follow the power industry closely may know that peak energy consumption normally occurs in summer. However, Jiangxis recent peak was 500MW or 600MW higher than its record high in summer. That means both Hunan and Jiangxi have broken new records in power consumption.

Zhejiangs production and use of electricity earlier this month rose by 9.2%, which is among the highest in the eastern provinces. All of these factors are driving the demand for thermal coal. You may have witnessed that coal prices are also growing slightly, but I want to reassure you that we have sufficient coal inventory to guarantee supplies.

Until now, our electricity supply has been generally stable. Chinas household electricity use, including in Hunan, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang, have not been affected. With rising electricity demands in winter, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and the National Energy Administration (NEA) will work together with other departments and power companies to ensure a stable electricity supply. Hunan and Jiangxi have long been areas that require strong efforts to ensure a steady electricity supply in winter due to their relatively long distances from coal sources and limited access to electricity transmitted from other places. 

In face of electricity shortages, government departments in Hunan and Jiangxi have adopted several measures based on their predictions, to guide the orderly use of electricity by rationing its use among select businesses. This will hopefully balance power demand and supply, ensure households have access to electricity, and maintain the orderly operation of the power sector.

Unlike Hunan and Jiangxi, Zhejiang can guarantee electricity supplies for the entire province. Some areas in Zhejiang have limited electricity use to promote energy conservation and reduce emissions.

This is a relatively detailed introduction regarding the current situation. The NDRC will continue to address peoples concerns through various means. Next, the NDRC and the NEA will guide power and energy companies to synergize their efforts and ensure winter power supplies. We will focus on the following aspects:

First, improve electricity generation capacity and update operations.

Second, increase the supply of thermal coal through multiple channels. We have asked major coal production areas and companies in Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to step up production while ensuring safety. At the same time, we will coordinate shipping to guarantee sufficient power supplies.

Third, for places that face short-term power shortages, we will rearrange power supplies to ensure that household electricity use is not affected. In general, please believe that our ability to ensure a stable energy supply is not a problem. Thank you. 

China Daily:

The white paper outlines energy cooperation policies under the Belt and Road Initiative and the achievements made since 2012. Are there any new guiding philosophies in place for energy cooperation under the initiative? Thank you.

Zhang Jianhua:

Thank you for your question. It is fair to say that Chinas energy cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative has achieved significant results. Currently, many major energy cooperation projects are in progress, multilateral and bilateral mechanisms are constantly improving, and exchanges in energy policies and technologies are becoming more frequent. All of these have played a positive role in promoting socioeconomic development in the Belt and Road countries.

The global economic recovery has become uncertain amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Many countries have adopted green development policies to promote post-pandemic economic recovery. Moreover, a transition to global clean energy is also accelerating. Given the new circumstances and challenges, we will uphold the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits; pursue open, green, and clean governance; step up efforts to achieve high-quality, people-centered, and sustainable goals, and; promote the superior development of international energy cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative. 

On the one hand, we will engage in international cooperation for energy governance. We will uphold the principles of openness and inclusiveness so as to establish Belt and Road energy partnerships, promote mutually beneficial energy cooperation, and conduct joint research and exchanges. We will continue to strengthen cooperation with international organizations and multilateral mechanisms and engage in multilateral energy cooperation and exchange activities.

On the other hand, we will promote the high-quality development of energy cooperation programs. We will engage in the global energy transition and research, and promote cooperation with relevant countries in nuclear power, wind power, solar photovoltaic power, smart energy, and smart grid, as well as interconnectivity. We will also study policies to integrate green energy and green finance, and promote bilateral and multilateral programs. Intensified efforts will be made to promote third-party and multiple party cooperation so as to achieve synergies in energy cooperation among BRI countries. Thank you.

Xinhua News Agency:

China's new energy sector, such as the generation of wind power and solar photovoltaic power, has seen rapid development in recent years. However, there are still challenges when it comes to the consumption of new energy power. Are there any new measures to address the issue of large-scale new energy consumption? Thank you.

Zhang Jianhua:

I would like to invite Mr. Zhu to answer this question.

Zhu Ming:

Thank you for your question. It regards a very important topic. The biggest problem facing the development of new energy during the 13th Five-Year Plan period is the issue of consumption. Moreover, challenges posed by both consumption and grid access will emerge during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. Therefore, we must solve the problem of consumption. We must initially accelerate efforts to build a new power system that is suitable for the increased production of renewable energy, that is, a new generation of power systems, before undertaking the following steps.

First, we will make great efforts to establish intelligent power dispatch trading and operation mechanisms, promote the application of high-voltage direct current transmission, local smart grid, and micro-grid technologies, accelerate the construction of cross-provincial and cross-regional power channels, and give play to the overall function of the national power grid.

Second, we will step up efforts to implement the flexible transformation of traditional coal-fired power generating units. We will also accelerate the construction of flexible power sources such as pumped-storage power stations, natural gas peak-shaving power stations, and various large-scale power storage pilot projects so as to really improve the overall flexibility of the system.

Third, we will tap our potential for meeting energy demands and promote a smarter, more flexible, and higher-energy utilization of power by users so as to facilitate two-way smart interaction between source and load. 

We will also improve and implement guarantee mechanisms for renewable energy power consumption.

We will do this by first enhancing the responsibility shared by power suppliers and users in consuming renewable energy and step up efforts to incorporate such guarantee mechanisms into relevant laws and create legal liability.

Second, we will appraise the consumption of renewable energy across various sectors and incorporate our findings into an evaluation system of economic and social development for local governments.

Third, we will build up adjustment capabilities to coordinate energy use, improve market mechanisms, make great efforts to create new consumption models, and strengthen consumption supervision so as to establish mechanisms for accommodating power generated from clean energy sources in the long run.

Fourth, we will enhance the trading of green power certificates and the construction of the carbon market so as to further reflect the importance of renewable energy in terms of ecological and environmental protection, as well as explore new models for green energy consumption. Thank you.

Zhang Jianhua:

Let me add one more thing. In previous years, the cost of developing new energy, including wind and solar energy, was relatively high. Therefore, in order to encourage its development, governments had to provide subsidies. Thanks to the joint efforts of various parties in recent years, new energy technologies developed rapidly while the cost to do so has continuously fallen. In the future, the development of new energy will be determined mainly by the market and no longer requires government subsidies. Now then, the biggest problem is how to consume new energy power. Just as Mr. Zhu said, there is lots of work to be done and we are under great pressure. By 2030, the total installed generating capacity of wind and solar energy systems will reach 1.2 billion kilowatts and is expected to reach 460 million kilowatts by the end of 2020. The following years therefore will witness a significant number of large increments. Thank you.

Hong Kong Cable Television:

Mr. Zhang, you just mentioned that power outages occurred in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. But as I know, there was also a power outage in Guangzhou in the early hours of today. Does this mean that power outages are likely to occur in other places? We also know that some factories in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces have had to close temporarily. Is there a timetable for them to resume work? Thank you.

Zhang Jianhua:

Thanks for your question. At present, the overall power supplies in our country can be guaranteed and the power outages that occurred in some places were a contingency. On the whole, our energy supplies in the country, including electricity supply, will not encounter major problems.

CNR:

Thank you. China had also previously experienced natural gas and power shortages and the country has been strengthening the establishment of a system linking energy production, supply, storage and sales. What measures have been taken in this regard? And what has been the effect? Thank you.

Zhang Jianhua:

I'd like to welcome Secretary General Zhao Chenxin to answer this question.

Zhao Chenxin: 

Thank you for your questions. The work you mentioned is an important task put forward by the Central Committee and the State Council in recent years. The ability to supply and guarantee energy can be enhanced through the establishment of a system linking energy production, supply, storage and sales. This system, as a large-scale project, is wide ranging. As such, I will briefly introduce the most pertinent issues and the progress we have made in this regard.

In terms of the coal industry: 

First, the industrial structure has been constantly optimized by deepening coal supply-side structural reforms in the coal industry. We have stuck to the principles of "constructing large units and restricting small ones and increasing the superior, while eliminating the inferior" in coal production. In addition, we have been significantly optimizing the industrial structure in a bid to achieve a giant leap forward in the ability to supply coal and its quality.

Second, measures have been taken to ensure more convenient and rational coal transportation, and transport capacity has been significantly improved. The main channels are under rapid construction and include such projects as the "West-to-East Coal Delivery" and "North-South Coal Transportation." The Haolebaoji-Ji'an Railway has also been completed and is now in operation. We have sped up the layout of dedicated railway lines linking coal production places to sales areas, while main ports and road-rail combined transport in logistics parks are developing in an orderly manner.

Third, the coal reserve capacity continues to increase. A batch of large-scale coal reserve bases are under rapid construction with corporate social responsibility reserves pressing ahead in an orderly manner and emergency support capabilities significantly raised.

Fourth, the market system has been promoted. We have established a medium- and long-term coal contract system to give play to the important role of "ballast stones." A national coal trading center has been completed and opened, and a modern market system for coal trading is gradually improving. We can see the progress made in establishing a system linking energy production, supply, storage and sales and its effects from the above four aspects.

In terms of the electricity industry:

First, the power production capacity is sufficient, and the installed capacity and power generation capacity rank first in the world. We have established a multi-power generation system featuring coordinated development between coal, gas, hydro, nuclear, wind and PV power. The clean energy industry is developing quickly and the proportion of non-fossil energy in primary energy consumption has gradually increased.

Second, the capabilities of power grid resource allocation have been significantly enhanced. Continuous improvements have been made to grid layout, power flow and smart grid, which can meet the multiple needs of grid-connection.

Third, the capability to adjust peak periods of power-usage and the system of peak reserves have been improved steadily. Constant progress and breakthroughs have been made in related technology, with industrial applications being increasingly upgraded.

Fourth, consumer-side electrification levels and management capabilities continue to improve. With demand for electricity rising nationwide, the management of power users has been further strengthened. Power consumption has leapt from a fast-growing stage to a high-quality growth stage, and reform of the electricity market system is gradually advancing.

In terms of the petroleum and gas industry:

First, promoting increased reserves and production. In recent years, the NDRC and the NEA have made huge efforts to stabilize the input to enhance oil and gas exploration.

Second, maintaining import supply. We have actively pressed ahead with diversified oil and gas imports by deepening international cooperation. We have advanced the construction and interconnection of oil and gas pipeline networks. A batch of pipelines including the northern and central sections of the China-Russia Eastern Route have been completed and put into operation.

Third, promoting the construction of storage facilities. We have accelerated the promotion of a multi-level petroleum storage system that combines government storage, corporate social responsibility storage, and production and operation inventory, which complement one another. We have improved the level of national petroleum reserves. Efforts have been made to strengthen the gas storage capacity for upstream supply companies, urban gas companies and local governments, while a number of large-scale gas storage facilities have also been put into operation. 

Fourth, improving market system. The China Oil & Gas Piping Network Corporation (PipeChina) was established on Dec. 9, 2019. The company has accelerated the formation of an "X+1+X" oil and gas market system featuring multi-subject and multi-channel supply of upstream oil and gas resources, a unified pipeline network for efficient collection and transportation, and full competition in the downstream sales market. We have strengthened the supervision of the oil products market, investigated and punished illegal operations such as unlicensed operations and substandard quality in accordance with the law, regulated market order, and advanced the healthy development of the industry.

My introduction to efforts in the coal, electric power and petroleum gas industries demonstrates that the direction of the system linking energy production, supply, storage and sales is in line with the realities of China's development, that it is correct, and that the results are remarkable. In the future, we will continue to do our best in the energy resources industry. That's all, thank you.

CGTN:

Just now, Mr. Zhang mentioned that China announced last year that it would strive to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, which has undoubtedly sent a signal of green and low-carbon development to both international and domestic communities. What are China's specific measures to achieve low-carbon development? What are the biggest obstacles in regarding these goals? Thank you.

Zhang Jianhua:

Thank you for your question. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee put forward that during the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-2025), high-quality development will be the main theme for our economic and social development. The Proposals (Proposals of the CPC Central Committee for Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035) identify the tasks for promoting an energy revolution, building an intelligent and modern green infrastructure, accelerating green and low-carbon development, as well as how best to develop the smart energy system. To implement the guiding principles of the Fifth Plenary Session and promote high-quality energy development, we will focus on the following six areas during the 14th Five-Year Plan period.

First, the capacity for guaranteeing energy security will be enhanced. We need to accelerate the establishment of a diversified and secure energy supply system, ensure a dynamic balance between energy supply and demand, and continue to open up in a wider, broader, and deeper way to achieve energy security. Just now, Mr. Zhao also touched upon these goals.

Second, the transition to clean and low-carbon energy will be accelerated. China's non-fossil energy consumption accounted for 15.3% of total energy consumption in 2019 and is expected to reach 15.8% by the end of this year. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, we will further innovate development methods, speed up the development and utilization of clean energy, advance non-fossil energy and natural gas to become the main driver for energy consumption increase and raise the proportion of clean energy consumption by a larger margin. China declared that it will boost the share of non-fossil energy consumption to around 25% by 2030, a significant increase that will mean over 70% of our expanded energy needs will mainly come from non-fossil energy in the future.

Third, a smart energy system will be established. We will accelerate the digital and intelligent upgrading of the entire energy industry chain, quicken the construction of smart energy demonstration projects, and speed up the growth of new energy models and businesses.

Fourth, energy projects will be carried out to benefit the public. In response to ordinary people's new expectations for a better life, we will continue to strengthen the construction of energy infrastructure, vigorously elevate urban and rural electrification levels, and significantly improve the energy utilization in production and living for the general public. In fact, energy use in China has improved significantly in recent years. Compared with developed countries, however, the public's energy consumption remains relatively low, with an average per capita electricity consumption of 730 kWh, in contrast to that of around 2,000 kWh in developed European countries.

Fifth, the energy revolution will be deepened. We will advance market-oriented reforms in the fields of electricity, petroleum, and gas; build a high-standard energy market system; press ahead with reforms to streamline administration and power delegation systems; improve regulation, and; upgrade services in the energy sector, improve the energy business environment, and further unleash the market vitality.

Sixth, rule of law in the energy sector will be improved. We will work to formulate energy laws, revise electricity and renewable energy laws, and other laws and regulations, as well as improve the related institutions and systems for implementing new energy security strategies in promoting the transition to clean and low-carbon energy.

Of course, what I have mentioned is just the main work and the specific tasks far exceed these. Because time is limited, I only introduced the six aspects above.

Cover News:

In recent years, significant progress has been made in the area of clean heating in northern China. Nonetheless, we also notice that people in some regions have reported problems such as the high price of clean energy and poor heating overall. What measures will be taken to promote and improve clean heating in northern China in the future? Thank you.

Zhang Jianhua:

Mr. Zhu will answer this question. 

Zhu Ming:

The National Development and Reform Commission, the National Energy Administration, and other departments have fully implemented General Secretary Xi Jinping's important instructions on promoting clean heating in northern China during winter and have established and improved the relevant policy systems and actively yet prudently promoted the work needed to be done so as to ensure a safe, warm, and clean winter for our people.

First, we rolled out a clean winter heating plan for Northern China (2017-2021), and its implementation has been very effective.

Second, we made arrangements for clean heating before every winter. We have set up the inter-ministerial joint committee for clean heating, created a clean heating report every 10 days during the heating season, and established mechanisms to coordinate coal, electricity, petroleum, and gas supply and transportation. We also worked to monitor and manage winter heating operations to find and solve relevant problems in a timely manner.

Third, the central government has financed trials to promote clean heating across northern China. A total of 43 cities, rolled out in three batches, have been supported by these pilot programs, with an accumulative investment of 49.3 billionyuan.

Fourth, we improved pricing with regards to replacing coal with electricity, clarified the price of replacing coal with natural gas, improved the pricing mechanism for heating, and reduced the cost of clean heating. In order to ensure a safe and reliable supply of electricity, we spared no efforts to strengthen the upgrading of distribution networks. The distribution transformer capacity per household in regions where coal is being replaced by electricity is generally higher than the 2000 VA standard for rural power grid upgrading. We organized power grid enterprises to uncover potential dangers in the supply and utilization of the coal-to-electricity power supply before the heating season, and optimized grid dispatch capacity to ensure a safe and stable power supply.

To ensure a reliable supply of natural gas, on the one hand, we have fully promoted the operation of some key projects that will lay the foundation to boost the supply capacity for natural gas. These include the development of the middle section (Changling-Yongqing) of the China-Russia east-route natural gas pipeline and the Wen-23 underground gas storage in central China,. On the other hand, we have done a good job in dispatching natural gas resources to meet ordinary people's needs. Meanwhile, we gave full play to PipeChina's dispatching role across the pipeline network to ensure a balance between natural gas supply and demand.

Hu Kaihong:

That's all for today's press conference. Thank you to Mr. Zhang, Mr. Zhao, and Mr. Zhu. Thank you all.

Translated and edited by Guo Yiming, Zhang Liying, Gong Yingchun, Zhang Rui, Zhang Tingting, Wang Zhiyong, Xu Xiaoxuan, Li Huiru, Fan Junmei, He Shan, Wang Qian, Wang Yiming, Yuan Fang, Cui Can, David Ball, Jay Birbeck, and Tom Arnstein. In case of any discrepancy between the English and Chinese texts, the Chinese version is deemed to prevail.